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SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
• Subclass Ornithurae– Infraclass Odontornithes = toothed birds
(extinct)– Infraclass Neornithes
• Superorder Paleognathae (Ratites and Tinamous)
• Superorder Neognathae
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Avian Phylogeny based on Feduccia (1995)
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Superorder Paleognathae • Order Struthioniformes = Ostrich, 1 spp.,
Africa– flightless walking birds– long heavy legs with 2 toes– over 2.2 m tall
• Order Rheiformes = Rheas, 2 spp., South America– flightless walking birds– long heavy legs with 3 toes– 1.5 m tall
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Ostrich - 1 spp., Africa Rheas - 2 spp., S. America
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Superorder Paleognathae • Order Casuariiformes - Cassowaries and
Emus; flightless walking birds, stout legs with 3 toes, up to 1.5 m tall, feathers with long aftershaft– Cassowaries - 3 spp., Australia and New
Guinea– Emus - 2 spp., Australia
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Cassowary - 3 speciesAustralia and New Guinea
Emu - 2 spp., Australia
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Superorder Paleognathae • Order Dinornithiformes - Kiwis, 3 spp., New
Zealand – flightless, chicken-sized – long bill with nostrils at tip – hair-like feathers
• Order Tinamiformes - Tinamous, 47 spp., Central and South America – flying, ground birds – plump body, slender neck with small heads
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Brown Kiwi - New Zealand3 species all, N.Z.
Chilean Tinamou - S.Am.Tinamous - 47 spp., C. and
S. America
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Podicipediformes - Grebes, 21 spp.,
world-wide – lobate toes, divers
• Order Sphenisciformes - Penguins, 17 spp., S. hemisphere – web-footed marine swimmers – wings modified to form paddles – scale-like feathers– range as far north as Galapagos Islands (equator)
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Magellanic Penguinssouthern S. America
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Procellariiformes - Pelagic Tubenoses,
115 spp., world-wide – tubular nostrils, hooked beak, long narrow wings
• Order Pelecaniformes - Pelicans and allies, 67 spp., world-wide: mostly tropical and subtropical except cormorants – totipalmate feet, long fish-eating beaks
• Order Anseriformes - Waterfowl, 161 spp., world-wide – broad bills, short legs with webbed feet, swimmers
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Procellariiformes - 115 species, Worldwide distribution
Black-footed Albatross
Northern Fulmar
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Phoenicopteriformes - Flamingos, 5
spp., Tropics except Australia – long-legged, long-necked wading birds with
webbed feet and specialized filter-feeding bill, pink coloration
• Order Ciconiiformes - Herons, Storks, Ibises. 120 spp., world-wide– long-necked, long-legged waders
• Order Falconiformes - Hawks and allies, 311 spp., world-wide – diurnal birds of prey, strong hooked bill, talons
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Chilean Flamingo- Southern S. America
Puna Flamingo- High Andes of Peru,Chile and Argentina
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Galliformes - Chicken-like birds, 258
spp., world-wide – short rounded wings, heavy bodies, heavy feet for
scratching, strong runners
• Order Gruiformes - Cranes, Rails and allies, 213 spp., world-wide – Wide variation: some long-legged and long-
necked, others smaller with shorter legs and necks, waders
• Order Charadriiformes - Shorebirds, Gulls and Terns, 366 spp., world-wide – strong fliers, many long-distance migrants, toes
usually webbed
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Gaviiformes - Loons, 5 spp., Northern
N. hemisphere – webbed feet, divers, long bodies, sharp bills
• Order Columbiformes - Pigeons and Doves, 313 spp., world-wide – short legs, short neck, plump bodies
• Order Psittaciformes - Parrots, 358 spp., tropical and subtropical – narrow hooked beak, zygodactyl feet, large
rounded head
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Coliiformes - Mousebirds, 6 spp.,
Africa– small, crested, gray or brown birds with long tails,
first and fourth toes are reversible, mainly frugivorous and travel in flocks
• Order Musophagiformes - Turacos, 23 spp., Africa – medium-sized arboreal birds, superficially
resemble slim chicken with a long tail, mostly vegetarian diet
• Order Cuculiformes - Cuckoos and allies, 143 spp., world-wide – zygodactyl feet with reversible outer toe, many are
brood parasites
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Turaco - Africa, 23 spp.
