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Successful cold
storage
By Sylvia Gist
Crisp carrot sticks, fresh cabbage, and fried potatoes from my Montana garden in June? Yes,but only if Ive kept them in cold storage from last summers garden.
A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetables availableduring the summer. But I need it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challengehere in northwest Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating a local, seasonal,
sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. We preserve, dehydrate,and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to the fruit room or freezer a real delightthroughout the winter. But I also like to eat some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storingcarrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onions until just about the time the next crop is ready. Imanage to keep beets, pumpkins, squash, and apples into late winter.
Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the produce Iwould like to keep. Unfortunately, its not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to storethings. Fortunately, different vegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesnt
have to go in the same place. Other storage options (depending upon the item) include in theground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the ground, or extrarefrigerators, to name a few.
A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh vegetablesin the winter. The first step begins with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choosecultivars which store well. For example, not every type of carrot will still be edible the followingMay. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage qualities. I haverelied on their recommendations and have found particular cultivars of a number of vegetables
Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winter
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that store very well for me.
Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Many storage vegetablesare planted later and harvested after frost. In the following discussion, I will note what works
best for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights.
Carrots
The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. It can be plantedearly for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will achieve a nicesize of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fall storage. After storage,this carrot will still be crisp and sweet. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before theground freezes. I snap off the green tops right where they join the carrot.
I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked, broken,nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use in canning, juicing,or munching. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a pitcher of
water to dampen it. Dont put too much water in the sand as it will pool in the bottom andmake it too soggy. I try to dampen the sand in a different container and add the sand to mystorage bucket as needed. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side by side. Iprefer the carrots dont touch. Then in goes another layer of sand to cover the first layer ofcarrots. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and adding sand until I am near the top ofthe bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer of sand and lay the lid on top.
This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter, which,for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage. When theweather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and blankets over the buckets to keep them fromfreezing. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. If you donthave varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store them in the groundwith a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing.
Potatoes
Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. The challenge is tohave an edible supply year around.
Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red,Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes.Red Norland sprouted first, followed byKennebec, Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red.Sangre Red, also called Sangre, is a round-to-oblong, white fleshed red potato with shalloweyes. It is a very good new potato as well as
being great for storage. Digging them is easy, asthey generally cluster very near the plant; it isalso a heavy producer. Even though a localnursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre hasbeen the last to sprout in storage, with thelargest potatoes keeping the best. I willeventually have to pull the sprouts from them
also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement where I keep mycanned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F during the year.Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Colder temperatures will turn them sugary. Much too crisp and
Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of thefruit room
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http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles2/gist82.html
THE AUTHORS E. R. Gross is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has farmed and taught farm mechanics in
Nebraska, Colorado, and Mississippi. He was professor and head of the department of
agricultural engineering in Rutgers University from 1922 to 1946. He has written anumber of bulletins, articles, and papers on sprinkling irrigation, stationary sprayingplants for orchards, tractor farming, use of explosives in agriculture, terracing, farm
buildings, and other subjects.
H. H. Walkden is an entomologist in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. He
is a graduate of Massachusetts State College, and a veteran of the First World War. Hehas served in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine since 1920. He has
conducted research and published papers on cutworms, hessian fly, and insects attacking
stored grain. He supervised the research on the insects attacking grain stored in farm-typebins.
The Cold Storage of Apples
by W. V. HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have
improved a great deal in recent years. The progress does not depend so much on newdiscoveries or revolutionary changes as on closer attention to practical ways of providing
the best conditions for keeping the fruit good.
For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and
stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rot-producing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. With a
few exceptions, these conditions embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly abovethe freezing point of apples, and a relative humidity of 85 percent. A few varieties grownin certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature disorders and have to be stored at
temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in the development and use of controlled-
atmosphere storage. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in a controlled atmosphere of 5percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer periods than they can be stored in
air at 32'. Varieties, however, have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of
storage.
Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruitbecomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. The changes are retarded as
the temperature is lowered; thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Research hasshown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 .
Apples standing in an orchard at 70 may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during amonth's storage at 30 . When held in a cold storage room that has a temperature of 36 at
one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will become overripe in
the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other.
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The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of all
the processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table,
equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or theexecution of each process. Progress in cold storage of apples begins with management of
the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing, harvesting,
packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing.
No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Those to bestored should be moved to the storage promptly. The length of storage period should be
limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Apples should be moved from storage
while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure duringtransportation to market and distribution. Good storage can be wasted on apples poorly
chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after storage, just as good apples can be
lost by poor storage. This principle is being applied more and more, and much of thecurrent progress in apple storage is due to improvement in this kind of management.
The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellarthrough the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come
into common use in the past 20 years or so. Methods of applying refrigeration to appleshave likewise been changing. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by
moving cooled air through the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced
about the rooms. Perhaps the most common way to cool the circulating air in modernplants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine.
The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a
temperature at or near the optimum. If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large
demand upon the refrigerating machinery at harvesttime. A large volume of air must be
circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Even after the apples arecooled, there is always some variation in temperature from time to time in a storage
room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarily warmer than that in otherparts. Best storage conditions are those that will keep the variation in temperature to a
minimum.
In order to effect prompt cooling. and uniform low temperatures, three requirements must
be met. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would beabout 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage
daily. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a minute for
each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. The third requirement is provision for
the air to move effectively among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement ofair ducts, freedom from obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement
of the stacks of boxes to permit access of air.
The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can beprovided by machinery. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the apples
promptly.
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The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it
calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. A large number of methods of
air distribution are in use. The simplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at onepoint in the storage room and pick up the return air nearby. This is likely to result in a
relatively wide range of temperatures in different parts of the room. Perhaps the most
elaborate method is to discharge cold air from a large number of openings in ducts spacedthrough the room, and to pick up the return in an equal number of return ducts. In that
method, the air velocities through the room may be slow. The most effective placement
of ducts for providing uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall ofthe room and a single return duct along the opposite side. For good operation, the air is
delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it.
Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling
throughout the room. Girders that extend across the path of air flow or packages stackedtoo close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Failure to leave an open space
between stacks of packages results in poor circulation.
Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air
distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. The air leaving the roomwill be warmer than that entering. For that reason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings
is exposed to the coldest air. In the most modern plants, the variation in temperature of
the fruit at different points is held to a minimum by automatically reversing periodicallythe direction of air movement. By doing so, none of the fruit is continuously exposed to
the coldest air, and none to the warmest. When warm apples are brought into a storage
room, it is desirable that they be cooled as quickly as possible. Reversing the air direction
periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger offreezing.
For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the
floor. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings are often usedfor insulating the roof of storage houses. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor
insulation; they should be protected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. Wall
and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside air.
No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a wall or floor.Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receive heat from the ground, and they
are kept too warm.
Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage. In a
well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely among the stacksand between the fruit and the walls. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the
packages and under the ceiling at all points. Outside doors are not left open
unnecessarily. Temperatures and conditions of fruit are observed regularly.
