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Sustainable Transportation Challenges: Case Study on the UConn Prepaid Fare
Program Failure
Edmund J. Zolnik, Ph.D.Assistant Professor
School of Public PolicyGeorge Mason University
Van Pool Boot CampGeorge Mason University
Arlington, VA USANovember 7, 2011
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2
Research Question
Review of the Literature
Analysis
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Outline
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Research Question
Is Unlimited Access (UA) a solution to the problem of transit demand management in the nonmetropolitan US?
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Review of the Literature 5-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Public Transit Trips
Total Vehicular Trips
Daily Trip
Rates
Age Cohort
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Review of the Literature
D
Number of Trips
Income
D'' D'S
KeyD' = PrivateD'' = Public
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Rural Transportation Problem
Definition: Low DensityLong TripsOver reliance on private modes of transportation
Complications: Rural Rebound → Congestion Air Pollution
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Review of the Literature
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Review of the Literature
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Unlimited Access (UA)
Definition: Students, faculty and staff (as well as residents) are afforded unlimited use of transit services.
Operation: UniversityTransit AgencyMunicipal GovernmentPrivate Contractor
Funding: Federal, State and Local GovernmentsStudent FeesParking Permits and FinesGeneral Funds
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10 Sources: Brown, Hess and Shoup, 2001; Miller, 2001
Benefits of UA for both Town…
Provides economic development stimulus.Reduces traffic congestion.Decreases the number of single-occupant vehicle trips.Improves air quality.Improves overall transit services.Reduces the operating costs per rider.Increases transit ridership.Fills empty seats.Provides operating revenue.Decreases wear and tear on local roads.
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11 Sources: Brown, Hess and Shoup, 2001; Miller, 2001
…and Gown
Reduces demand for parking.Promotes greener campuses.Increases transportation equity.Increases access to off-campus housing and employment.Reduces the costs of attending college.Helps to recruit and retain students.
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Review of the Literature
Brown, Hess and Shoup, 2001
“The diversity of locations where universitiesoffer Unlimited Access – from small towns tolarge cities – indicates that it can work almost anywhere…” (p. 235)
“No university has terminated a (UA) program,and some university administrators told us thatUnlimited Access was one of the greatest successstories on their campus.” (p. 259)
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Examples
University of California at Los Angeles University of Washington
Iowa State University University of Massachusetts at Amherst
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Prepaid Fare Program
Gown
Transportation Services
Undergraduate Student Government (USG)
Graduate Student Senate (GSS)
Town
Prepaid Fares for Mansfield Residents
If you are a Mansfield resident with a valid Town-issued pass, your fare has been pre-paid by the Town of Mansfield. Please show your pass when boarding. Pre-paid fares apply to the Storrs-Willimantic fixed route service only. Mansfield passes are available at the Mansfield Town Clerk’s office.
Windham Regional Transit DistrictMansfield, Connecticut University of Connecticut
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Storrs Willimantic Fixed Route Bus Service
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Analysis
34,023 48,681 50,222 44,177 43,566 39,056 46,144 49,371 45,13930,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Fiscal Year
Rid
ersh
ip
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Analysis
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Fiscal Year
Rev
enu
e/R
ider
ship
PFP
Revenue
Ridership
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Analysis
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Analysis
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Willingness-to-Coordinate Hypothesis
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Coordinating Transportation Path Diagram
Source: Adapted from Saltzman (1980, p. 185)
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Conclusions
Successful UA programs require annual stakeholders meetings.
Towns and gowns may define green differently in the long-term.
The interests of university administrations may not coincide with the community in the long-term.
Small-town UA programs in the northeast are vulnerable to fiscal shortages at the state level.
Source: Ewing et al. 2003
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Babinicz, A. Executive Director, Clemson Area Transit,Clemson, SC
Byam, A. General Manager, UMass Transit, Amherst, MAFreniere, J. Manager, Transportation Services, University
of Connecticut, Storrs, CTHultgren, L. Director of Public Works, Mansfield, CTMiller, R. Director, Office of Environmental Policy,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
Acknowledgments