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Superconducting Integrated ReceiverSuperconducting Integrated ReceiverSuperconducting Integrated ReceiverSuperconducting Integrated Receiver(Development and Implementation)(Development and Implementation)
Valery Koshelets, Pavel Dmitriev, Andrey Ermakov, Lyudmila Filippenko, A d Kh d h k Ni k l Ki Ol Ki lAndrey Khudchenko, Nickolay Kinev, Oleg Kiselev,
Alexander Sobolev, Mikhail Torgashin, Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
in collaboration withSRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, the Netherlands
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Superconducting Integrated Receiver (SIR) Superconducting Integrated Receiver (SIR) with phasewith phase--locked FFOlocked FFOpp
4 K dewarSIR chipSIS mixer
SIR chip HEMT4-8 GHz IF
Processor &
Harmonic mixer
&Digital Auto
CorrelatorReference20 GHz
FFO as LO20 GHz500-650 GHz
Computer controlleddata acquisition system
HEMTSIR
i i it
4 GHz
Electronics FFO, SIS, HM control
PLL LSU
HEMT microcircuit
PLL LSU400 MHz reference
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 2
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Internal part of the SIR MicrocircuitInternal part of the SIR MicrocircuitInternal part of the SIR MicrocircuitInternal part of the SIR Microcircuit
FFODouble-slot (dipole)twin SIS – 0.8 μm2 FFO
400*16 μm2μ
HM – 1.0 μm2
Nb-AlOx-Nb, Nb-AlN-NbN; Jc = 5 - 10 kA/cm2 Nb AlOx Nb, Nb AlN NbN; Jc 5 10 kA/cm
Optionally: SIS – Jc = 8 kA/cm2; FFO + HM = 4 kA/cm2
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 3
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NbNb--AlOxAlOx--Nb and NbNb and Nb--AlNAlN--NbN FFO for SIRNbN FFO for SIR
400 GHz
Frequency Tuningq y g
700 GHz
JSC, VB = Vg/3
4V.P. Koshelets, et al, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 56, pp 5572-5577, (1997)
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NbNb--AlNAlN--NbN SIS pumped by FFO; NbN SIS pumped by FFO; FFO frequencyFFO frequency tuningtuningFFO frequency FFO frequency tuningtuning
300 HD13-09#26 (Vg=3.7mV, Rn=21 Ohm)
250
300
200
nt (m
kA)
100
150
S C
urre
n
FFO Frequency:0 GHz
50
100
SIS 0 GHz
400 GHz 500 GHz 600 GHz700 GHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
SIS Voltage (mV)
700 GHz
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 5
SIS Voltage (mV)
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NbNb--AlNAlN--NbN SIS pumped by FFO; NbN SIS pumped by FFO; FFO t iFFO t i (f 500 GH )(f 500 GH )FFO power tuningFFO power tuning (f = 500 GHz)(f = 500 GHz)
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 6
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FL and PL spectra of the NbFL and PL spectra of the Nb--AlNAlN--NbN FFO :NbN FFO :frequencyfrequency 660055 GHzGHz;; LW =LW = 1 7 MHz; SR = 92 %1 7 MHz; SR = 92 %frequencyfrequency 660055 GHzGHz; ; LW =LW = 1.7 MHz; SR = 92 %1.7 MHz; SR = 92 %
25
-20
Phase locked
-30
-25 Span - 100 MHz
Resolution Bandwidth - 1 MHzm
) at 605 GHz (SR = 92 %)
Frequency locked Linewidth 1 7 MHz
-40
-35Bandwidth 1 MHz
ower
(dB Linewidth = 1.7 MHz
50
-45
Out
put P
o
-55
-50
IF O
360 380 400 420 440-60
Down-converted FFO Frequency (MHz)
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 7
q y ( )
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Phase Noise of the PL FFO
-20
0Spectrum analyzerResolution Banwidth RBW = 1 Hz
-30
Absolute FFO phase noise, (n = 20); SR = 97.7% R&S Synthesizer at 22 GHz * n2 (n = 20) Phase locked FFO, fFFO = 450 GHz (δfaut = 0.5 MHz; SR = 97.7%)) R&S Synthesizer at 22 GHz (Specification)
-60
-40
Pow
er (d
Bm
)
-70
-50
/Hz) -100
-80
P
-110
-90
e N
oise
(dB
c/ -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50Offset from carrier (Hz)
100
wer
)
-150
-130
Phas
60
80
the
PL F
FO P
ow
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M150
Offset from Carrier (Hz)
20
40
Experimental Data; TELIS PLL JAP 102 063912 (2007)
ctra
l Rat
io (%
of
21 September, 2009 1 100
JAP, 102, 063912 (2007) Regulation BW = 10 MHzSp
ec
Free-running FFO Linewidth (MHz)
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Development of the Integrated Spectrometer for TELIS
Valery Koshelets, Lyudmila Filippenko, Pavel Dmitriev, Andrey Ermakov, Andrey Khudchenko, Nickolay Kinev, Oleg Kiselev,
Alexander Sobolev Mikhail Torgashin
g p
Alexander Sobolev, Mikhail Torgashin, Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
Pavel Yagoubov, Gert de Lange, Hans Golstein, Leo de Jong,Pavel Yagoubov, Gert de Lange, Hans Golstein, Leo de Jong, Arno de Lange, Bart van Kuik, Ed de Vries, Johaness Dercksen,
Ruud Hoogeveen, Avri SelegSRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, the Netherlands
Nopporn Suttiwong, Georg Wagner, Manfred Birk (PI)Institute for Remote Sensing Technology, DLR, Germany
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 9
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TELIS (Terahertz Limb Sounder)TELIS (Terahertz Limb Sounder)
TELIS Objectives:TELIS Objectives:• Measure many species for