A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation. In
constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity,
blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Fruit temperatures in this
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type of storage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached,
have shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for
highest apple quality. The modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicyapples throughout the season with a program of management that segregates apples most
suitable for late storage from those that should be consumed early. It gives special
attention to getting storage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storagefacilities, and handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements.
THE AUTHORS W. V. Hukill is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry,
Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has been with the Department since 1924,
studying farm buildings, particularly crop storages, and engineering problems in thetransportation and storage of fruits and vegetables.
Edwin Smith is a horticulturist in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural
Engineering. He is in charge of handling, transportation, and storage investigations of
fruits and vegetables at Wenatchee, Wash., field station.
http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Part_6/Cold-Storage-of-Apples.html
TERJEMAHAN
The Cold Storage Apel
by WV HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have improved
a great deal in recent years. oleh WV HUKILL dan EDWIN SMITH ATAS METODE
apel menyimpan telah meningkat banyak dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. The progress
does not depend so much on new discoveries or revolutionary changes as on closerattention to practical ways of providing the best conditions for keeping the fruit good.
kemajuan tidak sangat tergantung pada penemuan baru atau perubahan revolusionerseperti pada perhatian lebih dekat dengan cara-cara praktis memberikan kondisi terbaik
untuk menjaga buah yang baik.
For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and
stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rot-producing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. Untuk
hasil terbaik dalam penyimpanan, apel harus dipanen pada saat jatuh tempo namun belum
sepenuhnya matang dan disimpan dalam kondisi yang akan menahan laju pematangan
dan pertumbuhan jamur busuk-memproduksi, menghindari menyusut, dan tidakmenyebabkan gangguan temperatur rendah. With a few exceptions, these conditions
embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly above the freezing point of apples, anda relative humidity of 85 percent. Dengan beberapa pengecualian, mewujudkan kondisi
suhu penyimpanan 30 F., atau sedikit di atas titik beku apel, dan kelembaban relatif 85
persen. A few varieties grown in certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature
disorders and have to be stored at temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in thedevelopment and use of controlled- atmosphere storage. Sebuah beberapa varietas yang
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ditanam di daerah-daerah tertentu yang rentan terhadap gangguan suhu rendah dan harus
disimpan pada suhu 36 atau 38 F. Hal ini menyebabkan dalam pengembangan dan
penggunaan penyimpanan atmosfer terkendali. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in acontrolled atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer
periods than they can be stored in air at 32'. McIntosh apel dapat disimpan di 40 dalam
suasana yang dikendalikan dari 5 persen karbon dioksida dan oksigen 2 persen untukwaktu lebih lama daripada mereka dapat disimpan di udara di 32 '. Varieties, however,
have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of storage. Varietas Namun,
memiliki persyaratan atmosfer khusus untuk jenis penyimpanan.
Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruitbecomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. perubahan kimia kompleks
dalam jaringan apel terus selama pematangan sampai menjadi buah masak dan enak,
dengan runtuhnya berikutnya. The changes are retarded as the temperature is lowered;thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Perubahan yang terbelakang karena suhu
diturunkan, sehingga kehidupan penyimpanan buah ini diperpanjang. Research has
shown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 .Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa pada tanggal 30 F. tentang waktu yang lebih
keempat diperlukan untuk apel matang dari pada 32. Apples standing in an orchard at 70
may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during a month's storage at 30 . Apel berdiri
di sebuah kebun pada 70 matang sebanyak mungkin dalam 3 hari karena mereka akanselama penyimpanan satu bulan di 30. When held in a cold storage room that has a
temperature of 36 at one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will
become overripe in the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other. Ketikadiadakan di ruang penyimpanan dingin yang memiliki suhu 36 di salah satu ujung dan 30
di, apel lain, meskipun sama ketika disimpan, akan menjadi masak di satu tempat tetapi
tetap dalam kondisi yang sangat baik yang lain.
The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of allthe processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table,
equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or the
execution of each process. Tingkat dimana persyaratan dapat diisi tergantung padapengelolaan semua proses melalui mana apel harus pergi dalam perjalanan mereka dari
pohon ke meja, peralatan yang tersedia untuk setiap proses, dan pengoperasian peralatan
atau pelaksanaan setiap proses. Progress in cold storage of apples begins withmanagement of the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing,
harvesting, packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing. Kemajuan dalam
penyimpanan dingin apel dimulai dengan manajemen dari gerakan buah melalui berbagai
proses tumbuh, panen, pengemasan, penyimpanan, pengangkutan, dan distribusi.
No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Tidak ada
apel harus diserahkan untuk penyimpanan terlambat kecuali jika mereka memiliki
kualitas yang baik. Those to be stored should be moved to the storage promptly. Mereka
yang akan disimpan harus dipindahkan ke penyimpanan segera. The length of storageperiod should be limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Panjang waktu
penyimpanan harus dibatasi oleh varietas dan kualitas buah. Apples should be moved
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from storage while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure
during transportation to market and distribution. Apel harus dipindahkan dari
penyimpanan sementara mereka masih memiliki hidup yang cukup untuk menahanpenanganan normal dan paparan selama transportasi ke pasar dan distribusi. Good storage
can be wasted on apples poorly chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after
storage, just as good apples can be lost by poor storage. penyimpanan yang baik dapatterbuang pada apel buruk dipilih untuk penyimpanan atau buruk ditangani sebelum dan
sesudah penyimpanan, seperti apel yang baik bisa hilang oleh penyimpanan miskin. This
principle is being applied more and more, and much of the current progress in applestorage is due to improvement in this kind of management. Prinsip ini diterapkan lebih
dan lebih, dan banyak kemajuan saat ini di gudang apel adalah karena peningkatan dalam
jenis manajemen.
The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellarthrough the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come
into common use in the past 20 years or so. Peningkatan bangunan dan peralatan dapat
ditelusuri dari buah ruang bawah tanah dini melalui penyimpanan ventilasi didinginkandengan udara malam, untuk penyimpanan berpendingin yang telah datang ke umum
digunakan dalam 20 tahun terakhir. Methods of applying refrigeration to apples have
likewise been changing. Metode penerapan pendinginan untuk apel juga telah telah
berubah. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by moving cooled airthrough the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced about the rooms.
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir pendinginan ini kebanyakan dilakukan dengan
memindahkan udara didinginkan melalui ruang penyimpanan daripada dengan memilikikumparan pendingin spasi tentang kamar. Perhaps the most common way to cool the
circulating air in modern plants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine. Mungkin
cara paling umum untuk mendinginkan udara yang beredar di pabrik modern untuk lulus
melalui semprotan air garam dingin.