Mousebird - Africa, 6 spp.
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Strigiformes - Owls, 178 spp., world-
wide– nocturnal birds of prey, large eyes, powerful
hooked beak and talons• Order Caprimulgiformes - Nightjars and allies,
113 spp., world-wide – cryptic plumage, wide mouths with insect-netting
bristles, small legs and feet, crepuscular or nocturnal
• Order Apodiformes - Hummingbirds and Swifts, 422 spp., world-wide: Hummers in C. & S. Am.– small birds with short legs and small feet, pointed
wings; swifts with short, weak bills; Hummers with long, slender bills
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Announcements
• Lab Exam 1 – next Wednesday Feb. 10– Topography through Waterfowl (Labs 1-3)– A couple questions from the videos
• Lecture Exam 1 – moved from Wed. Feb 17 to Monday Feb. 22– Will cover material through Circulation and
Respiration
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp.,
Tropical regions (greatest diversity in Neotropics)– short stout bill, small weak zygodactyl feet, long tails,
richly colored irridescent plumage
• Order Coraciiformes - Kingfishers, Motmots, Bee-eaters, Hornbills, 218 spp.,world-wide– strong prominent bills, colorful plumage, cavity-
nesters, toes 3 & 4 joined at base
• Order Piciformes - Woodpeckers, Toucans and allies, 410 spp., world-wide – zygodactyl feet, highly specialized bills, cavity-nesters
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Resplendent Quetzal Elegant Trogon
Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp., Tropical regions
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Coraciiformes - 218 species, worldwide distribution
Bee-eater(Old World)
Hoopoe(Europe, Africa)
MotmotMotmot(New World Tropics)(New World Tropics)
Tody(West Indies)
Hornbill(Africa)
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Perching Piciformes
Toucan(New World Tropics)
Barbet(Tropics) Jacamar
(New World Tropics)
Puffbird(New World Tropics)
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Other Classification Schemes place:• Some classification schemes place Sandgrouse in
their own Order Pteroclidiformes or with the Orders Columbiformes or Charadriiformes. – There are 16 spp. in Asia and Africa, inhabit plains and
deserts. Superficially they appear pigeon-like.• The traditional classification schemes have placed
flamingos in the Ciconiiformes along with the herons, storks, and ibises.
• Some classification schemes split hummingbirds and swifts into separate Orders, Trochiliformes and Apodiformes, respectively.
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Sandgrouse - 16 spp., Asia and Africa plains and deserts
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Superorder Neognathae • Order Passeriformes - Songbirds (Perching
birds), about 5700 spp. (> 50% of all birds), world-wide
• Divided into primitive Suboscine Suborder (Tyranni) and advanced Oscine Suborder (Passeres) - Oscines with better vocalizations because of highly developed syrinx
• Feet adapted for perching (3 in front, 1 in back)
• Wing with 9 or 10 primaries• Unique palate and sperm structure • Very altricial hatchlings
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Songbird Classification
• Two main divisions:– Primitive Suboscines– Advanced Oscines
• Primitive Suboscine songbird group dominant in South America
• Advanced Oscine songbird group outcompetes Suboscines and are dominant everywhere else
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Research Project• Why are Suboscines dominant in South America?– South America isolated from other continents
Ericson et al. 2003. J. Avian Biol. 34:3-15Suggested dispersal routes of main passerine groups from Gondwana
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Research Project• Why do Oscines outcompete Suboscines?
– One hypothesis = Metabolic Capacity Hypothesis = Suboscines have “restrictive tropical physiology” (Feduccia 1999)
• Tested hypothesis by measuring max MR in cold– Prediction: If hypothesis valid, Oscines should have
higher MR than Suboscines• Why Chile? – High proportion of Suboscines and
temperate climate
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Oscine-Suboscine Msum
log Mass (g)
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
log
Msu
m (
ml O
2 m
in-1
)
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4OscinesSuboscines
Oscine Slope = 0.67, R2=0.762Suboscine Slope = 0.84, R2=0.729
Oscines with significantly higher MR- Supports metabolic rate hypothesis