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Alex Mitchell [email protected]
Consultant in Liaison Psychiatry
Detecting Depression in Primary & Secondary Care
Evidence Based Comparison
Bury St Edmonds - No Physical Health Without Mental Health 2009
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Introduction to Physical/Mental Comorbidity
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No Physical Health Without Mental Health
• Awareness of the link between physical and mental health
• Liaison Mental Health Services
• Engaging Patients and Carers
• Re-organisation, Quality & Commissioning
• Training and Education
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Quality of medical care
Quality of preventive care
Quality of cardiac care
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Quality of Care MI vs No MI27 examined receipt of medical care in those with and without mental illness
19/27 showed deficits in care
10 examined medical care in those with and without substance use disorder (or dual-diagnosis
10/10 showed deficits in care
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Quality of Medical Treatment i ProceduresSummary meta-analysis plot [random effects]
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2
combined 0.89 (0.82, 0.96)
Kisely 2007 [Revascularisation] 0.92 (0.86, 1.07)
Petersen 2003 [Revascularisation] 0.89 (0.79, 0.98)
Lawrence 2003 [Revascularisation Women] 0.34 (0.18, 0.64)
Lawrence 2003 [Revascularisation Men] 0.31 (0.21, 0.45)
Druss 2001 [Revascularisation] 0.74 (0.56, 0.95)
Plomondon 2007 [PCI] 1.06 (0.97, 1.15)
Druss 2000 [PTCA] 0.96 (0.91, 1.02)
Jones 2005 [PTCA] 1.04 (0.98, 1.10)
Druss 2000 [Cath] 0.74 (0.70, 0.78)
Plomondon 2007 [Cath] 1.05 (0.98, 1.13)
Druss 2000 [CABG] 0.90 (0.85, 0.96)
Plomondon 2007 [CABG] 1.02 (0.99, 1.06)
Jones 2005 [CABG] 0.91 (0.75, 1.09)
Petersen 2003 [Angiography] 0.90 (0.83, 0.98)
relative risk (95% confidence interval)
HR =0.89 p<0.004
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Quality of Medical Treatment ii Medication
Summary meta-analysis plot [random effects]
0.5 1 2 5 10 100
combined 0.92 (0.85, 1.00)
HAART (Himelhoch2007) 0.85 (0.71, 1.23)
HAART (Himelhoch2004) 2.28 (1.24, 32.50)
HAART (Mijch) 1.28 (1.04, 1.57)
BBlockers (Petersen) 0.78 (0.69, 0.92)
Bblocker (Plomondon) 1.11 (0.97, 1.28)
Bblocker (Druss2001) 0.85 (0.72, 0.98)
Aspirin (Plomondon) 0.93 (0.83, 1.04)
Aspirin (Petersen) 0.96 (0.81, 1.15)
Aspirin (Druss2001) 0.81 (0.65, 0.98)
ACE-I or ARBb (Plomondon) 0.93 (0.84, 1.01)
ACE (Petersen) 0.92 (0.79, 1.09)
ACE (Druss2001) 0.81 (0.65, 0.98)
odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Summary meta-analysis plot [random effects]
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5
combined 0.79 (0.66, 0.95)
Statin (Weiss) 0.54 (0.36, 0.51)
Statin (Kreyenbuhl) 0.29 (0.11, 0.77)
Statin (Hippisley-Cox) 0.85 (0.80, 0.91)
Osteoporosis (Bishop) 0.38 (0.15, 0.97)
Insulin (Weiss) 1.44 (0.96, 2.16)
Cholesterol (Weiss) 1.85 (1.11, 3.09)
Cholesterol (Desai) 1.01 (0.37, 2.77)
Bblocker (Weiss) 0.96 (0.54, 1.71)
Bblocker (Hippisley-Cox) 0.96 (0.88, 1.06)
Bblocker (Desai) 0.70 (0.43, 1.15)
Aspirin (Weiss) 0.89 (0.64, 1.24)
Aspirin (Hippisley-Cox) 1.00 (0.97, 1.04)
Aspirin (Desai) 1.07 (0.49, 2.30)
Arthritis (Redelmeier) 0.59 (0.57, 0.62)
ACE-I or ARBb (Weiss) 0.83 (0.61, 1.14)
ACE (Kreyenbuhl) 0.23 (0.12, 0.44)
odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
OR =0.92 OR =0.79