The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a
temperature at or near the optimum. Tujuan pertama dalam penyimpanan beku adalah
untuk mendinginkan buah segera dan mempertahankan suhu pada atau di dekat optimum.If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large demand upon the refrigerating
machinery at harvesttime. Jika pendinginan yang harus dilakukan dengan cepat akan ada
permintaan yang besar pada mesin pendingin di musim panen. A large volume of airmust be circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Sebuah volume
besar udara harus diedarkan untuk mendistribusikan pendingin untuk semua buah
disimpan. Even after the apples are cooled, there is always some variation in temperature
from time to time in a storage room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarilywarmer than that in other parts. Bahkan setelah apel didinginkan, selalu ada beberapa
variasi suhu dari waktu ke waktu di ruang penyimpanan, dan buah di beberapa bagian
ruangan yang selalu hangat dibandingkan di bagian lain. Best storage conditions are thosethat will keep the variation in temperature to a minimum. kondisi penyimpanan yang
terbaik adalah mereka yang akan menjaga variasi suhu ke minimum.
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In order to effect prompt cooling. Untuk efek pendinginan prompt. and uniform low
temperatures, three requirements must be met. dan suhu rendah seragam, tiga syarat harus
dipenuhi. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would beabout 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage
daily. Ini pertama cukup pendingin kapasitas; di Pacific Northwest ini akan menjadi
sekitar 6 ton setiap kotak pendingin untuk 1.000 bidang apel dibawa ke penyimpanansetiap hari. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a
minute for each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. Yang kedua adalah volume
cukup sirkulasi udara; 1.000 kaki kubik udara satu menit untuk setiap ton pendingindianggap minimum. The third requirement is provision for the air to move effectively
among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement of air ducts, freedom from
obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement of the stacks of boxes to
permit access of air. Persyaratan ketiga adalah penyisihan udara untuk bergerak secaraefektif di antara semua paket, hal ini tergantung pada pengaturan saluran udara,
kebebasan dari halangan untuk gerakan udara melalui ruangan, dan pengaturan tumpukan
kotak untuk memungkinkan akses udara.
The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can be
provided by machinery. Pendinginan persyaratan-cukup pertama dan kedua dan sirkulasi
udara - dapat disediakan oleh mesin. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the
apples promptly. Tanaman dimuat melebihi kapasitasnya tidak dapat mendinginkan apelsegera.
The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it
calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. Persyaratan ketiga, distribusi
udara yang baik, lebih dari masalah kapasitas pabrik, melainkan panggilan untukperhatian terhadap detail dalam desain dan operasi. A large number of methods of air
distribution are in use. Sejumlah besar metode distribusi udara sedang digunakan. Thesimplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at one point in the storage room andpick up the return air nearby. Yang paling sederhana adalah untuk debit udara dingin
melalui nozel pada satu titik di ruang penyimpanan dan mengambil kembali udara di
dekatnya. This is likely to result in a relatively wide range of temperatures in differentparts of the room. Hal ini mungkin mengakibatkan berbagai temperatur yang relatif luas
di berbagai bagian ruangan. Perhaps the most elaborate method is to discharge cold air
from a large number of openings in ducts spaced through the room, and to pick up thereturn in an equal number of return ducts. Mungkin metode yang paling rumit adalah
debit udara dingin dari sejumlah besar bukaan pada saluran spasi melalui ruangan, dan
untuk mengambil kembali dalam jumlah yang sama dari saluran kembali. In that method,
the air velocities through the room may be slow. Dengan metode ini, kecepatan udaramelalui ruangan mungkin lambat. The most effective placement of ducts for providing
uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall of the room and a single
return duct along the opposite side. Penempatan yang paling efektif untuk menyediakansaluran distribusi udara seragam debit saluran tunggal sepanjang satu dinding ruangan
dan kembali saluran tunggal sepanjang sisi berlawanan. For good operation, the air is
delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it. Untuk operasi yang baik,udara dikirimkan ke dan kembali dari ruang di langit-langit atau di dekatnya.
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Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling
throughout the room. Apapun susunan saluran, perlu untuk memiliki ruang yang jelas di
langit-langit di seluruh ruangan. Girders that extend across the path of air flow orpackages stacked too close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Balok-balok yang
membentang di seluruh jalur aliran udara atau paket ditumpuk terlalu dekat ke langit-
langit mencegah gerakan bebas dari udara. Failure to leave an open space between stacksof packages results in poor circulation. Kegagalan untuk meninggalkan sebuah ruang
terbuka antara tumpukan paket hasil dalam sirkulasi yang buruk.
Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air
distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. Bahkan dengan banyakkapasitas dan volume pendingin udara, dan dengan distribusi udara terbaik, keseragaman
temperatur mutlak tidak dapat memiliki. The air leaving the room will be warmer than
that entering. Udara meninggalkan ruangan akan lebih hangat dari itu masuk. For thatreason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings is exposed to the coldest air. Oleh karena
itu, buah terdekat bukaan pengiriman terkena udara dingin. In the most modern plants,
the variation in temperature of the fruit at different points is held to a minimum byautomatically reversing periodically the direction of air movement. Pada tanaman yang
paling modern, variasi suhu buah di tempat berbeda diadakan untuk minimum dengan
secara otomatis membalik berkala arah gerakan udara. By doing so, none of the fruit is
continuously exposed to the coldest air, and none to the warmest. Dengan demikian, tidakada buah secara terus-menerus terkena udara dingin, dan tidak untuk terpanas tersebut.
When warm apples are brought into a storage room, it is desirable that they be cooled as
quickly as possible. Ketika apel hangat yang dibawa ke ruang penyimpanan, makadiharapkan bahwa mereka didinginkan secepat mungkin. Reversing the air direction
periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger of
freezing. Menyetel arah udara secara berkala izin menggunakan udara sedingin 22-25 F.
untuk mendapatkan pendinginan cepat tanpa bahaya pembekuan.
For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the
floor. Untuk ekonomi, beberapa inci isolasi yang digunakan pada semua dinding luar,
atap dan lantai. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings areoften used for insulating the roof of storage houses. Di Pacific Northwest, sebanyak 24
inci dari serutan pabrik kering sering digunakan untuk bahan isolasi atap rumah
penyimpanan. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor insulation; they should beprotected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. bahan mineral yang terbaik
untuk isolasi lantai dasar, mereka harus dilindungi dari air tanah oleh membran tahan air.
Wall and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside
air. Dinding dan langit-langit isolasi dilindungi oleh lapisan uap-bukti antara itu danudara di luar. No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a
wall or floor. Tidak ada jumlah isolasi benar-benar akan mencegah panas dari datang
melalui dinding atau lantai. Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receiveheat from the ground, and they are kept too warm. Paket buah duduk langsung di lantai
dasar menerima panas dari tanah, dan mereka terus terlalu hangat.
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Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage.
perhatian Persistent untuk rincian operasi sangat penting bahkan dalam penyimpanan apel
terbaik. In a well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely amongthe stacks and between the fruit and the walls. Dalam sebuah pabrik yang dioperasikan
dengan baik, paket spasi sehingga udara dapat bergerak bebas di antara tumpukan dan
antara buah dan dinding. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the packages andunder the ceiling at all points. Sebuah ruang yang jelas yang tersisa untuk udara beredar
di paket dan di bawah langit-langit pada semua titik. Outside doors are not left open
unnecessarily. Di luar pintu dibiarkan terbuka tidak perlu. Temperatures and conditionsof fruit are observed regularly. Suhu dan kondisi buah diamati secara teratur.
