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SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS IN THE RUSSIAN BODY POLITIC
Russia mobilized 11 million soldiers in 1914/15 but could not train competent officers to replace those killed at the front.Most promotions to major commands were based on connections at court, not performance.Russia produced a major food surplus, but the system to distribute food often broke down.By the end of 1916, almost 2 million soldiers were Absent Without Leave.By the end of 1916, the cost of living was 4X higher than in 1913.By the end of 1916, 1.7 million workers had participated in strikes.
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Anti-war demonstrators before the Winter Palace, Petrograd, January-February 1917
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Petrograd under the Workers’ and Soldiers’ Soviet, March 1917
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A British Labourite delegation visits Petrograd after theFebruary Revolution
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, i.e., “Lenin” (1870-1924), leader since 1903 of the “Bolshevik” faction of Russian
socialism
LENIN’S APRIL THESES
1.Transform the Imperialist War into Civil War!
2.All Power to the Soviets!
3.Land for the Village Poor!
(Compare Bukharin’s Imperialism and the World Economy, 1916)
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War Minister Alexander Kerensky addresses troops about to leave for the front
in 1917
“War until Victory!”(an attempt to arouse “Jacobin nationalism”)
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General L.G. Kornilov waves to the crowd in Moscow in August 1917, shortly before he
attempted a military coup
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Climax of the “Great October Revolution”:Red Guards storm the Kremlin in Moscow
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Fraternization on the Eastern Front, November/December 1917
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Europe at the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
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German troops moving through San Quentin to preparefor the “Ludendorff Offensive” launched on March 21, 1918
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The Ludendorff Offensive,
March-July 1918
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American troops disembark at Le Havre, July 12, 1918
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The breach of the “Hindenburg Line” at St. Quentin, 2 Oct 1918
British troops line the banks of the St. Quentin
Canal
Their multitude of German prisoners
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Mutiny broke out in the German fleet on November 4(SPD politicians address sailors in Kiel)
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Prince Max of Baden opened an exchange of telegrams with Woodrow Wilson on October 5, 1918,
and turned over the German chancellorship on November 9 to Friedrich Ebert
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Social Democrats proclaim the German Republic from the balcony of the Reichstag on November 9, 1918
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ESTIMATED COMBAT DEAD IN THE GREAT WAR
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
France 1,385,000
Germany 1,800,000
Great Britain 947,000
Italy 460,000
Ottoman Empire 325,000
Russia 1,700,000
Serbia 360,000
United States 115,000
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Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) and his two predecessors,
William Howard Taft and Teddy Roosevelt.In November 1918 the Republicans won a 45-seat majority in the House and 2-seat majority in the
Senate.
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VERSAILLES CONFERENCE TIMELINE
• December 14, 1918: Wilson arrives in Paris but soon leaves to tour England and Italy
• January 10-20, 1919: Foch & Clemenceau propose independent Rhenish buffer state
• January 25: Conference agrees unanimously to establish a League of Nations
• January 30: Wilson promises Orlando to accept Italian annexation of Trentino & Trieste
• February 14-March 4: Wilson returns to USA but cannot persuade Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge to support Covenant
• March 24: Big Four begin talks over German borders • April 28: Big Four adopt Rhineland compromise• June 28: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
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The Big Four argued about German borders from March 24 to April 28
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France and Britain had promised Italy the Trentino, with 230,000 German-speakers, the mostly Italian
port of Trieste, and Istria & Dalmatia, with 1.3 million South Slavs.
Wilson and Orlando quarreled over Fiume….
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Austrian ethnographic map from 1910
Ochre= Italians
Lt. green= Croats
Dk. green,Slovenes
See Nicolson, pp. 159-65
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The impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany (France occupied the Rhineland until 1930, the
Saarland until 1935)
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Sir William Orpen, “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors,
Versailles, 28 June 1919”
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Delegation of French wounded at the signing ceremony for the Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919
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KEY DECISIONS AT VERSAILLES IN 1919
National self-determination for Poles, “Czechoslovaks”, “Yugoslavs”, Romanians, Latvians, Lithuanians, & Estonians
Formation of a “League of Nations” dedicated to “collective security” (but key votes must be unanimous)
Italy gains the south Tirol but must renounce Dalmatia; the status of Fiume remains disputed
Great Britain gains control of Germany’s African colonies, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq as “League of Nations Mandates”; France gains Syria, Lebanon, and Cameroon
Germany must pay war reparations equal to the entire cost of the war and reduce its army to 100,000 men
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European language
groups, 1910
Postwar borders, 1921
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“Can It Survive?” (Literary Digest, July 1919)
On March 3, 1919, Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge had published an open letter rejecting any treaty that included the Covenant
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The Russian Civil War, 1918/19:
In January 1919, Marshall Foch
advocated massive
intervention from Odessa,
Murmansk, Archangel,
Vladivostok, Poland and
Romania. Wilson and Lloyd George
refused to authorize
anything more than arms
shipments to the White Russians.
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“One Year of the Proletarian
Dictatorship”Leon Trotsky, War Commissar, 1918
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THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA IN ASIA, ca. 1900:(with new rail links across Manchuria to Vladivostok & Port
Arthur
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Red Army train arrives in Kagan, Uzbekistan, in 1918
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“Long live the three-million-man Red Army!” (USSR, 1919)
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“Capitalists of the World,
Unite!”A Soviet poster from 1920 to denounce the Imperialists
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Soviet leaders hoped for world revolution:“Long Live the Third Communist International!”
(1920)
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THE CONCEPT OF IMPERIALIST PLOTS
LEGITIMIZED STALIN’S REGIME
LATER:“Imperialists cannot stop the triumphal march of the Five-
Year Plan”(USSR, 1930)