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Surface Enhanced
Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
Laboratory of Materials and Structures of Nanoelectronics, R&D DepartmentBelarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics
by Dr. Hanna Bandarenka
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Talk layout
• History&definition
• SERS-active substrates
- fabrication
- properties
• Application of SERS
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Talk layout
• History&definition
• SERS-active substrates
- fabrication
- properties
• Application of SERS
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SERS: history&definition
Chandrasekhara Raman
1928 – Raman scattering discovery
Grigoriy Landsberg Leonid Mandelstam
A new radiation
CV Raman
Indian Journal of physics, 1928
New phenomenon in scattering of light
GS Landsherg, LI Mandelstam
Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, 1928
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SERS: history&definition
Incident
photons
Scatte
red
photons
Raman scattering – molecule’s fingerprinting
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Perfect for
chemical and
biological
sensing
• non-contact,
• non-destructive,
• high resolution,
• lack interference from water,
• no special sample preparation,
• single wavelength, etc.
1 out of 108 photons is
scattered
Non sensitive to low
concentrations
Raman scattering: pros&cons
SERS: history&definition
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SERS: history&definition
1974 – SERS discovery
Martin Fleischmann
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SERS: history&definition
Advantages of
Raman scattering
sensitivity up to
femtomolar
concentration+
EF > 106
↑ of Raman
intensity=
Incident
photonsSca
tter
ed
photons
Increase of
scattered photons
number
nanorough metallic substrate
SERS-active substrate
SERS Enhancement
Factor (EF)
ratio of the intensities of the scattered
radiation for SERS and Raman scattering
per molecule
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SERS: history&definition
SERS mechanisms
Chemical Electromagnetic
The mechanism of SERS is still an active research topic
but today there is an agreement that enhancement has
two components
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SERS: history&definition
SERS mechanisms
Chemical
charge-transfer state between
metal and adsorbed molecules
Me Molecule
electronic
state
EF
highest
occupied
molecular
orbital
1
2 3
45
• site-specific
• analyte-dependent
• the molecule must be directly
adsorbed to the roughened surface
• contributes an average EF of 103
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SERS: history&definition
SERS mechanisms
Electromagnetic
• can contribute EF > 106
increase of the E-field of the metallic
nanostructures due to localized surface
plasmon resonance (LSPR)
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Talk layout
• History&definition
• SERS-active substrates
- fabrication
- properties
• Application of SERS
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SERS-active substrates
1. Strong plasmonic metal
Ag, Au, Cu, ...
What do we need for SERS-activity?
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SERS-active substrates
1. Strong plasmonic metal
What do we need for SERS-activity?
2. Metal nanostructuring
• spheres,
• cubes,
• triangulars,
• dendrites,
• rods
of nanoscaled dimensions (10 – 150 nm)
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1. Strong plasmonic metal
2. Metal nanostructuring
Plasmonic metal nanovoid
localised plasmon
mode of strong rim
component
[Cole et al., Opt. Express, Vol. 17, No 16, 2009]
contributions from
rays of
integer numbers of
bounces through the
void
- 2 bounces
1 bounce
2 bounces
[Kelf et al., Phys. Rev. B, 74, 2006]
nanovoid diameter:
500 – 2000 nm
What do we need for SERS-activity?
SERS-active substrates
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1. Strong plasmonic metal
2. Metal nanostructuring
3. Extremely small gap between metal nanostructures ~ 2 nm
“hot spot” “hot spot”
“hot spots” – places of a giant intensity of electric field
What do we need for SERS-activity?
SERS-active substrates
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SPR dependence on structural parameters
SERS-active substrates
[A.Yu. Panarin et al. Physics, chemistry and application of nanostructures, 2013]
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SPR dependence on structural parameters
SERS-active substrates
transverse and multiple longitudinal SPR
modes at the aspect ratio greater than 4
Cu nanorods D – 64 nm,
(A) L – 234 nm, (B) L – 265 nm,
(B) (C) L – 464 nm, (D) L – 572 nm [M. Oh et al. J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 19069–19073]
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SPR dependence on structural parameters
SERS-active substrates
Surface
plasmon
resonance
Splitting of
surface
plasmon
resonance
Unimodal diameter distribution of Cu
islands
530-570 nm
610-630 nm
Wavelengh, nmWavelengh, nmR
efle
ctan
ce
Ref
lect
ance
Cu islands diameter, nmCu islands diameter, nm
Cu islands diameter, nmCu islands diameter, nm
Bimodal diameter distribution of Cu islands
[A. Tikhanova et al. Proc. 17-th Int. Conf.-Sc. AMT, Palanga, Lithuania, 2015]
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SERS-active substrates:liquid substrates
Ag colloids particles [Zhao et al., 2006]
Great enhancement (1014)
• Weak reproducibility
• Inconvenient to use
chemical reduction laser ablation
difficult to apply
practically
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triangular Cu NPs
(nanosphere
lithography)
[Chan et al., 2007]
Au nanovoid
arrays on glass
(electrodeposition)
[Chang et al., 2011]
Ag dendrites
on Al
[Gutes et al., 2010]
Ag film over
nanospheres[Haynes et al., 2005]
• Moderate enhancement (106)
• Complicated&Expensive technology
• Good reproducibility
• Convenient to usevery good for
practical application
SERS-active substrates:solid substrates
Ag/Ni nanovoids
[Artsemyeva et al., 2013]
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Au colloid
2. Agiltron– Ag thin film/nanorods on glass
3. Ocean Optics – Au NPs;
4. Integrated Optics – Ag nanoislands;
5. Silmeco – Au, Ag nanostructures;
6. Renishaw Diagnostics (Klarite) – Au thin film on textured Si
7. EnSpectr – Ag nanostructures
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Au colloid.
