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Supercharging Science for the Superorganism Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.
Director, National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Science: Vision for the Future
July 24, 2013
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“Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce illness and disability.”
...
NIH: Steward of Medical and Behavioral Research for the Nation
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Human Microbiome at NIH: Coming Full Circle New science of microbiology: NIH established 1887
– “Hygienic lab” tests samples for infectious diseases
New understandings of genetics – Mid 20th century: NIH helps crack genetic code – 1990-2003: NIH leads Human Genome Project
21st century: genomic return to microbiology – Ecological approach to our “fellow travelers” – Nobel Prize winner – and NIH grantee – Joshua Lederberg
proposes term “microbiome”
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Understanding the Human Microbiome: From Lederberg’s Concept … to HMP
“We should think of each host and its parasites as a superorganism with the respective genomes yoked into a chimera of sorts.”
“… microbiome, to signify the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space and have been all but ignored as determinants of health and disease.”
Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008)
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$1,000
$10,000
$100,000
$1,000,000
$10,000,000
$100,000,000S
-01
J-02
M-0
2
S-0
2
J-03
M-0
3
S-0
3
J-04
M-0
4
S-0
4
J-05
M-0
5
S-0
5
J-06
M-0
6
S-0
6
J-07
M-0
7
S-0
7
J-08
M-0
8
S-0
8
J-09
M-0
9
S-0
9
J-10
M-1
0
S-1
0
J-11
M-1
1
S-1
1
J-12
M-1
2
S-1
2
J-13
Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome September 2001–January 2013
5,671
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Demonstrating Feasibility
First Analysis of Genes of a Community of Human Microbes
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NIH Human Microbiome Project and the NIH Common Fund (and its predecessor, the NIH Roadmap) Facilitating Research Across Disciplines
Projects must be: Truly transforming
Require participation of NIH as a whole
– Address gaps no single IC or outside entity is likely to fill
Place outcomes in public domain
Need development in “incubator space” to jumpstart field
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Fusobacterium fusiforme
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The Human Microbiome Project Total # cells
“Them”
“Us”
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Human Microbiome Project Contributes to International Effort
Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract, European Commission
MicroObes, Human Intestinal Microbiome in Obesity and Nutritional Transition, French National Agency for Research
HMP, NIH Common Fund
Canadian Microbiome Initiative
Korean Microbiome Diversity Using Korean Twin Cohort Project
Research programs and members include:
http://www.human-microbiome.org/
Australian Jumpstart Human Microbiome Project
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NEI
NCI
NHLBI
NLM
NINDS
NIMH
NIAMS
NINR
NCCAM
NHGRI
NIA
NIAAA NIAID
NICHD
NIDCD
NIDCR
NIDDK
NIDA
NIEHS OD
NIGMS
NCATS NIBIB
FIC
CSR
NIMHD
CC
CIT
Extramural only
HMP Support from ICs Before 2008
No Funding Authority
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NEI
NCI
NHLBI
NLM
NINDS
NIMH
NIAMS
NINR
NCCAM
NHGRI
NIA
NIAAA NIAID
NICHD
NIDCD
NIDCR
NIDDK
NIDA
NIEHS OD
NIGMS
NCATS NIBIB
FIC
CSR
NIMHD
CC
CIT
Extramural only
HMP Support from ICs 2008–2012
No Funding Authority
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NEI
NCI
NHLBI
NLM
NINDS
NIMH
NIAMS
NINR
NCCAM
NHGRI
NIA
NIAAA NIAID
NICHD
NIDCD
NIDCR
NIDDK
NIDA
NIEHS OD
NIGMS
NCATS NIBIB
FIC
CSR
NIMHD
CC
CIT
Extramural only
HMP Support from ICs 2013
No Funding Authority
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Beyond HMP: Additional NIH Support for Human Microbiome-related Research FY2010–FY2012
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
$200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FY2010 FY2011 FY2012
# of
Gra
nts
/ Con
trac
ts
Extramural Funding
(in $ Millions)
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The Human Microbiome: Transforming Our Understanding of Health and Disease
Herbivores
Omnivores Carnivores
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NIH… Turning Discovery Into Health