atmospheric science:ClO, BrO, O3, HCl, HOCl, etc;- Chemistry, Transport, Climate
• Serve as a test platform for new sensors
• Serve as validation tool for future satellite missions
• Three independent frequency channels, cryogenic heterodyne receivers:
TELIS Instruments– 500 GHz by RAL– 500-650 GHz by SRON-IREE
( )21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 10
– 1.8 THz by DLR (PI)
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SIR Mixer Block with ShieldsSIR Mixer Block with Shields
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 11
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Noise Temperature of the Flight SIR Noise Temperature of the Flight SIR (DSB)(DSB)
Water lineWater line557 GHz
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 12
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SIR Noise Temperature SIR Noise Temperature on Intermediate Frequency and SIS Biason Intermediate Frequency and SIS Biason Intermediate Frequency and SIS Biason Intermediate Frequency and SIS Bias
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 13
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SIR Stability:SIR Stability: Allan variance testAllan variance test
SISPower meterIF amp
FFO
SISBP filter
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 14
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SIR Spectral Resolution
Deconvolved spectrum of the OCS emission lines at a gas pressure 2.6 mBar.
LO f 601 GHLO frequency 601 GHz.
Two strong lines are saturated; weaker linessaturated; weaker lines
are not saturated isotopes.
The lines are detected,The lines are detected, one in the LSB, the other
one in the USB
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 15
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Amplitude and phase APBAmplitude and phase APBof the SIR with cold opticsof the SIR with cold opticsof the SIR with cold opticsof the SIR with cold optics
40-80.00
-72.00
-64.00
20
mm
-56.00
-48.00
-40.00
-32.00
-24.00
-16.00
8 000
40 -180.0
-120.0-20
0
Verti
cal s
can, -8.000
0
20
n, m
m
-60.00
0
60.00
120.0
180.0-40 -20 0 20 40-40
-20
0
Verti
cal s
can
Horizontal scan, mm
Amplitude
-40 -20 0 20 40-40
Horizontal scan, mm
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 16Phase
-
SIR for TELIS SIR for TELIS –– remote operationremote operation
17
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TELISTELIS SIR M i P tSIR M i P tTELISTELIS--SIR Main ParametersSIR Main Parameters(parameters determined by digital correlator are in parentheses)
Input frequency range, GHz 500 – 650 ГГцMinimum noise temperature in the range (DSB), K 120 КOutput IF range, GHz 4-8 (5-7) ГГцSpectral resolution, MHz < 1 (2) МГцLO f t MH < 300 МГLO frequency net, MHz < 300 МГцDissipated power at 4.2 K stage, mW < 30 мВтOperation temperature K < 4 5 КOperation temperature, K < 4.5 К
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 18
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Esrange Space CenterSpace Center ,
Kiruna, Sweden, 67.5oN, 21.1oE; , ;
March 2009
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 19
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TELIS (Terahertz Limb Sounder)( )
TELIS-MIPAS at Esrange, Sweden; March 2009
Balloon size: 400 000 m3; Payload weight: 1 200 kg; y g g
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 20
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Flight trajectory (predicted)Flight trajectory (predicted)
Flight profile (actual)Flight profile (actual)Flight profile (actual)Flight profile (actual)
21 September, 2009 21Euroflux2009, Avignon
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Frequencies and substances Frequencies and substances selected for the first TELIS flightselected for the first TELIS flightselected for the first TELIS flightselected for the first TELIS flight
## FFO Frequency GHz Substances (High priority)## FFO Frequency, GHz Substances (High priority)
1 495.04 H2-18O
2 496.88 HDO3 505.6 BrO (ΔТ = 0.3 К !!)( )4 507.28 ClO5 515.25 O2 /pointing /pressure5 515.25 O2 /pointing /pressure6 519.25 BrO (ΔТ = 0.3 К !!)7 607 78 O isotopes7 607.78 O3 isotopes8 619.1 HCl (HOCl, ClO)
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 22
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Spectra measured at limbSpectra measured at limb--soundingsounding
FFO Freq = 495 GHz
Orbit – 30 km;
Increment – 1.5 km,Tangent: 10.5 – 30 kmg
45 degrees up
O3
Down-converted Frequency, GHz
23
Down-converted Frequency, GHz
-
ClO line over time (FFO = 495 GHz)ClO line over time (FFO = 495 GHz)
Sunrise 5h08
O3 OClO3 O3ClO
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 24
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Back to the Earth…Back to the Earth…
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 25
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3030--cm POrtable Submillimeter Telescope (POST)cm POrtable Submillimeter Telescope (POST)Purple Mountain Observatory; Nanjing. Purple Mountain Observatory; Nanjing.
