Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث1
UNDP Regional Consultation Meeting:“Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Towards Sustainable Energy – Resources, Challenges and Opportunities
Sustainable Energy in Kuwait Sustainable Energy in Kuwait ––Challenges and OpportunitiesChallenges and Opportunities
6th of October 2010
Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
Ali Ali EbraheemEbraheem HajiahHajiahBuilding & Energy Technologies Dept.Building & Energy Technologies Dept.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2
Presentation OutlineEnergy Resources: Conventional and Renewable.Kuwait Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuel.Suitability and Potential of Renewable EnergyTechnologies for Kuwait.Proposed Programs of the National Energy Center for Research and Applications. Challenges.Solutions.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
23
2
66
27
36
86
0
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20
30
40
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60
70
80
90
100
FOSSIL FUEL Petroleum Coal Natural Gas HydroelectricPower
Nuclear ElectricPower
Geothermal, Solar,Wind, Biomass
and Waste Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2006
Table Posted: December 31, 2008
% O
F TO
TAL
ENER
GY
World Consumption of Primary Energy
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث4
Conventional Energy Resources
Coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear, hydro are the major energy resources.
Availability of fossil fuel is limited. It is expected to last for about a 100 years.
Fossil fuels, generate yearly over 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide, a green house gas.
Need to conserve fossil fuels and promote alternatives
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث5
Key Strategies to Conserve Fossil Fuels Worldwide
Improve energy efficiency of processes and equipment consuming fossil fuels such as powerplants, transportation etc.
Implement energy conservation programs.
Maximize use of hydro power and build more nuclear power plants.
Use Renewable Energy (RE) Resources.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAITPeak Power Demand During 1992-2006
Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait
y = 0.0987x
R 2 = 0.9905
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
MW
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
Perc
ent I
ncre
ase
re: 1
992
MW
Percent Increase
Linear (Percent Increase)
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Monthly Peak Demand During 2004-2006
Monthly Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait During 2004-2006
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Peak
Dea
mn
200420052006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Peak Day Power Demand-26 July 2006
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAITPeak Demand vs. Outdoor Temperature
Peak Demand as a Function of Maximum Temperature2005
y = 170.07x + 438.35R2 = 0.9658
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Monthly Maximum Temperature (C)
Peak
Dem
and
(M
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – The demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW
The Challenge – Energy Outlook
Primary Energy Consumption Electrical Energy Consumption
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث11
Energy Facts for the State of Kuwait
Power plants in Kuwait consume over 55% of primary energy.
Fuel share in power plants is 84% for electricity and 16% for water.
Air-conditioning and lighting of buildings account for nearly 85% of peak electric power and 60% of annual electrical consumption.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث1212
KISR’s Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuels
In 1975, KISR initiated two major programs:
Renewable Energy Program
Energy Conservation Program
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث13
Energy Conservation Program for the State of Kuwait
Energy conservation program was launched in late 70s.
Major efforts have been directed towards air-conditioned buildings.
Energy Code for buildings was developed in 1983.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث14
Major Achievements of KISR’s Energy Conservation Program
Energy Code of Practice for Air-conditioned Buildings.
Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings.
Ice and Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage Systems.
Optimization of Water Consumption in Cooling Towers.
District Cooling studies.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث15
Energy Conservation Code of Practice
Applied by MEW since 1983 to all new and retrofitted Air-conditioned buildings.
Kuwait was the first Arab county to have applied this code.Code compliance has saved nearly US$10 billion till date, through:• Use of smaller air-conditioning units,• Reduction in power demand of air-conditioning units,• Reduction in electricity consumption of a/c units.
Revised code was applied since March 2010.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث16
Energy Audits and Peak Power DemandReduction in Air-conditioned Buildings
Building YearEnergy Saving
(%)
Peak Power Reduction
(%)Kuwait Port Authority 1996 30 20KISR Main Building 2000 21 20MEW and MPW buildings 2004 20 38Public Authority for Civil Identifications 2004 12 5
Al-Fanar Shopping Mall 2004 8 15
Smart Operation Strategies in Eight Government Buildings 2007 - 40
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
(1) Ministry of Health (2) Chamber of Commerce (3) Justice Palace (4) Public Institution for Social Securities (5) Liberation Tower (6) Ministries Complex(7) Public Authority of Youth and Sports (8) State Audit Bureau
Peak Power Reduction in 2007
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث18
Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث1919
Renewable Energy ProgramSolar Energy (1975-1988)
Power Generation: 100 kW solar thermal power plant using parabolic dish collectors and toluene turbine.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث20
100 KW Solar Thermal Power Station
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2121
– Large size Prototype Solar Pond System.– Commissioned in 1988 .– 16 Multi-stage Desalination System.– Generated and stored hot water at 90o C.
Solar Water Desalination
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2222
Solar Cooling– Small and medium size systems (5-40 RT).– Flat plate solar collectors and vapor absorption
chiller. – Last installation was in 1986 in MOD building.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2323
Solar House at KISRExperimental laboratory for testing purposes of different solar systems including Solar Water Heating, Solar Cooling and PV.Housed within KISR for R&D.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2424
Solar Water Heating:Flat plate solar collectors at the roof of KISR’s Main Building.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2525
PV System at Kuwait English School (1984)Daily Electricity Load 80 kWhe.No. of PV modules 630. No. of batteries 110.Max. Electricity Production capacity 24.2 kWe
Batteries Storage Capacity 200 kWhe.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث2626
Renewable Energy Program
Wind Energy
8 weather stations were installed and wind data were collected for 3 yrs between 1985-88.
Wind speed were found to be low (4.5 m/s).
