15
3
10
5
7
12
8
4
9
14
11
13
12
6
26
2425
2120
2322
27
2928
32
3031
19181716
Nasohypophysial
Slanting gills
Cranium cart*
Tectal cart*
PharyngobranchialPericardiac cart*
Oral disc
Arcualia*Branchial cart.*
Hyoid*Sensory lines
Horny “teeth”*Lingual cartilage*
Lingual musculatureVelum*
Gill pouch shape
Dorsal �ns*Eye lens
Radial musclesGill symmetry
Gill lamellaePineal organ
Skull*Brain
Otic capsules*
Myomere W’s
Liver
Hypophysis
Caudal �n*
Kidney
Paired eyes
Pigment cells
Multichamber heart
Post-anal tailMyomeresNotochord
Nerve chordPharyngeal arches
Oral papillaeAnnular cart*H
Trematic rings*
United Atrium/ventricle
Lingual cart.*
Slime glands
Oral tentacles*
Nasophyaryngeal duct
Prenasal sinus*
Subnasal cartilage*
Fibrous brain sheath
Separated atrium/ventricle
Nasal basket*
Ethmoid tooth*
Dentigerous cart.*
Perpendicular muscle cart.*
Accesory heartsOesophagocutaneous duct
Gill asymmetry
Skull*
BrainOtic capsules*
Myomere W’s
Multichamber heart
Liver
Hypophysis*
Post-anal tailMyomeres
Caudal �n*
Notochord
Dorsal nerve cordPharyngeal arches*
Horny “teeth”*Lingual musculatureVelum*Gill pouch shape17
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.57.5
7.5
23.5
23.523.5
23.523.5
23.523.5
23.5
3030
30
3030
17171717
15
3
10
5
7
12
8
4
9
14
11
13
12
6
26
2425
2120
2322
27
2928
32
3031
19181716
MYX
INO
IDEA
CYCL
OST
.
CRAN
IATA
CHO
RDAT
A
18.518.5
18.518.5
18.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
18.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
5.55.5
5.5
18.5
18.518.5
18.518.5
18.518..5
32
3232
32
3232
18.518.5
18.518.5
32
3232
3232
40
4040
4040
3536
34
15
3
10
5
7
12
8
4
9
14
11
13
12
6
26
2425
2120
2322
27
2928
32
3031
1918
1716
37
3536
3433
38
4039
4142
VERTEBRATA
CYCL
OST
OM
ATA
CRAN
IATA
CHO
RDAT
A
Nasohypophysial
Slanting gills
Cranium cart.*
Tectal cart*
Pharyngobranchial ductPericardiac cart.*
Oral disc
Arcualia*Branchial cart.*
Hyoid*Sensory lines
Horny “teeth”*Lingual cart.*
Lingual musculatureVelum*
Gill pouch shape
Dorsal �ns*Eye lens
Radial musclesGill symmetry
Gill lamellaePineal organ
Skull*Brain
Otic capsules*
Myomere W’s
Liver
Hypophysis
Caudal �n*
Kidney
Paired eyes
Pigment cells
Multichamber heart
Post-anal tailMyomeresNotochord
Dorsal nerve cordPharyngeal arches
Oral papillaeAnnular cart.*H
Trematic rings*
United atrium/ventricle
PETR
OM
YZO
NTI
DA
(a) (b)
Supplementary figure 1. Morphological synapomorphies of lamprey (a) and hagfish (b) resolved onto phylogeny (figure 1). Colours represent the different hierarchical levels of catergories of synapomorphies e.g. more plesiomorphic characters diagnosing Chordata are green, whilst synapomorphic characters diagnosing the narrower clades of Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea are purple. Numerical synapomorphic ranks (numbers right) are calculated from the mean value of ordinal ranks (numbers left) for each catergory. The dashed lines in the lamprey phylogeny (a) represent the alternative positions of Petromyzontida (i.e. cyclostome paraphyly on the left branch and cyclostome monophyly on the right branch). Asterisks mark morphological characters with skeletal components.