Site: Delingha of Qinghai province Site: Delingha of Qinghai province (altitude ~3200 m)(altitude ~3200 m)
Frequency - 345 GHzTr (DSB) < 100 KTr (DSB) < 100 K
Spectral resolution < 1 MHz
2 t GM t2-stage GM type; cooling capacity
– 0.1 W;
compressor – 42 kg;power consumption p p
- 1.2 kW
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 26
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ESPRIT ESPRIT –– Exploratory Submm Space Exploratory Submm Space RadioRadio--Interferometric TelescopeInterferometric Telescope
• Telescope sizes ~ 3.5 meter ; off-axis• Number of elements N = 6 (15 baselines)• Projected baselines 200 - 1000 meter• Frequencies:
Spots in the range 0.5 – 6 THz p g• Front Ends - (0.5 – 1.5 THz):
SIS mixers, multiplier LO / SIR = FFO + SIS + HMSIR FFO + SIS + HM(1.5 – 6 THz) HEB mixers, QCL as LO
• System temperature < 1000 KThe six elements of • IF bandwidth > 4 GHz (goal 8 GHz)The six elements of
ESPRIT in an Ariane 5
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 27
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“Millimetron” – Russian Space Agency ( > 2017)12 m cryogenic mirror; λ = 0 01 20 mm12 m cryogenic mirror; λ = 0,01- 20 mm.
Ground-spaceGround space interferometer
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 28
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Medical applicationsMedical applicationsNonNon--invasive medical diagnostics invasive medical diagnostics
basedbased onon analysisanalysis of exhaled airof exhaled airbased based on on analysis analysis of exhaled airof exhaled air
• human exhalation contains up to 600 volatile compounds• some of them can be used as markers of diseases
СО Bl d di th id ti tСО Blood disease, asthma, oxidative stressNO Diseases of respiratory tract, oncologyNH Diseases of gastro-enteric tract liver kidneyNH3 Diseases of gastro-enteric tract, liver, kidneyCH4 Malabsorption of hydrocarbonsCS2 Markers of coronary arteries diseases, schizophrenia2 y pH2O2 Radiation injury, asthma
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 29
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Gas Spectra Detection by FFTSGas Spectra Detection by FFTS
1,0
0,9
0,7
0,8
issi
on NH3 - 572.498 GHzP= 1 mBar
0,6
,
Tran
sm
P= 1 mBar 0.4 mBar 0.1 mBar0.02 mBar
0,5 0.002 mBar
572,3 572,4 572,5 572,60,4
Frequrency (GHz)
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 30
equ e cy (G )
-
Gas Spectra Detection Gas Spectra Detection -- 22
1000
1500
NH3 (p= 5*10-3 mbar)
100
150 OSC (p= 2*10-3 mbar)
0
500
nsity
(mV)
0
50
nsity
(mV)
-1000
-500Inte
n
-100
-50Inte
n
572,485 572,490 572,495 572,500 572,505 572,510-1500
Frequency (GHz)571,110 571,115 571,120 571,125 571,130
-150
Frequency (GHz)
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 31
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ConclusionConclusion
• Concept of the Phase-locked SIR is developed and proven.p p p• Nb-AlN-NbN FFOs and SIRs have been successfully implemented. • New generation of the SIR with PL FFO for TELIS has been developed
h i ibilit t hi ll TELIS i tshowing a possibility to achieve all TELIS requirements:Frequency range 500 – 650 GHz; Noise temperature < 150 К;IF bandwidth 4 - 8 GHz; Spectral resolution better 1 MHz; Beam Pattern - FWHM = 3 deg, with sidelobes < - 17 dB.
• Procedure for remote SIR operation has been developed and experimentally provenexperimentally proven.
• TELIS flight has been completed in March 2009 (Kiruna, Sweden).• Future space and ground-base missions are under consideration.• SIR Technology is mature enough for both future space missions
and non-invasive medical diagnostic.
21 September, 2009 Euroflux2009, Avignon 32