A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation.
Sejumlah penyimpanan apel sekarang dilengkapi untuk sirkulasi udara terbalik efektif. In
constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity,blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Dalam membangun
sebagian besar tanaman, perhatian diberikan pendingin kapasitas, kapasitas blower, dan
semua rincian yang mempengaruhi distribusi udara. Fruit temperatures in this type ofstorage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached, have
shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for highest
apple quality. Buah suhu dalam jenis penyimpanan baik selama periode pendinginan dan
setelah mencapai suhu penyimpanan, telah menunjukkan bahwa ia merupakan langkah kearah yang berbeda memenuhi seluruh persyaratan untuk kualitas apel tertinggi. The
modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicy apples throughout the
season with a program of management that segregates apples most suitable for latestorage from those that should be consumed early. Penyimpanan apel modern dapat
memberikan konsumen dengan renyah, apel juicy sepanjang musim dengan program
manajemen yang mensegregasikan apel paling sesuai untuk penyimpanan akhir dari
orang-orang yang harus dikonsumsi lebih awal. It gives special attention to gettingstorage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storage facilities, and
handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements. Memberikan perhatian
khusus untuk mendapatkan apel penyimpanan ke penyimpanan segera, mencegahoverloading fasilitas penyimpanan, dan menangani buah di semua tahapan sesuai dengan
persyaratan perusahaan.
Yearbook of Agriculture 1943-1947 Part 6
Crisp batang wortel, kubis segar, dan kentang goreng dari kebun Montana saya di bulanJuni? Yes, but only if I've kept them in cold storage from last summer's garden. Ya, tetapi
hanya jika saya telah membuat mereka dalam penyimpanan dingin dari kebun musimpanas lalu.
A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetablesavailable during the summer. taman adalah sebuah investasi yang bijaksana dan
menyediakan, segar sayuran yang paling bergizi tersedia selama musim panas. But I need
it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challenge here in northwestMontana. Tapi aku perlu untuk pasokan sayuran sepanjang tahun, dan yang dapat
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menjadi tantangan di sini, di barat laut Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating
a local, seasonal, sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. Aku
membungkuk ke arah swasembada dan makan, lokal musiman, diet yang berkelanjutan,kami mencoba untuk mengembangkan apa yang kita makan dan makan apa yang kita
tumbuh. We preserve, dehydrate, and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to
the fruit room or freezer a real delight throughout the winter. Kami melestarikan,dehidrasi, dan bekukan baik buah-buahan dan sayuran, membuat perjalanan ke ruang
buah atau freezer menyenangkan nyata sepanjang musim dingin. But I also like to eat
some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storing carrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onionsuntil just about the time the next crop is ready. Tapi aku juga suka makan beberapa
sayuran segar dan telah berhasil menyimpan wortel, kentang, kubis, dan bawang sampai
hanya tentang waktu panen berikutnya sudah siap. I manage to keep beets, pumpkins,
squash, and apples into late winter. Aku berhasil mempertahankan bit, labu, squash, dan
apel ke akhir musim dingin.
Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the
produce I would like to keep. Idealnya, saya akan memiliki ruang bawah tanah akar yangmempertahankan suhu yang benar untuk menghasilkan saya ingin terus. Unfortunately,
it's not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to store things. Sayangnya, bukan itu
yang ideal, jadi saya harus mencari tempat lain untuk hal-hal toko. Fortunately, differentvegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesn't have to go in the same place.
Untungnya, sayuran yang berbeda seperti temperatur yang berbeda, jadi semuanya tidak
harus pergi ke tempat yang sama. Other storage options (depending upon the item)include in the ground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the
ground, or extra refrigerators, to name a few. Pilihan penyimpanan lain (tergantung pada
item) termasuk dalam tanah, di bawah tangga, kamar pemanas, tangga luar, lubang-
lubang di tanah, atau lemari pendingin ekstra, untuk beberapa nama.
A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh
vegetables in the winter. Sebuah metode penyimpanan hanya langkah terakhir untuk
memiliki cold storage sukses dan sayuran segar di musim dingin. The first step begins
Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winterPusaka Australia squash birupada pertengahan musim dingin
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with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choose cultivars which store well.
Langkah pertama dimulai dengan katalog benih; itu sangat penting untuk memilih
kultivar yang menyimpan dengan baik. For example, not every type of carrot will still beedible the following May. Sebagai contoh, tidak semua jenis wortel masih akan dimakan
Mei berikut. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage
qualities. Kebanyakan katalog benih yang baik di memberitahu kita mana yang memilikikualitas penyimpanan yang baik. I have relied on their recommendations and have found
particular cultivars of a number of vegetables that store very well for me. Aku telah
mengandalkan rekomendasi mereka dan telah menemukan kultivar tertentu dari sejumlahtoko sayuran yang sangat baik bagi saya.
Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Waktu tanam dan waktu
panen juga mempengaruhi keberhasilan penyimpanan. Many storage vegetables are
planted later and harvested after frost. Banyak penyimpanan sayuran kemudian ditanamdan dipanen setelah embun beku. In the following discussion, I will note what works best
for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights. Dalam diskusi
berikut, aku akan mencatat apa yang terbaik bagi saya ketika saya menghadapi musimtanam yang cukup singkat dan malam dingin.
Carrots Wortel
The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. wortel itu
bernama Bolero, sebuah hibrida Nantes-jenis, adalah wortel tujuan ganda. It can be
planted early for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will
achieve a nice size of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fallstorage. Hal ini dapat ditanam awal untuk wortel manis lezat, tetapi bila ditanam
kemudian (pada bulan Juni di sini), itu akan mencapai ukuran baik 6 sampai 7 inci
panjang dengan diameter 1-1 inci pada saat penyimpanan jatuh. After storage, thiscarrot will still be crisp and sweet. Setelah penyimpanan, wortel ini akan tetap renyah dan
manis. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before the ground freezes. Harvest
sebagai terlambat mungkin, setelah embun beku, tetapi sebelum tanah membeku. I snapoff the green tops right where they join the carrot. Aku snap off puncak hijau yang tepat
di mana mereka bergabung wortel.
I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked,
broken, nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use incanning, juicing, or munching. Aku memilih wortel bagus sehat lurus ukuran yang baik
untuk penyimpanan dan tas menaiki bercabang, rusak, melukai, kecil, atau yang besar
untuk dimasukkan ke dalam lemari es untuk segera digunakan dalam pengalengan, jus,atau mengunyah. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a
pitcher of water to dampen it. Lalu aku mengambil ember plastik lima-galon, pasir dicuci
bersih, dan sebotol air untuk meredam itu. Don't put too much water in the sand as it will
pool in the bottom and make it too soggy. Jangan memasukkan terlalu banyak air di pasirkarena akan kolam di bagian bawah dan membuat terlalu basah. I try to dampen the sand
in a different container and add the sand to my storage bucket as needed. Aku mencoba
untuk meredam pasir dalam wadah yang berbeda dan menambahkan ember pasir untuk
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penyimpanan saya yang diperlukan. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side
by side. Pertama saya meletakkan lapisan pasir dan berbaring di samping sisi wortel. I
prefer the carrots don't touch. Saya lebih suka wortel jangan sentuh. Then in goes anotherlayer of sand to cover the first layer of carrots. Kemudian pada tahun berjalan satu lapisan
pasir untuk menutupi lapisan pertama wortel. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and
adding sand until I am near the top of the bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer ofsand and lay the lid on top. Aku terus menekan wortel ke dalam pasir dan menambahkan
pasir sampai saya di dekat bagian atas ember, di mana aku memakai tambahan lapisan
tebal pasir dan meletakkan tutup di atas.