Summary meta-analysis plot [random effects]
0.01 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 100
combined 0.72 (0.51, 1.00)
Statin (Kreyenbuhl) 0.14 (0.05, 0.44)
Statin (Hippisley-Cox) 1.15 (0.80, 1.95)
HAART (Yun) 1.43 (1.18, 1.74)
HAART (Tegger) 0.36 (0.25, 0.50)
Cholesterol (Hippisley-Cox) 0.86 (0.70, 12.30)
Cholesterol (Desai) 1.31 (0.57, 3.00)
Chemotherapy (Goodwin) 0.65 (0.43, 1.00)
Bblocker (Wang) 0.55 (0.45, 0.55)
Bblocker (Hippisley-Cox) 1.18 (0.94, 1.56)
Bblocker (Desai) 0.70 (0.48, 1.03)
Aspirin (Desai) 0.75 (0.39, 1.43)
ACE (Kreyenbuhl) 0.46 (0.18, 1.19)
odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
OR =0.72
SMI Schz Affective
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Detecting Depression in Primary & Secondary Care
Evidence Based Update
2/3rds 1/3rd
25%Psychiatry
10%Medical
Primary Care
cg90cg42
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1.00
0.64
0.26
0.10
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
All visits (N =14,372) Primary care (N =3,605) Psychiatrists (N =293) Medical specialists (N=10,474)
Comment: Slide illustrates added proportion of all depression treated in each setting. Most depression is treated in primary care
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Clinical Questions Evidence
Detecting depression RoutinelyPC vs SC; International Differences?
Symptoms of DepressionToo complex? Distress?
Depression in medical settingsSpecial? Somatic symptoms?
Depression in late-lifeDifferent?
Enhanced DetectionWhich tool?Do they work?
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Recognition in Routine Care
Is “diagnosis as usual” sufficient?
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Audience
Which method do you prefer?
Your own skills (first assessment)
Start with 1 or2 questions
Limit to 7 or9 questions
20 questions
Phone a friend!
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Audience
Which method do you prefer?
Your own skills (first assessment) 50%
Start with 1 or 32%2 questions 73%
Limit to 7 or 75%9 questions 80%
20 questions 85%
Phone a friend!
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1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Clinical Skills Alone73%
ICD10/DSMIV0%
Short QQ3%
Other/Uncertain9% Other/Uncertain
2%
Use a QQ15%
ICD10/DSMIV13%
Clinical Skills Alone55%
1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Cancer StaffCurrent Method (n=226)
Psychiatrists
Comment: Slide illustrates preferences of cancer clinicians for detecting depression in a national survey
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1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Clinical Skills Alone73%
ICD10/DSMIV0%
Short QQ3%
Other/Uncertain9% Other/Uncertain
2%
Use a QQ15%
ICD10/DSMIV13%
Clinical Skills Alone55%
1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Cancer Staff Psychiatrists
Current MethodComment: Slide illustrates preferences of cancer clinicians vs psychiatrists for detecting depression
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1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Clinical Skills Alone73%
ICD10/DSMIV0%
Short QQ3%
Other/Uncertain9%
Methods to Evaluate Depression
Unassisted Clinician Conventional Scales
Verbal Questions Visual-Analogue Test
PHQ2
WHO-5
Whooley/NICE
Distress Thermometer
Depression Thermometer
Ultra-Short (<5)Short (5-10) Long (10+)Untrained Trained
1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Clinical Skills Alone