2. Agiltron– Ag thin film/nanorods on glass.
3. Ocean Optics – Au NPs.
4. Integrated Optics – Ag nanoislands.
5. Silmeco – Au, Ag nanostructures.
6. Renishaw Diagnostics (Klarite) – Au thin film on textured Si.
7. EnSpectr – Ag nanostructures. http://oceanoptics.com
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Au colloid.
2. Agiltron– Ag thin film/nanorods on glass.
3. Ocean Optics – Au NPs.
4. Integrated Optics – Ag nanoislands.
5. Silmeco – Au, Ag nanostructures.
6. Renishaw Diagnostics (Klarite) – Au thin film on textured Si.
7. EnSpectr – Ag nanostructures.
http://integratedoptics.eu
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Au colloid.
2. Agiltron– Ag thin film/nanorods on glass.
3. Ocean Optics – Au NPs.
4. Integrated Optics – Ag nanoislands.
5. Silmeco – Au, Ag nanostructures.
6. Renishaw Diagnostics (Klarite) – Au thin film on textured Si.
7. EnSpectr – Ag nanostructures.
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. – Au colloid.
2. Agiltron– Ag thin film/nanorods on glass.
3. Ocean Optics – Au NPs.
4. Integrated Optics – Ag nanoislands.
5. Silmeco – Au, Ag nanostructures.
6. Renishaw Diagnostics (Klarite) – Au thin film on textured Si.
7. EnSpectr – Ag nanostructures.
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SERS-active substrates:existing commercial products
•Detection limit 10-2 – 10-9 M depending
on the analyte
•EF – 106 - 107
•Extremely expensive
• Interval of exitation is limited by the
material of the substrate (Ag, Au)
•Weak storage stability
development of SERS-active substrates with
improved parameters is still an urgent goal
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Using porous silicon template to define sizes, shape and spacial
location of the depositing metal structures
Ag dendrites Ag/Ni nanovoidsAg NPs
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Our equipment
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Mapping
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Ag dendrites
Analyte: organic dye R6G
Detection limit at 473 nm: 10-13 M
Detection limit at 785 nm: 10-6 M
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Analyte:
cationic Cu(II)-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin
Detection limit at 473 nm: 10-11 M
Ag/Ni nanovoids
[K. Artsemyeva et al. ECS Trans., 2013, 53(11), 85-95]
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Analytes:
• organic dyes R6G, methylene blye, etc.
• cationic Cu(II)-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)
porphyrin
• Zn-meso-tetra [4-N-(2'-oxyethyl) pyridyl] porphyrin
• proteins (albumin, lysozyme, lactoferrin)
• oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids
Detection limit at 473, 532 nm: 10-10 – 10-12 M
EF = 2·108
[A. Yu. Panarin et al. J. Appl. Spectroscopy, 2009, 76(2), 281-287]
Ag NPs
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Ag NPs
Stability of SERS-signal intensity
[Artsemyeva et al., PSS (c), 2013]
• Spot-to-spot ISERS variation < 15 %
• Sample-to-sample ISERS variation < 15 %
• Storage stability of ISERS > 6 months
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SERS-active substrates:our approach
Prototype of SERS-active substate
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Talk layout
• History&definition
• SERS-active substrates
- fabrication
- properties
• SERS application
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Examples of application
tear sterility
+
lactroferrin
(Lf)
lizocime
(Lz)
Tear proteins detection
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Examples of application
Tear proteins detection
C(Lf or Lz) 10-6
M
healthy eye
C(Lf or Lz) < 10-6
M
eye disease
happy
patient
disappointed
patient
Proper therapy of eye diseases
fast analysis of tear liquid
micro-/nanomolar sensitivity
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Examples of application
Tear proteins detection
• SERS-spectra of Lf, Lz and Alb have typical bands for these proteins.
• Proteins can be distinguished in SERS-spectrum of tear.
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Detection of photosensitizers in
physiological fluids
Photodynamic therapy of cancer
http://www.photochembgsu.com/applications/therapy.html
Examples of application
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Applications survey
• Chemical sensing
• Biomedical sensingDetection of pharmaceuticals medicines in physiological fluids
Living cells, cancer gene and bacteria, pathogen detection
Glucose detection
Detection platforms for biological toxins
• Forensic science and securityDrugs and poisons detection
Explosives detection
• EcologyDetection of pesticides and pollutants
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MANY THANKS FOR YOUR
KIND LISTENING