This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter,which, for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage.
ember ini sangat berat, jadi saya memasukkan wortel ke dalamnya pada situs itu akan
menghabiskan musim dingin, yang, bagi saya, adalah di bagian bawah tangga menujuruang bawah tanah dari garasi. When the weather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and
blankets over the buckets to keep them from freezing. Ketika cuaca jadi sangat dingin,
saya melemparkan beberapa karpet dan selimut di atas ember untuk menjaga mereka daripembekuan. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. Untuk
penyimpanan yang ideal, wortel lebih suka 32 hingga 40 C dan kelembaban 90-95%.
If you don't have varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store
them in the ground with a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing. Jika Anda tidakmemiliki varmints bawah tanah mencari makanan gratis di musim dingin, Anda dapat
menyimpannya dalam tanah dengan lapisan tebal mulsa untuk mencegah pembekuan.
Potatoes Kentang
Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. Kentang
adalah makanan tradisional penyimpanan segar, tapi semua kultivar tidak sama. Thechallenge is to have an edible supply year around. Tantangannya adalah untuk memiliki
persediaan tahun dimakan sekitar.
Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red,
Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes.Musim gugur yang lalu saya disimpan Merah
daerah utara, Sangre Merah, Yukon Gold, dan
kentang Kennebec dari semua ukuran. RedNorland sprouted first, followed by Kennebec,
Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red. Red daerah utara
tumbuh pertama, diikuti oleh Kennebec, YukonGold, dan Sangre Merah. Sangre Red, also called
Sangre, is a round-to-oblong, white fleshed red
potato with shallow eyes. Sangre Merah, juga
disebut Sangre, adalah kentang, bulat-untuk-oblong merah putih fleshed dengan mata dangkal. It is a very good new potato as well as
being great for storage. Ini adalah kentang yang baru sangat baik dan juga menjadi besar
untuk penyimpanan. Digging them is easy, as they generally cluster very near the plant; it
Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of thefruit roomKentang disimpan dalam sebuah keranjang
besar di lantai ruang buah
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is also a heavy producer. Menggali mereka adalah mudah, karena mereka umumnya
cluster sangat dekat pabrik, melainkan juga merupakan produsen berat. Even though a
local nursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre has been the last to sprout in storage,with the largest potatoes keeping the best. Meskipun pembibitan lokal daftar mereka
sebagai begitu-begitu penjaga, Sangre telah menjadi terakhir untuk tunas di gudang,
kentang terbesar dengan menjaga yang terbaik. I will eventually have to pull the sproutsfrom them also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement
where I keep my canned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F
during the year. Akhirnya aku harus menarik kecambah dari mereka juga, tapi saya tidakmemiliki fasilitas penyimpanan-hanya ideal sebuah kamar di ruang bawah tanah tempat
aku menyimpan barang-barang kalengan saya, dimana suhu berkisar antara 50 dan 60
F sepanjang tahun. Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Kentang lebih 40 derajat. Colder
temperatures will turn them sugary. Dingin suhu akan mengubah mereka manis. Muchtoo crisp and juicy for hash browns in the fall, these Sangres reach the perfect condition
for frying in June and July. Terlalu garing dan juicy untuk kentang goreng di musim
gugur, Sangres ini mencapai kondisi sempurna untuk menggoreng pada bulan Juni dan
Juli.
By planting these early season potatoes the end of May, I get large potatoes by the end of
August, which I harvest in late September. Dengan musim tanam kentang ini awal akhir
Mei, saya mendapatkan kentang besar pada akhir Agustus, yang saya panen pada akhirSeptember. Planting earlier, I can have new potatoes earlier, but for storage it works
better to plant later here where frosts may kill the tops the first of June and potatoes grow
well into summer as the nights are cool and the days moderate. Penanaman sebelumnya,saya dapat memiliki kentang baru sebelumnya, tetapi untuk penyimpanan bekerja lebih
baik untuk tanaman kemudian di sini di mana cuaca penuh es bisa membunuh puncak
pertama dari bulan Juni dan kentang tumbuh dengan baik ke musim panas sebagai malam
yang dingin dan hari-hari moderat.
Cabbage Kubis
One of the greatest challenges in storing vegetables has been the cabbage. Salah satu
tantangan terbesar dalam sayuran menyimpan telah kubis. I tried a number of methods,
but nothing worked until I started to grow cabbage especially bred for storage. Aku
mencoba beberapa metode, tetapi tidak ada yang berhasil sampai aku mulai tumbuh kubisterutama dibiakkan untuk penyimpanan. So far my favorite is Storage #4 (available from
Johnny's Seeds). Sejauh ini favorit saya adalah Storage # 4 (tersedia dari Seeds Johnny's).
It will produce a large, very solid head, which is still nice and solid the following June.
Ini akan menghasilkan kepala, besar sangat padat, yang masih bagus dan kokoh Juniberikut.
While I start my early cabbages in March (eight weeks before the last expected spring
frost), I start the storage cabbages the first week in May, about 100 to 120 days before thefirst expected frost in the fall, as it will make most of its head late in summer, but grow
some and hold well into fall. Sementara aku mulai kubis awal saya di bulan Maret
(delapan minggu sebelum embun beku musim semi lalu diharapkan), aku mulai
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penyimpanan kubis minggu pertama bulan Mei, sekitar 100 sampai 120 hari sebelum
embun beku diharapkan pertama di musim gugur, karena akan membuat sebagian besar
yang kepala akhir di musim panas, tetapi beberapa tumbuh terus dengan baik sampaijatuh. I dig mine before the ground freezes or before the weather stays below freezing.
Aku menggali tanah tambang sebelum membeku atau sebelum cuaca tetap di bawah titik
beku. I cut off the root, leaving 6 inches of the stalk, and trim off those loose outer leaves.Aku memotong akar, meninggalkan 6 inci tangkai, dan trim off daun-daun luar longgar. I
then wrap each very loosely in a plastic grocery bag and store them in the extra
refrigerator or upside down in the stairwell next to the buckets I store the carrots in.During the cold months, they do best in the stairwell where ventilation is better. Aku lalu
bungkus masing-masing yang sangat longgar dalam tas belanja plastik dan simpan di
dalam lemari es tambahan atau terbalik di tangga di sebelah toko aku ember wortel
masuk Selama bulan-bulan dingin, mereka melakukan yang terbaik di tangga di manaventilasi lebih baik. They prefer 32-40 degrees with 90% humidity. Mereka lebih suka
32-40 derajat dengan kelembaban 90%. As the temperature rises outside, I have to move
them to a refrigerator to last into summer. Saat suhu naik di luar, aku harus memindahkan
mereka ke lemari es untuk terakhir dalam musim panas. They can produce cabbageyfumes, which may make one reconsider keeping them in the house long term. Mereka
dapat menghasilkan uap cabbagey, yang dapat membuat satu kembali menjaga mereka dirumah jangka panjang.
