![Page 1: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Supercapacitor Applications
Transportation
Technical Marketing Director
+1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer
![Page 2: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
• Supercapacitor Basics – What is a Supercapacitor
– Cell Design
– Modules
• Typical Characteristics
• Cell Balancing – Active vs Passive
• Transportation Applications – Forklift Trucks
– Diesel Starters
– Locomotive Engines
![Page 3: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Design
![Page 4: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(Electrical) Double Layers
1. IHP Inner Helmholtz Layer
2. OHP Outer Helmholtz Layer
3. Diffuse layer
4. Solvated ions
5. Specifically adsorptive ions
6. Solvent molecule.
![Page 5: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Traditional and EDLC Comparison
Tantalum Reference
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
MnO2
or CP
Ta2O5
Dielectric (18-400 nm)
Ta
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
C =Q
V
- - - - - - -
+ + + + + + +
Battery Electrode
Solvent Molecule
(~0.3 to 2 nm)
C
Symmetric “Supercapacitor”
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
C
Separator
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
Asymmetric “Hybrid Capacitor”
C
Separator
C =e0KA
d
Surface area of carbon
Inner Helmholtz Layer
![Page 6: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Structure of Large Cylindrical Cell
Cellulose
Separator
Aluminum
Electrode
Activated
Carbon Counter
Electrode
Termination (e.g. Screw Terminal)
Impregnated
with Electrolyte
![Page 7: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Supercapacitor Module Example
![Page 8: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Structure of Laminated Flat Cell
Separator
Electrolyte
Carbon
Aluminum collector electrode
Capacitor cell
Electrode
![Page 9: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Characteristics
![Page 10: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Charge Distribution vs Leakage 3000F, 2.7V Supercap Can
Charge Distribution
Leakage
After Extended Charge
![Page 11: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Supercapacitor Life Based on ESR and Capactiance
• End of Life:
– Capacitance decrease of
20%
– OR ESR increase of 100%
• Typical lifetime limiting factor.
• Capacitance loss flattens
over time
• No effect on life from
– Discharge current rates
– Depth of discharge
• Primary Lifetime
Consideration:
– Cell temperature and
– Voltage
![Page 12: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Temperature Performance Supercapacitor versus Hybrid
Supercapacitor Hybrid
Operating Temp Storage Temp
Supercapacitor -40°C to +70°C (85°C) -40°C to +70°C (85°C)
Hybrid -30°C to +60°C -40°C to +70°C
![Page 13: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell Balancing
![Page 14: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Voltage Balancing Supercapacitor Options
Passive Balancing
• Resistors force cells to balance
• Current higher through resistor
than capacitor
• Balance resistor dictated by
maximum temperature
• Lower efficiency
Active Balancing
• Distributes charge as necessary
• Implementations
– Controlled Dissipation
• Bleeds off excess charge
– Charge Pump
• Move excess charge
The resistors can be high in value because the amplifier does all the work.
![Page 15: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Voltage Balancing Hybrid Option
15
• Clamping is not real balancing
– Voltage imbalance among the cells will
persist
• Bleeds off charge when cell voltage is
too high
• Clamping can be combined with either
balancing approach
• Discontinue charging due clamp
![Page 16: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Applications
![Page 17: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forklift Trucks
• Gains in
– Run-time
– Reliability
– Battery Life
• Refrigerated Warehouses
Starting Batteries Full Hybrids
![Page 18: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Diesel Engine / Locomotive
• Extends Starter Battery Power
• Moderate operating conditions
• Improved cold starting
• 200% longer operational life
![Page 19: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thank You!
For Application Notes and More Information:
http://www.kemet.com/apec2015
![Page 20: Supercapacitor Applications Transportation - PSMA · 2015-09-17 · Supercapacitor Applications Transportation JamesLewis@kemet.com Technical Marketing Director +1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042509/5f97318fd2c0ac766331d374/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Supercapacitor Applications
Transportation
Technical Marketing Director
+1 512 961 6092 @baldengineer