73%
ICD10/DSMIV0%
Short QQ3%
Other/Uncertain9%
1,2 or 3 Simple QQ15%
Clinical Skills Alone
73%
ICD10/DSMIV0%
Short QQ3%
Other/Uncertain9%
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GP Detection of Depression – Meta-analysis
Methods– 140 studies of GP recognition
rate =>
– 90 depression– 40 interview– 19 se sp (+2)– 10 countries
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Accuracy 2x2 Table
PrevalenceSpecificitySensitivity
NPVTrue -VeFalse -VeTest -ve
PPVFalse +veTrue +veTest +ve
DepressionABSENT
DepressionPRESENT
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Accuracy of GP’s Diagnoses
955927,6406553
667825,1254050GP -ve
501825152503GP +ve
DepressionABSENT
DepressionPRESENT
Sensitivity48%
PPV 42.8%
Specificity80.1%
NPV 85.1%
Prevalence 19%
N=35 studies
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Unassisted Accuracy
Non-Depressed
Depressed# ofIndividuals
TestResult
Cut-off value
False +veFalse -ve
True -ve True +ve
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Unassisted Accuracy - Prospective
Non-Depressedn=80
Depressedn=20#
ofIndividuals
TestResult
Cut-off value
False +ve16
False -ve10
True -ve64
True +ve10
Comment: Slide illustrates detection of depression (incl false + false –) for each 100 consecutive patients in primary care if prospective cases are recorded
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Unassisted Accuracy – Medical Notes
Non-Depressedn=80
Depressedn=20#
ofIndividuals
TestResult
Cut-off value
False +ve7
False -ve13
True -ve73
True +ve7
Comment: Slide illustrates detection of depression (incl false + false –) for each 100 consecutive patients in primary care if GPs opinions are gathers from notes
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% Receiving Any treatment for Depression
10.9 11.3
8.18.8
4.3
5.6
10.9
13.8
6.8
17.9
3.4
5.5
15.4
7.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
High Inc
omeBelg
ium
France
German
y
Israe
l
Italy
Japa
nNeth
erlan
dsNew
Zeala
nd
Spain USALow
Inco
me
ChinaColom
biaSouth
Afri
caUkra
ine
Wang P et al (2007) Lancet 2007; 370: 841–50
n=84,850 face-to-face interviews
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86.8
55.6 54.4
43.3
36
29.826.2 25.6 25.2 23.8 24
21.4 21.2
13.9 12.89.5
7.2 7 7 5.9 4.8 4.1 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Slee
p di
stur
banc
es; in
som
nia;
ear
ly w
aken
ing
Loss
of a
ppet
ite; o
vere
atin
g; w
eigh
t cha
nges
Dep
ress
ed m
ood;
hop
eles
snes
s; s
ad; g
loom
y
Apat
hy; l
etha
rgy;
tire
dnes
s; la
ssitu
de
Loss
of i
nter
est;
with
draw
al; i
ndiff
eren
ce; l
onel
ines
s
Loss
of e
nerg
y; lo
ss o
f driv
e; b
urnt
out
Loss
of l
ibid
o; lo
ss o
f sex
driv
e; im
pote
nce
Tear
s; w
eepi
ng; c
ryin
g
Anxi
ous;
agi
tate
d; ir
ritab
le; r
estle
ss, t
ense
; stre
ssed
Feel
ing
wor
thle
ss; g
uilty
; lac
k of
sel
f est
eem
Som
atic
; veg
etat
ive
sym
ptom
s; m
alai
se; m
ultip
le c
onsu
ltatio
ns
Suic
ide
thou
ghts;
thou
ght o
f sel
f inj
ury
Loss
of c
once
ntra
tion;
poo
r mem
ory,
poo
r thi
nkin
g
Dim
inis
hed
perfo
rman
ce; i
nabi
lity
to c
ope
Emot
iona
l labi
lity;
moo
d sw
ings
Loss
of a
ffect
; fla
t affe
ct; l
oss
of e
mot
ion
Loss
of e
njoy
men
t or p
leas
ure;
lack
of h
umor
Beha
viou
ral p
robl
ems;
agg
ress
iven
ess;
beha
viou
ral c
hang
es
Pess
imis
m; n
egat
ive
attit
udes
, wor
ryin
g
Psyc
hom
otor
reta
rdat
ion;
slow
ness
Hea
dach
es; d
izzi
ness
Appe
aran
ce; s
peec
h; e
xces
sive
sm
iling
; vag
uene
ss, e
tc.