Onions Bawang
Perhaps my favorite vegetable in storage is the onion. Mungkin sayur favorit saya di
penyimpanan bawang. The sweet ones have to be eaten in the summer and early fall, but
the pungent ones can last until you have the next crop. Yang manis harus dimakan padamusim panas dan awal musim gugur, tetapi yang tajam dapat bertahan sampai Anda
memiliki tanaman berikutnya. A couple of long-day hybrids, Copra and Norstar, haveworked well for me. Beberapa hibrida lama-hari, Kopra dan Norstar, telah bekerja
dengan baik bagi saya. I start the seed indoors in February, feed them fish fertilizer, andset tiny plants out in early May. Aku memulai ruangan benih pada Februari, memberi
mereka makan pupuk ikan, dan menetapkan tanaman kecil di awal Mei. Norstar matures
sooner than Copra, but both are narrow necked hard onions of medium size. Norstar jatuhtempo lebih cepat dari Kopra, namun keduanya sulit berleher sempit bawang ukuran
medium. In August, I quit watering them. Pada bulan Agustus, saya berhenti penyiraman
mereka.
When they mature, pull and dry them in the sun. Ketika mereka dewasa, menarik dan
mengeringkannya di bawah sinar matahari. If the weather isn't warm enough, it isnecessary to push the tops over and then pull them and lay them out to dry for quite a
while. Jika cuaca tidak cukup hangat, perlu untuk mendorong puncak atas dan kemudianmenarik mereka dan berbaring mereka sampai kering selama beberapa waktu. When they
have dried sufficiently, remove the dry tops (but not the skins) and put the onions in a
basket or mesh bag and set or hang in a dry, cold (32 to 35 F.) place where they getventilation. Ketika mereka telah kering cukup, hapus bagian atas kering (tapi bukan kulit)
dan menempatkan bawang dalam keranjang atau tas mesh dan mengatur atau
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menggantung dalam kering, dingin (32 sampai 35 F.) tempat di mana mereka
mendapatkan ventilasi. I don't have a perfect place, but these two cultivars do well even
when ideal storage can't quite be met. Saya tidak punya tempat yang sempurna, tetapikedua kultivar baik bahkan ketika penyimpanan yang ideal tidak bisa dipenuhi.
For those who prefer non-hybrids, the yellow potato onion, a multiplier onion, is terrific.Bagi mereka yang lebih memilih non-hibrida, bawang merah kuning kentang, bawang
pengali, hebat. They are smaller (up to 1 inch), but store extremely well, being veryhard well into summer. Mereka lebih kecil (hingga 1 inci), tapi toko sangat baik,
menjadi sangat keras baik dalam musim panas. You plant this onion in early fall and
mulch for winter. Anda menanam bawang ini di awal musim gugur dan pupuk untukmusim dingin. Remove the mulch in spring to find sprouts which can soon provide green
scallions or grow (with liberal watering) into bunches of small onions which will dry
down in July. Lepaskan mulsa di musim semi untuk mencari kecambah yang segera dapatmemberikan daun bawang hijau atau tumbuh (dengan penyiraman liberal) menjadi tandan
bawang kecil yang akan kering turun pada bulan Juli. Be sure to save some to plant for
the next crop. Pastikan untuk menyimpan sebagian untuk menanam untuk tanamanberikutnya.
Squash and pumpkins Squash dan labu
An easy crop to store is squash or pumpkins. Sebuah tanaman yang mudah untuk
menyimpan adalah squash atau labu. Nearly all kinds labeled winter squash and even
mature summer squash, such as the Mid East cousa type, can keep almost six months if
they are picked at the right time and cured properly. Hampir semua jenis labu berlabelmusim dingin dan musim panas bahkan labu matang, seperti jenis cousa Timur Tengah,
dapat menyimpan hampir enam bulan jika mereka diambil pada waktu yang tepat dan
disembuhkan dengan benar. At harvest, the skin should be so hard that a fingernail won'tpuncture it. Pada panen, kulit harus begitu keras sehingga kuku itu tidak akan tusuk.
Leave the stem on and cure both squash and pumpkin in the sun at 70 to 80 F for 10 to
14 days. Tinggalkan batang dan menyembuhkan kedua squash dan labu di bawah sinarmatahari pada 70 80 F selama 10 sampai 14 hari. If properly cured and later stored at
55 to 60 F with 60 to 70% humidity, they should hold through most of the winter. Jika
benar disembuhkan dan kemudian disimpan pada 55 sampai 60 F dengan kelembaban
60-70%, mereka harus terus hampir sepanjang musim dingin. An unheated bedroomworks well for me. Sebuah kamar tidur pemanas bekerja dengan baik bagi saya. Pies
from fresh pumpkin taste delicious in March. Pai dari labu segar rasa lezat pada bulan
Maret.
Beets Bit
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I hadn't even considered storing beets until a few that I had just thrown in a plastic bag in
the refrigerator were in pretty good shape a couple of months later. Aku bahkan tidak
dianggap bit menyimpan hingga beberapa yangsaya baru saja dibuang dalam kantong plastik di
dalam lemari es itu dalam kondisi yang cukup
baik beberapa bulan kemudian. Uponinvestigation, I discovered that, although the
common Detroit Dark Red that I was planting
can be stored if done properly, there are specificbeets for winter storage. Setelah penyelidikan,
saya menemukan bahwa, walaupun umum
Detroit Red Dark bahwa aku tanam dapat
disimpan jika dilakukan dengan benar, ada bitkhusus untuk penyimpanan musim dingin. I
purchased some Lutz Greenleaf seed and sowed
it in the spring along with my other spring beets. Saya membeli beberapa biji Lutz
Greenleaf dan menabur di musim semi bersama dengan bit saya yang lain musim semi. Ittook a long time to germinate and then grew slowly, but in October, I dug some softball
sized beets to store. Butuh waktu lama untuk tumbuh dan kemudian berkembang secaralambat, tetapi pada bulan Oktober, aku menggali softball berukuran beberapa bit untuk
menyimpan. Unless you are using a long season beet like Lutz, the seed should be sown
in June or July for late harvest. Kecuali Anda menggunakan bit musim panjang sepertiLutz, biji harus ditanam pada bulan Juni atau Juli untuk panen terlambat.
Beets tend to be more susceptible to frost damage (their shoulders often stick out of the
ground), so they should be harvested before a killing frost. Bit cenderung lebih rentan
terhadap kerusakan embun beku (bahu mereka sering tongkat keluar dari tanah), sehingga
mereka harus dipanen sebelum embun beku membunuh. Harvest only mature beets andcut off the tops, leaving an inch of stem. Panen hanya jatuh tempo bit dan memotong
bagian atas, meninggalkan inci batang. Do not remove any of the root tip. Jangan
menghapus salah satu ujung akar. Brush off the dirt and pack in layers in damp sawdust,sand, or moss. Sikat kotoran dan dikemas dalam lapisan dalam serbuk gergaji lembap,
pasir, atau lumut. Keep cold (near 32 F) and very moist at 90 to 85% humidity. Tetap
dingin (dekat 32 F) dan sangat basah di kelembaban 90-85%. As mentioned before,unwashed beets keep quite a while in bags in a refrigerator. Seperti yang dijelaskan
sebelumnya, bit dicuci tetap cukup lama di tas dalam lemari es. Depending upon storage
conditions, beets can last anywhere from two to five months in storage. Tergantung padakondisi penyimpanan, bit bisa bertahan dua sampai lima bulan di gudang.
Winter radishes Winter lobak
If you like radishes, you can enjoy them throughout the winter if you plant the winter
type. Jika Anda seperti lobak, Anda dapat menikmati mereka sepanjang musim dingin
jika Anda jenis tanaman musim dingin. There are a number of cultivars which lendthemselves to storage: Miyashige (fall harvest Daikon), Long Black Spanish, Misato
Rose Flesh, China Rose, Round Black Spanish, and Radish Sakwiajima Mammoth to
Cabbage after a winter in storageKubis setelahmusim dingin di penyimpanan
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name a few. Ada beberapa kultivar yang meminjamkan diri untuk penyimpanan:
Miyashige (jatuh panen Daikon), Long Black Spanyol, Misato Rose Daging, Cina Rose,
Round Black Spanyol, dan Lobak Sakwiajima Mammoth untuk beberapa nama.Generally, the planting date is July or early August, but each cultivar could be different,
so pay attention to what the seed catalog tells you and adjust for your particular growing
season. Secara umum, tanggal tanam Juli atau awal Agustus, tetapi masing-masingkultivar dapat berbeda, sehingga memperhatikan apa katalog benih memberitahu Anda
dan menyesuaikan musim tertentu yang sedang tumbuh. These radishes use more space;
they not only may grow larger roots, but their tops are more leafy. Lobak inimenggunakan lebih banyak tempat, mereka tidak hanya dapat tumbuh akar yang lebih
besar, tetapi puncak mereka lebih rimbun. Harvest in the fall and store only perfect roots.
Panen pada musim gugur dan toko yang sempurna hanya akar. Trim off the leafy tops
and treat like carrots, layered in moist sand, moss, or sawdust in your coldest abovefreezing storage place. Trim dari puncak rindang dan memperlakukan seperti wortel,
berlapis-lapis di pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji di tempat dingin terdingin di
atas Anda penyimpanan. They should last until February if stored properly. Mereka harus
bertahan hingga Februari jika disimpan dengan benar.
Rutabagas/turnips Rutabagas / lobak
Rutabagas, known also as Swede turnips, are good candidates for storage. Rutabagas,
dikenal juga sebagai lobak Swedia, adalah kandidat yang tepat untuk penyimpanan. The
turnip, however, gets mixed reviews. lobak, bagaimanapun, mendapat tinjauan yangberagam. Johnny's Seeds doesn't recommend turnip storage, but some people have done
it. Biji Johnny tidak merekomendasikan penyimpanan lobak, tetapi beberapa orang telah
melakukannya. Plant Purple Top White Globe in July or August and harvest three-inchmaximum roots before heavy frost, cut off the tops, and treat them like carrots. Tanaman
Ungu Top Putih Globe pada bulan Juli atau Agustus dan panen akar maksimum tiga incisebelum embun beku berat, memotong puncak, dan memperlakukan mereka seperti
wortel.
Laurentian and Purple Top (rutabaga, not turnip) are two common rutabaga cultivars
recommended for winter storage. Laurentian dan Ungu Top (rutabaga, tidak lobak)
adalah dua kultivar rutabaga umum direkomendasikan untuk penyimpanan musim dingin.
Plant in mid-June to mid-July or 90 days before intended harvest. Tanaman padapertengahan Juni hingga pertengahan Juli atau 90 hari sebelum panen dimaksudkan. Wait
until there has been at least a couple of good frosts, usually October here, before digging
for storage. Tunggu sampai ada setidaknya beberapa frosts baik, biasanya Oktober sini,
sebelum menggali untuk penyimpanan. If the roots are working their way out of theground, I would hill some soil over them or mulch them when there may be a chance of
freezing so the roots don't get damaged before I harvest. Jika akar bekerja dengan caramereka keluar dari tanah, saya akan bukit tanah beberapa atas mereka atau mulsa mereka
ketika mungkin ada kesempatan untuk membeku sehingga akar tidak rusak sebelum
panen. Cut off the tops and store like carrots. Potong bagian atas dan toko seperti wortel.However, rutabagas shrivel easier than carrots, so you want to be sure to keep them
moist. Namun, rutabagas mengerut lebih mudah daripada wortel, sehingga Anda ingin
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memastikan agar tetap lembab. They can be waxed (sometimes you see them waxed in
the supermarkets) to reduce dehydration; beeswax would be best if you choose this route.
Mereka bisa wax (kadang-kadang Anda melihat mereka wax di supermarket) untukmengurangi dehidrasi; lebah akan lebih baik jika Anda memilih rute ini. Rutabagas can
be expected to last for two to four months in storage. Rutabagas dapat diperkirakan
berlangsung selama dua sampai empat bulan di gudang.
Celeriac Celeriac
Celeriac, sometimes described as turnip-rooted celery, is an excellent keeper. Celeriac,kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai lobak-seledri berakar, adalah penjaga yang sangat
baik. Monarch and Brilliant are two good cultivars available. Brilliant raja dan dua
kultivar yang baik yang tersedia. The trick with celeriac is the planting time. Trik denganCeleriac adalah waktu tanam. Start indoors (slow to germinate) in April but do not set out
in the garden until June when the temperatures are averaging above 50 F. If the weather
is too cold, the plant will think that it has passed through the first summer (in your house
or greenhouse) and is in the winter cool down; when it warms up, the plant may bolt andgo to seed. Mulai di dalam ruangan (lambat berkecambah) pada bulan April tetapi tidak
menetapkan di taman sampai Juni ketika suhu rata-rata di atas 50 C. Jika cuaca terlalu
dingin, tanaman akan berpikir bahwa ini telah melewati musim panas pertama (dalamAnda rumah atau rumah kaca) dan di musim dingin dingin; ketika menghangat, tanaman
dapat baut dan pergi ke benih.
Celeriac requires rich soil and plenty of moisture like
celery, but is actually easier to grow. Celeriacmembutuhkan tanah yang subur dan banyak air seperti
seledri, tapi sebenarnya lebih mudah untuk tumbuh.