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث27
KISR’s Renewable Energy Program: Lessons Learned
Between 1975 and 1988, Kuwait invested heavily in solar energy applications. Solar systems were found to be not viable due to high initial cost, poor efficiency and high maintenance cost.Lower wind speeds in the country did not encourage wind power generation.By 1988, in line with the worldwide approach, RE Program at KISR was discontinued, and the Energy Conservation Program was given stronger thrust.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث28
Renewable Energy Systems (RES): Current Status
Substantial technological advancement has led to bigger, cost-effective, more efficient and reliable systems.Both stand alone and grid connected RES are becoming cost-effective, due to considerable increase in fossil fuel prices.RES are being promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Worldwide capacity of RES is being raised by major industrialized nations.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث30
• Availability of Higher Solar Radiation
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
5.66.0
2.7
4.34.7
3.6
5.5
4.8
6.2
6.7
2.6
4.5
5.1
3.2
5.5
5.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Kuwait Egypt Germany Spain USA(California)
Japan UAE Morocco
Countries Around the World
Sola
r R
adia
tion
(kW
h/m
2/d)
Global horizontal for PhotovoltaicDirect normal for Thermal
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث31
Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait
Compatibility of Power Availability with National Power Demand• Power demand in Kuwait is maximum during the summer
months and for sunshine hours. • Maximum power availability from solar systems is also
available during the same period.
Plenty of Barren LandKuwait has plenty of desert land that is not being used.
• An area of 5 km2 or 0.03% of Kuwait land area is adequate to generate 500 MW solar power.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
• Due to climatic conditions and latitude, Solar Energy offers substantial opportunities:
• At Generation Side:• Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP)• Solar PV Power Plants
• At End-User Building Side . • Passive solar (building design & materials) • Solar Water Heating• Solar Cooling• BIPV
Suitable Solar Energy Applications for Kuwait
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث33
Current Applications of Solar PV Systems in Kuwait
Street lighting.Traffic lights in remote areas.Marine navigator.Cathode protection in oil fields.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث34
Potential of Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
Areas West and South of Kuwait are more suitable for wind power generation. Al-Wafra and Al-Taweel are the best locations.Patterns for daily and seasonal wind power generation are inline with the national power demand. Thus, it can be used for meeting peak power demand. Cost of wind electricity generation for selected locations is less than 40 fils/kWh.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
• Grid-Connected 5kW wind turbine
• Operating for nine months
• Mini wind farm of 5 turbines will be installed soon
• Integrated power solution for remote application is under exploration in partnership with private sector
Wind Energy at KISR
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث36
Preliminary Economic Viability of Solar and Wind Power Generation in Kuwait
54.753.3
32.6
38.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Conventional for fuel priceof $90/bbl
PV-Poly crystalline CPS-Parabolic trough Wind power in selectedlocations
Power Geneation Systems
Ele
ctri
city
Gen
erat
ion
Cos
t (Fi
ls/k
Wh)
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاثStrategy Workshop.ppt
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Reduce demand
Supply optimisation and
diversification
Minimise energy use in transport
Energy Efficient Building Technologies
Innovative and Alternative Energy
Optimal Supply from Generation, Distribution & Transmission
Energy Efficient Industrial Technologies
Optimal National Energy Management
Reduced Fuel Use in Transport
Solution Areas Grand ChallengeProgram Framework
One of Kuwait’s primary challenges is to develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait – peak power demand is forecasted to exceed capacity. Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – the demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاثStrategy Workshop.ppt
The Solution Tree for EnergyEnergy Demand Reduction (Applied Research)
Solution
Reduce demand for
power
Applied research –
energy performance of buildings
Building envelope
Systems (HVAC)
Systems (Lighting)
Systems (appliances)
Systems (electro-mechanical)
Selection, labelling, enforcement of
technologyDevelop / adapt new
technologiesIntegration of renewable
energy systems (per building)
Installation guidelinesOperation and maintenance
Design methodsMaterial selection and
labelling
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
District cooling and thermal energy storage
Systems (renewable)
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاثStrategy Workshop.ppt
Energy Supply
Solution
Supply optimisation
and diversification
Innovative and
alternative energy
sources
Nuclear (policy)
Renewables – solar (PV, CSP)
Renewables – wind
Renewables –geothermal
Renewables – biomass
Gather data
Explore and select (pre-feasibility)
Develop and prototype
Commission, install and operate
Evaluate and optimise
Grid connection and distribution
Hybrid systems
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait
Fuel cells
Clean fuel
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Technical Challenges
• Verification of available resources• Daily and seasonal variations• Reliability of RE systems under harsh
weather conditions• Lack of smart electrical grid• Lack of adequate codes and
standards
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Economic Challenges
• Higher capital cost.• Competition from conventional energy
sources. • Lack of short and long term planning • Lack of clear Public-Private
partnership • Lack of financing options for RE
projects.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Social Challenges
• Inadequate workforce skills and training.
• Poor public perception of RE system appearance.
• Fear of change and transformation• Lack of information transfer and
consumer awareness.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
• Essential need to launch Energy Efficiency Programs for all types of Buildings.
• Clear role of Private sector to conduct Energy Auditing of buildings according to a TOR resulted from R&D work.
• A Comprehensive energy resource assessment is essential.
• Systematic R&D, demonstration, testing and evaluation of the different RE technologies under Kuwait conditions is required.
Solutions
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
• A clear energy strategic plan is needed with a target (such as RE will represent 2% of total electricity generated in Kuwait by 2020).
• Strengthening the cooperation with the International institutions (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, EU,…etc.) to enable bridging the cost / market gaps.
• Training and capacity building.
• Create a National Energy Center for Research, Development and Applications.
Solutions, continued
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث
Thank youAli Ebraheem Hajiah, Ph.D.
Building and Energy Technologies DepartmentKuwait Institute for Scientific Research