Heav
y us
e of
alc
ohol
, tob
acco
or d
rugs
Del
usio
ns; h
allu
cina
tions
; con
fusi
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Rea
ctio
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pro
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Fam
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epre
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n
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ve id
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ight
Perio
d of
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(men
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se)
Comment: Slide illustrates which symptoms are asked about by GPS looking for depression
GP Asks about:
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GP Recognizes:Proportion of Individual Symptoms Recognised by GPs
76.1
36.4 34.631.6
21.616.7
13.39.1 8.3 8.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Low m
ood
Insomnia
Hypoc
hondri
asis
Loss
of in
terest
Tearfu
lness
Anxiety
Loss
of en
ergy
Pessim
ism
Anorex
ia
Not Copin
g
O’Conner et al (2001) Depression in primary care.Int Psychogeriatr 13(3) 367-374.
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Predictors of Recognition
Prevalence10% rural 15% mean 20% urban 20% (oncology 25%)
Severity70% mild 20% moderate 10% severe
InternationalLow in developing but in Western:Italy > Netherlands >Australia > UK > US
Cumulative77% single 89% 3-6 months
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Pos
t-tes
t Pro
babi
lity
Baseline Probability
Depression+
Depression-
PPV
NPV
Comment: Slide illustrates Bayesian curve – pre-test post test probability for every possible prevalence
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Recognition from WHO PPGHC Study (Ustun, Goldberg et al)
7470 69.6
61.5 59.656.7 56.7 55.6 54.2
45.7 43.939.7
28.4
22.2 21 19.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Santia
go
Verona
Manch
ester
Paris
Groningen
Berlin
Seattle
Mainz
TOTALBangalo
reRio de J
aneir
o
Ibadan
Ankara
Athen
sShan
ghaiNagas
aki
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Symptoms of Depression…usual suspects
Reminder of DSMIV and ICD
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Loss of confidenceLow motivation / driveWithdrawalAvoidanceSocial isolationWorryFeelings of dreadHelplessnessHopelessness
=> None are official criteria!
Psychic anxietySomatic anxietyAngerIrritabilityLack of reactive moodCognitive ChangeMemory complaintsPerceptual distortion
Which are Criteria for Depression?
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YesYesGuilt or self-blame
DSMIVICD10Core Symptoms
YesNoSignificant change in weight
YesYesAgitation or slowing of movements
YesYesSuicidal thoughts or acts
NoYesPoor or increased appetite
NoYesLow self-confidence
YesYesPoor concentration or indecisiveness
YesYesDisturbed sleep
YesYes (core)Fatigue or low energy
Yes (core)Yes (core)Loss of interests or pleasure
Yes (core)Yes (core)Persistent sadness or low mood
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Symptom Significance in Depression
(7 or) 8 symptoms (3+4)
(5 or )6 symptoms
4 symptoms (2+2)
2 or 3 symptoms
0 or 1 symptom
ICD10
16 - 21UnspecifiedSevere
12 - 155 symptoms (Mj)
Moderate
8 -112-4 symptoms (minor)
Mild
4 - 71 or No core symptoms
Sub-syndromal
0 - 30 symptomHealthy
HADs D ScoreDSMIVDepression Severity
=> HADS
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Graphical – single discriminating symptom
Non-Depressed
Depressed# ofIndividualsWith symptom
Severity of Low Mood
Point of Rarity
Comment: Slide illustrates the concept of discrimination using one symptom severity of “low mood”
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Graphical – single symptom
Non-Depressed
Depressed# ofIndividualsWith symptom
Severity ofLow Mood
?Point of Rarity
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Pooled
Non-Depressed
Depressed# ofIndividualsWith symptom
Severity of Low Mood
Comment: Slide illustrates added hypothetical distribution of mood scores in a population with hidden depression
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Comment: Slide illustrates added actual distribution of mood scores on the HADS in a cancer population with hidden depression from the Edinburgh cancer centre
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Zero One
TwoThree
Four
Five SixSev
eneig
htNine
TenElevenTwelv
eTh
irtee
nFourte
enFif
teen
SixteenSeve
nteen
Eighteen
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Eight
Nine Ten
Eleven
Twelv
eTh
irtee
nFo
urtee
n
Fiftee
nSixt
een
Seven
teen
Eighteen
Ninetee
n
Twen
tyTw
enty-
one
Proportion MissedProportion Recognized
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Symptoms of Depression…time for change
Are the classical symptoms evidence based?
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“Common” Symptoms of Depression
0.120.56Thoughts of death
0.330.59Psychic anxiety
0.120.61Worthlessness
0.420.69Anxiety
0.270.70Insomnia
0.120.81Diminished interest/pleasure
0.240.82Diminished concentration
0.320.83Sleep disturbance
0.270.87Concentration/indecision
0.320.87Loss of energy
0.300.88Diminished drive
0.180.93Depressed mood
Non-Depressed FrqDepressed FrqItem
Mitchell, Zimmerman et al n=2300
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“Uncommon” Symptoms
0.060.16Increased weight
0.060.19Hypersomnia
0.070.19Increased appetite
0.060.22Lack of reactive mood
0.060.23Decreased weight
0.040.28Psychomotor retardation
0.090.34Psychomotor agitation
0.260.44Anger
0.110.45Decreased appetite
0.250.46Somatic anxiety
Non-Depressed ProportionDepressed ProportionItem
Mitchell, Zimmerman et al MIDAS Database. Psychol Med 2009
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-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50A
nger
Anx
iety
Dec
reas
ed a
ppet
ite
Dec
reas
ed w
eigh
t
Dep
ress
ed m
ood
Dim
inis
hed
conc
entr
atio
n
Dim
inis
hed
driv
eD
imin
ishe
d in
tere
st/p
leas
ure
Exce
ssiv
e gu
ilt
Hel
ple
ssne
ss
Hop
eles
snes
s
Hyp
erso
mni
a
Incr
ease
d ap
peti
te
Incr
ease
d w
eigh
t
Inde
cisi
vene
ss
Inso
mni
aLa
ck o
f re
acti
ve m
ood
Loss
of
ener
gy
Psyc
hic
anxi
ety
Psyc
hom
otor
agi
tati
on
Psyc
hom
otor
cha
nge
Psyc
hom
otor
ret
arda
tion
Slee
p di
stur
banc
e
Som
atic
anx
iety
Thou
ghts
of
deat
h
Wor
thle
ssne
ss
Rule-In Added Value (PPV-Prev)Rule-Out Added Value (NPV-Prev)
Comment: Slide illustrates added value of each symptom when diagnosing depression and when identifying non-depressed
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Depressed Mood
Diminished drive
Diminished interest/pleasure
Loss of energy
Sleep disturbance
Diminished concentration
Sensitivity
1 - Specificity
n=1523
Comment: Slide illustrates summary ROC curve sensitivity/1-specficity plot for each mood symptom
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Depression in Medical Settings
Are the symptoms (phenomenology) unique?
Is it harder to detect?
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Approaches to Somatic Symptoms of DepressionInclusiveUses all of the symptoms of depression, regardless of whether they may or may not be secondary to a physical illness. This approach is used in the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and the Research Diagnostic Criteria.
ExclusiveEliminates somatic symptoms but without substitution. There is concern that this might lower sensitivity. with an increased likelihood of missed cases (false negatives)
EtiologicAssesses the origin of each symptom and only counts a symptom ofdepression if it is clearly not the result of the physical illness. This is proposed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM and Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), as well as the DSM-III-R/IV).
