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Superconducting Fault Current LimitersProf. Dr.-Ing. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Technical PhysicsEUCAS Short Course Power Applications, , September 17th 2017, Geneva
KIT-Zentrum Energie2 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Table of Contents
MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary
Your questions are welcome any time
KIT-Zentrum Energie3 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
It is impossible to avoid short-cicuit currents
KIT-Zentrum Energie4 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Conventional Measures to limit short-circuitcurrents
• Splitting into sub grids
• Introducing ahigher voltage range
• Splitting of bus bars
• (Sequential tripping)
• High impedancetransformers
• Current limitingair core reactors
Novel Concepts
• Superconductors
• Semiconductorse.g. FACTS
• Hybrid systems
Topologicalmeasures
Apparatusmeasures
PassiveIncrease of impedance at
nominal and fault conditions
ActiveSmall impedance at nominal loadfast increase of impedance at fault
• High voltage fuses(< 1 kA, < 36 kV)
• IS-limiter, CLiP(< 4 kA, < 36 kV)
• FCL circuit breakers
KIT-Zentrum Energie5 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Short-Circuit Currents
Grid Transformer Transfer Line Load
Peak short-circuit current Kp Ii 22
j XQ j XT j XL
Stationary Electrical Circuit (Three phase short-circuit)
3nUc
RLRTRQ
LTQK ZZZZ
kI
k
b
n
K
n
nb
k
nk Z
ZcIIgetwe
IUZwith
ZUcI
33
c=1.1 for high SC currents
c=1 for low SC currents
KIT-Zentrum Energie6 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Table of Contents
MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary
Your questions are welcome any time
KIT-Zentrum Energie11 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Ideal Fault Current Limiter Fast short-circuit limitation No or small impedance at normal operation Fast and automatic recovery Fail safe Applicable at high voltages Cost effective
Recovery
limited
SCFCL
Normal Operation Short-Circuit
Time
unlimited
Cur
rent
KIT-Zentrum Energie12 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Fault Current LimitersDifferent types
and many more…
KIT-Zentrum Energie13 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Table of Contents
MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary
Your questions are welcome any time
KIT-Zentrum Energie14 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Fault Current LimitersHow to design a resistive fault current limiter?
1.4 Ohm
KIT-Zentrum Energie15 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Fault Current LimitersHow to design a resistive fault current limiter?
Nominal voltage 24 kVNominal current 1005 AAC withstand voltage 50 kVLightning impulse 125 kVMax. prospective current (peak) 10.8 kALimitation time 120 msMax. short‐circuit current cont. (RMS) 4 kARecovery time < 30 s
1.4 Ohm
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Superconducting fault current limitersHow much superconducting wire is needed?
16.5275
1005414.12
AA
IIn
c
rp
How many tapes in parallel?
Assumption 2011 for 10mm wide YBCO tape at 77K, sf
What is the total tape length?1) What is the total voltage along the tape during limiation?
kVkAkVU RMS 25.84.143
24lim,
2) Do not overheat the tape during limitation?
For a electrical field of 0,43 V/cm the temperature during limitation time of 120 ms can bekept below 360 K.
mmlSC 342036190
KIT-Zentrum Energie18 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersWhich configuration for the HTS?
BBifilar straight
AStraight line
DBifilar coil
CMonofilar coil
KIT-Zentrum Energie20 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersHow to calculate the total loss?
Current lead loss?
45 W/kA for uncooled and optimized copper current lead from 300 K to 77 K
45 W/kA * 1 kA *6=270 W at nominal current
KIT-Zentrum Energie21 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersHow to calculate the total loss?
Loss of the cyrostat?
P=120 W
Three LN2 vessels in onevacuum vessel.
KIT-Zentrum Energie22 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersHow to calculate the total loss?
AC loss of the superconductor?
Clem 2008 PRB 77 134506
P f0I c2 2a2 a x
c
a
tanh1sinh2 x
D sinh2 c
Dsinh2 a
D sinh2 c
D
dx d12a
1 ca 8 3a
tan1sinh2 a
D sinh2 c
Dsinh2 c
D sinh2 x
D
0
c
dx
2a
D
KIT-Zentrum Energie23 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersHow to calculate the total loss?
Summary of total loss
KIT-Zentrum Energie24 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersWhich cooling option?
A B C D
KIT-Zentrum Energie25 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Table of Contents
MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary
Your questions are welcome any time
KIT-Zentrum Energie26 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersMajor projects on resistive type SFCL
Lead Company Year/Country 1) Data 2) Phase SuperconductorACCEL/NexansSC D / ´04 12 kV, 600 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkCESI RICERCA Italy / ´05 3.2 kV, 220 A 3‐ph. Bi 2223 tapeSiemens / AMSC D / USA / ´07 7.5 kV, 300 A 1‐ph. YBCO tapeLSIS Korea /’07 24 kV, 630A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeHyundai / AMSC Korea / ´07 13.2 kV, 630 A 1‐ph. YBCO tapeKEPRI Korea / ´07 22.9 kV, 630 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkToshiba J / 2008 6.6 kV, 72 A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC D / 2009 12 kV, 100 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkNexans SC D / 2009 12 kV, 800 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkRSE I / 2011 9 kV, 250 A 3‐ph. Bi 2223 tapeRSE I / 2012 9 kV, 1 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeKEPRI Korea / 2011 22.9 kV, 3 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC D / 2011 12 kV, 800 A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeAMSC / Siemens USA / D / 2012 115 kV, 1.2 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeRolls Royce UK / ‐ 11.5 kV, 400 A 3‐ph. MgB2 wireNexans SC D/2013 10 kV, 2.4 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC EU 2013 24 kV, 1 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeApplied Materiaks US /2013 15 kV / 1kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC UK/2015 12 kV/1.6 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeApplied Materials US / 2016 115 kV 3‐ph. YBCO tapePlus more Projects in Russia, China, India
KIT-Zentrum Energie27 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Fault Current LimitersState‐of‐the‐Art
KIT-Zentrum Energie28 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting fault current limitersRecent installation12 kV, 1600 A resistive FCL installed in busbar at Western Power Distribution, Chester Street, Birmingham, since End 2015
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Superconducting fault current limitersRecent developmentChina
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Superconducting fault current limitersApplications
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Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example
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Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleElectrical Equivalent Circuit
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Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleMagnetic field distribution in case of (A) the air core reactor and (B) the AC‐SFCL during normal operation
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Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example60 kVA Laboratory Demonstrator
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Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleSimulation of expected progression of peak limited short‐circuit current |Îlim| with peak prospective current |Ip|
KIT-Zentrum Energie36 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleMeasurement of expected progression of peak limited short‐circuit current |Îlim| with peak prospective current |Ip|
KIT-Zentrum Energie37 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example
ObjectivesBuilt and test a single phase 10 kV, 600 A air coil SFCLProject partnersSiemens, KIT
KIT-Zentrum Energie38 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Table of Contents
MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary
Your questions are welcome any time
KIT-Zentrum Energie39 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
Superconducting Fault Current LimitersResearch Directions Develop compact and inexpensive medium voltage SCFCLs Develop high voltage SCFCL prototypes and first field installations Demonstrate and improve reliability with long term tests Develop tests standards
IEEE test guide for FCLs available Show value proposition and „educate costumer“
Some manufacturers offer commercial applications.
KIT-Zentrum Energie40 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters
o Successful field installations up to 220 kV for different types.
o A few companies started to offer first products.
o An IEEE test guide has been published.
Status of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters