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Surface and ground water pollution status in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
Tamiru AlemayehuADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY, Ethiopia
Solomon Waltenigus & Yirga TadesseADDIS ABABA WATER SUPPLY & SEWARAGE AUTHORITY, Ethiopia
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INTRODUCTION
Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia Since its foundation, the city has grown
from sparse and scattered settlements to an expansive and highly populated city.
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Addis Ababa lies in the center of the country on the western escarpment of the main Ethiopian rift.
The altitude of the city varies from 2100 m a.s.l. to 2700 m a.s.l.
The city covers an area of about 530 km2 with a population of more than 3,000,000 inhabitants.
The environment of the city is threatened by severe pollution due to anthropogenic activities for more than a century.
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GEOLOGY The region is constituted by volcanic
rocks ranging from acidic to basic in composition (27 to 3.2 Ma).
The typical volcanic centers of the region are the Entoto Ridge (3200 m a.s.l), Mt. Wochacha (3385 m a.s.l), Mt. Yerer (3100 m a.s.l), Mt. Furi (2839 m a.s.l).
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DRAINAGE Big and Little Akaki rivers, with their different
tributaries, drain the city from north to south.
Big Akaki (900 km2) and Little Akaki basin has a catchment area of about 540 km2.
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The rocks are highly fractured and permit fast circulation of the pollutants over large distances and to a great depth.
Taking into consideration the underlying fractured rocks and the widespread uncontrolled waste disposals, groundwater in Addis may be generally considered as highly vulnerable to any type of pollution.
IT IS UNLIKELY TO CLEAN POLLUTED AQUIFERS. Hence groundwater must be protected above
all where, rising up in the form of springs, are the only source of water supply for the community.
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The streams serve as natural sewerage lines for domestic and industrial wastes, hence making them known for their offensive odor.
Eutrophication process in the streams is a result of water pollution
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WASTE DISPOSAL In the city are septic tanks, open dumps and
surface impoundments. The majorities of private septic tanks are
characterized by open bottoms or peculiar channels, which facilitate the seepage in depth or the direct connection with the nearby streams.
Large and small-scale factories are clustered within the city having unregulated waste disposal systems.
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The major solid waste disposal site of the city is located within the city premise that pollute the urban environment.
It is open system, no impermeable layer with continuous low temperature burning.
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The most known large-scale human activities producing dangerous refuses are:
garages, car washing centers, petrol stations, chemical factories, paint factories, tanneries, slaughterhouses, market centers, breweries, textile factories, hospitals tyre factories, thread and garment factories, oil mills, flour mills, metal works, tobacco factories, pharmaceutical factories, Cemeteries
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The most widespread diseases in the city are:
flu, typhus, acute bronchitis, bronco pneumonia
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Water supply: There are three dams that supply the city
with treated water. At least there are about 271 boreholes
distributed in the city with a maximum yield of a single well of 87l/s. Highly productive aquifers are located in the southern part of the city.
Numerous cold and thermal springs
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Volume
Three dams= 173,000 m3/day
Wells & springs=10,000 m3/day
Akaki wells= 30,000 m3/day
Supply cover=70% of the population
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Surface water pollution problem: Turbidity and algaeIncrease in the use of AlSO4 for coagulation due to
increase in turbidity leave Al in public waterUse of CuSO4 for Algae eradication leaves Cu in
public water
There is a basin plan study but requires financial support
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GROUNDWATER POLLUTION PROBLEM
Case study:- Focused on streams, rivers, springs and boreholes
Heavy metals, total coliform and nitrate
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Streams (ppb)Heavy metals 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
pH 7.59 7.68 7.90 8.00 8.03 7.31 7.51
Mn 34.1 1756 6531 1219 1190 2044 2538
Cr <0.1 14.12 <0.1 <0.1 2.28 <0.1 13.31
Ni 44.45 4.8 <0.1 <0.1 5.05 8.9 <0.1
As <0.1 2.3 <0.1 0.6 0.42 2.2 2.88
Pb <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Zn <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
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Springs (ppb)Heavy metals
08 09 10 11 12 13 MCL
pH 6.90 6.50 6.32 6.40 5.93 7.60
Mn 0.3 21.47 128 5.1 24 0.39 100
Cr 1.88 1.18 0 5.85 1.21 0.94 50
Ni <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.49 0.92 0.53 100
As 1.0 <0.1 <0.1 0.22 0.2 0.2 50
Pb <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 8.33 4.31 15.5 50
Zn <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 9.35 8.06 0.87 5000
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BOREHOLE (ppb) Heavy Metals 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
pH 7.62 7.44 6.98 7.53 6.42 8.03 7.68
Mn 0.86 0.64 5.25 3.48 1.97 16.9 1.75
Cr 0.69 0.86 3.29 0.22 0.72 0.24 1.8
Ni 0.57 0.31 0.33 0.69 0.63 <0.1 0.51
As 0.37 0.3 0.3 0.32 0.2 0.63 0.5
Pb 25.1 8.98 10 25.3 15.7 9.75 4.66
Zn 23.3 85.8 3.9 34.2 33.5 10.3 20.5
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Total coliform count Sample code. Streams 01 560/ml 02 Too Many to Count (TMC) 03 660/ml
04 Too Many to Count (TMC) 05 1010/ml
06 Too Many to Count (TMC) Springs 07 290/ml
08 350/ml 09 Nil
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Total coliform count Borehole 10 10/ml
11 160/ml12 24/ml13 16/ml14 340/ml15 24/ml16 8/ml
Storm drain 17 3000000/ml
18 350000/ml19 6000000/ml20 20000/ml21 100000/ml
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Streams 8.9-531 mg/L
Springs 55-728 mg/L
Boreholes 0-35 mg/l
Nitrate
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N
4
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CONCLUSION Heavy metal pollution Total coliform and pathogen pollution The major part of the city including some part of the
Akaki well field, has bare rock outcrop–high risk for pollution
The Akaki well field is crossed by railway and high way-potential danger
The unconfined aquifer in the city center and along the rivers is vulnerable.
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Klimas A.A. (1998) Impact of urbanization and protection of water resources in the Vilnius district, Lithuania. Hydrogeology Journal 3(1):24-35.
Lerner D.N and Barrett M.H (1996) Urban groundwater issues in the United Kingdom. Hydrogeology Journal. 4(1): 80-89.
Tamiru Alemayehu (1999). Groundwater pollution in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Herald. Wednesday May 19, 1999
Tamiru Alemayehu (2000). Water pollution by natural inorganic chemicals in the central part of the Main Ethiopian Rift (SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 23(2):197-214.
Tamiru Alemayehu (2000). Effects of uncontrolled waste disposal on surface and ground water system in Addis Ababa: a case study. Ethiopian Herald Tuesday Agust1-2000
Tamiru Alemayehu (2001). The impact of uncontrolled waste disposal on surface water quality in Addis Ababa. (SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 24(1):93-104