SubstitutiveAssumes somatic symptoms are a contaminant and replaces these additional cognitive symptoms. However it is not clear what specific symptoms should be substituted
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Somatic Bias in Mood Scales
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Medically Unwell
Primary Depression
Secondary Depression
Comment: Slide illustrates concept of phenomenology of depressions in medical disease
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Study: Coyne Thombs Mitchell
N= 1200 – 4500Pooled database studyAll comparative studies
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Co-morbid Depression vs Primary Depression
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Agitatio
n (Com
orbid)
Agitatio
n (Prim
ary)
Anxiety
(Com
orbid)
Anxiety
(Prim
ary)
Appetite
(Comorb
id)
Appetite
(Prim
ary)
Concen
tratio
n (Comorb
id)
Concen
tratio
n (Prim
ary)
Fatigu
e (Comorb
id)
Fatigu
e (Prim
ary)
Guilt (
Comorbid)
Guilt (
Primar
y)
Hopeles
snes
s (Comorb
id)
Hopeles
snes
s (Prim
ary)
Insomnia
(Comor
bid)
Insomnia
(Prim
ary)
Loss In
teres
t (Comorb
id)
Loss In
teres
t (Prim
ary)
Low Mood (C
omorbid)
Low Mood (P
rimary
)
Retard
ation (
Comorbid)
Retard
ation (
Primary)
Suicide (
Comorbid)
Suicide (
Primar
y)
Weight L
oss (C
omorbid)
Weight L
oss (P
rimary
)
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
Comorbid Depression
Primary Depression
n=4069 vs 4982Comment: Slide illustrates similar symptoms profile in comorbid vsprimary depression
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Co-morbid Depression vs Medical Illness Alone
n= 4069 vs 1217
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Anxiety
(Com
orbid)
Anxiety
(Med
ical)
Concen
tratio
n (Comorb
id)
Concen
tratio
n (Med
ical)
Fatigu
e (Comorb
id)Fati
gue (
Medica
l)
Hopeles
snes
s (Comorb
id)
Hopeles
snes
s (Med
ical)
Insomnia
(any t
ype)
(Comorb
id)
Insomnia
(any t
ype)
(Med
ical)
Loss In
teres
t (Comorb
id)
Loss In
teres
t (Med
ical)
Low Mood (C
omorbid)
Low Mood (M
edical)
Retard
ation (
Comorbid)
Retard
ation (
Medica
l)
Suicide (
Comorbid)
Suicide (
Medica
l)
Weight L
oss (C
omorbid)
Weight L
oss (M
edical)
Worthles
snes
s (Comor
bid)
Worthles
snes
s (Med
ical)
Medical Illness Alone
Comorbid Depression
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Comment: Slide illustrates distinct symptoms profile in comorbid depression vs medical illness alone
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Medically Unwell
Primary Depression
Secondary Depression
Comment: Slide illustrates actual phenomenology of depressions in medical disease
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Detection in Hospital Settings
CNS in oncology; n=350
Bayesian analysis
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13.1
16.7
28.6 28.6
41.443.5 43.5
56.5
83.3
62.5
71.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
Series1Series2
Comment: Slide illustrates diagnostic accuracy according to score on DT
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0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Post
-test
Pro
babi
lity
GP+GP-Baseline ProbabilityNurse+Nurse-Oncologist+Oncologists-
Comment: Doctors appear to be more successful at ruling-in or giving a diagnosis, nurses more successful at ruling out
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Depression in Older People
Does it go unrecognized?
Are Somatic Symptoms Common in Older People?
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0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Post
-test
Pro
babi
lity
Routine Case-Finding Late-LifeRoutine Exclusion Late-lifeBaseline ProbabilityRoutine Case-Finding MixedRoutine Exclusion MixedRoutine Case-Finding YoungerRoutine Exclusion Younger
Comment: Slide illustrates detection of late life vs mid-life depression in primary care – GPs are least successful with late-life depression
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-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
Hel
ples
snes
s
Hop
eles
snes
s
Wor
thle
ssne
ss
Anx
iety
(Som
atic
anx
iety
)
Ang
er
Inde
cisi
vene
ss
Thou
ghts
of D
eath
Dim
inis
hed
Con
cent
ratio
n
Anx
iety
(Com
bine
d)
Incr
ease
d A
ppet
ite
Slee
p D
istu
rban
ce (H
yper
som
nia)
Slee
p D
istu
rban
ce (C
ombi
ned)
Incr
ease
d W
eigh
t
Loss
of E
nerg
y
Psyc
hom
otor
Agi
tatio
n
Anx
iety
(Psy
chic
anx
iety
)
Exce
ssiv
e G
uilt
Dim
inis
hed
Inte
rest
Slee
p D
istu
rban
ce (I
nsom
nia)
Dec
reas
ed A
ppet
ite
Dep
ress
ed M
ood
Psyc
hom
otor
Ret
arda
tion
Dec
reas
ed W
eigh
t
More common in late-life depression
More common in early-life depression
Comment: Slide illustrates simple frequency of symptoms in late life vsmid-life depression
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0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
Anger
Anxiety
(Com
bined)
Anxiety
(Psy
chic
anxie
ty)
Anxiety
(Somatic
anxiet
y)
Decre
ased
App
etite
Decre
ased
Weig
ht
Depres
sed M
ood
Diminish
ed C
oncentra
tion
Diminish
ed In
teres
tExc
essiv
e Guilt
Helples
snes
sHope
lessn
ess
Increas
ed A
ppetite
Increas
ed W
eight
Indecisi
venes
sLoss
of Ene
rgy
Psych
omotor Agita
tion
Psych
omotor Retar
datio
n
Sleep D
isturban
ce (C
ombined)
Sleep D
isturban
ce (H
ypers
omnia)
Sleep D
isturban
ce (In
somnia)
Thoughts
of Dea
thWorth
lessn
ess
<55>54>59>64
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
Comment: Slide illustrates diagnostic value of symptoms in late life vs mid-life depression – few have special significance
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Enhanced Detection Options
Do scales and tools make a difference?
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0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Post
-test
Pro
babi
lity
Clinical+Clinical-Baseline ProbabilityScreen+Screen-
Comment: Slide illustrates Bayesian curve comparison from RCT studies of clinician with and without screening
This illustrates ACTUAL gain from screening in Study from Christensen
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0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Pos
t-tes
t Pro
babi
lity
Clinician Positive (Fallowfield et al, 2001)
Clinician Negative (Fallowfield et al, 2001)
Baseline Probability
HADS-D Positive (Mata-analysis)
HADS-D Negative (Meta-analysis)
Comment: Slide illustrates Bayesian curve comparison from indirect studies of clinician and HADS
This illustrates POTENTIAL gain from screening
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Comment: Slide illustrates actual gain in meta-analysis of screening implementation in primary care
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0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pre-test Probability
Post
-test
Pro
babi
lity
HADS-T Positive (N=5)HADS-T Negative (N=5)Baseline ProbabilityHADS-A Positive (N=2)HADS-A Negative (N=2)HADS-D Positive (N=9)HADS-D Negative (N=9)
Comment: Slide illustrates Bayesian curve comparison of HADS in detection of depression in cancer settings.
Against expectations HADS-A was most successful
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NICE Screening: How?
Step 1: Recognition
• Use two screening questions, such as:
– “During the last month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?”
– “During the last month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?”
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Summary
Depression is modestly common & easily missed5% have depression as their main reason for presentation
Most depression is comorbid50% adults 80% elderly have physical illness
All health profressionals struggle with diagnosisSymptom approach
Routine screening modestly effectiveHigh risk, targeted and algorithm approaches
Dimensional approach developingTrials in cardiac care and oncology and neurology of ET
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FURTHER READING:
Screening for Depression in Clinical Practice An Evidence-Based guideAlex J Mitchell & James C Coyne
ISBN13: 9780195380194ISBN10: 0195380193 Paperback, 416 pagesNov 2009Price:$49.95 / £39.99
End / Questions