You don't want the plant to mature too early and getwoody before you harvest. Anda tidak ingin pabrik
untuk dewasa terlalu dini dan mendapatkan kayu
sebelum panen. When you dig celeriac, break off thestocks, brush off the dirt, and remove long fine roots, if
desired. Ketika Anda menggali celeriac, istirahat dari
saham, sikat kotoran, dan menghilangkan akar baik
panjang, jika diinginkan. It will keep a while on a shelfin the cellar; for the long haul, layer in moist sand,
moss, or sawdust. Ini akan terus sementara di rak di
ruang bawah tanah, untuk jangka panjang, lapisan di
pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Keep at 32 to40 F with 90 to 95 % humidity. Jauhkan pada 32
sampai 40 F dengan kelembaban 90-95%.
Parsnips Lobak
Onions hanging in ventilated baskets in fruitroomBawang tergantung di keranjang buah
ventilasi dalam kamar
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Rated as the hardiest of all root vegetables, the parsnip could be awarded best of show
when it comes to storage. Dinilai sebagai paling tabah semua sayuran akar, ubi itu bisa
diberikan "terbaik menunjukkan" ketika datang ke penyimpanan. Harris Model andrelated cultivars are popular. Harris Model dan kultivar terkait populer. Since all parsnips
are intended for storage, choose one that fits your needs (some are resistant to disease,
etc.). Karena semua lobak dimaksudkan untuk penyimpanan, pilih satu yang cocokdengan kebutuhan Anda (beberapa yang resisten terhadap penyakit, dll). Dig a deep bed
and plant fresh seeds early in the spring, March through May (depending upon your
season). Menggali tempat tidur dalam dan bibit tanaman segar di awal musim semi,Maret sampai Mei (tergantung pada musim Anda). Be patient as they may germinate
slowly (up to 28 days). Bersabar karena mungkin tumbuh perlahan (sampai dengan 28
hari). It takes a long season (100-120 days) and freezing weather to produce tasty
parsnips. Dibutuhkan musim panjang (100-120 hari) dan beku cuaca untuk menghasilkanlobak enak. Frosty weather helps starch in the root turn to sugar so they taste sweeter.
Cuaca dingin membantu pati dalam akar gilirannya menjadi gula sehingga rasanya manis.
Then you can begin harvest. Kemudian Anda bisa mulai panen.
You actually have four options. Anda benar-benar memiliki empat pilihan. You can take
advantage of all four. Anda dapat mengambil keuntungan dari semua empat. First, after a
few moderate to heavy frosts, you can dig some to eat immediately. Pertama, setelah
beberapa moderat untuk frosts berat, Anda dapat menggali beberapa makan segera.Because the roots can get very long, digging, not pulling, is recommended. Karena akar
bisa menjadi sangat lama, menggali, tidak menarik, dianjurkan. Or to keep the ground
from freezing, put down some mulch so you can dig later. Atau untuk menjaga tanah daripembekuan, meletakkan beberapa mulsa sehingga Anda dapat menggali nanti.
Even though the ground may not freeze under the mulch, you may not want to go out and
dig in mid-winter; dig and store some in the cellar. Meskipun tanah mungkin tidakmembeku di bawah mulsa, Anda mungkin tidak ingin keluar dan menggali dalampertengahan musim dingin, menggali dan menyimpan beberapa di ruang bawah tanah.
These roots should have the leaves trimmed and be stored like carrots in damp sand,
moss, or sawdust. Akar ini harus memiliki daun dipangkas dan disimpan seperti wortel dipasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Ideal conditions are 32-35 degrees and 90-95%
humidity. kondisi ideal adalah 32-35 derajat dan kelembaban 90-95%.
And for the final option, when the ground thaws in the spring, go out and dig the sweetest
parsnips. Dan untuk pilihan terakhir, ketika thaws tanah di musim semi, pergi danmenggali lobak manis. They will be good until new leaves are formed; they get woody
after they begin to grow. Mereka akan baik sampai daun baru terbentuk, mereka
mendapatkan kayu setelah mereka mulai tumbuh. With parsnips, the last really could bethe best. Dengan lobak, yang terakhir benar-benar bisa menjadi yang terbaik.
Apples Apel
Apples are the only fruit I have tried to store fresh through the winter. Apel adalah buah
yang saya miliki mencoba untuk menyimpan segar melalui musim dingin. Since there are
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hundreds of cultivars, there should be quite a few that store well. Karena ada ratusan
kultivar, harus ada beberapa yang cukup baik toko. The nursery catalogs will usually
indicate that attribute. Katalog pembibitan biasanya akan menunjukkan atribut itu.Usually, the storage apple will ripen late, so that it can be picked in cool weather.
Biasanya, apel penyimpanan akan matang terlambat, sehingga bisa dipetik dalam cuaca
dingin. The apple I have had great success with is Honeycrisp. apel yang saya telahsukses besar dengan adalah Honeycrisp. It has a sweet-tart flavor and is exceptionally
crisp, features that were still noticeable after months in my extra refrigerator. Memiliki
rasa manis-asam dan sangat segar, fitur yang masih terlihat setelah berbulan-bulan dikulkas ekstra. Although a tad shriveled, they made excellent applesauce. Meskipun anak
laki-laki yang keriput, mereka membuat saus apel sangat baik.
Some helpful pointers in harvesting apples: pick mature
fruit, leave the stem on the apple, and cool fruit overnightbefore storing if the day is somewhat warm. Beberapa
pointer membantu dalam panen apel: memetik buah matang,
biarkan batang pada apel, dan buah semalam dingin sebelummenyimpannya jika hari ini agak hangat. Apples last best if
stored near 32 F at 80 to 90% humidity; the warmer the
temperatures, the faster they soften. Apel terakhir terbaik
jika disimpan dekat 32 F pada 80 hingga kelembaban 90%,sedangkan suhu yang hangat, semakin cepat mereka
melunak. They should be kept in shallow layers in baskets or
slatted crates; they also need to be checked for spoilageoccasionally. Mereka harus disimpan dalam lapisan dangkal
di keranjang atau peti slatted, mereka juga perlu diperiksa
untuk pembusukan sesekali. It is wonderful to have some
homegrown fresh fruit to go with all those winter vegetables. Alangkah baiknya untukmemiliki beberapa buah segar sendiri untuk pergi dengan semua sayuran musim dingin.
They should be stored separately, though, as apples give off ethylene gas, which ages
vegetables. Mereka harus disimpan secara terpisah, meskipun, seperti apel mengeluarkangas ethylene, yang usia sayuran.
General harvesting tips Tips panen Umum
In cold storage, we are taking advantage of the plant's natural dormant stage between
seasons. Dalam penyimpanan dingin, kita mengambil keuntungan dari panggung alam
yang tidak aktif tanaman antara musim. Success rates are also raised by following proven
guidelines. tarif Sukses juga dibangkitkan dengan mengikuti pedoman yang telahterbukti. Harvesting in dry, cool weather is helpful because cold weather encourages the
vegetables to store sugars and starches rather than water in the roots. Panen di kering,cuaca sejuk sangat membantu karena cuaca dingin mendorong sayuran untuk menyimpan
gula dan pati daripada air dalam akar. Brush off the dirt gently, but cleaning isn't
necessary. Sikat kotoran dengan hati-hati, tetapi tidak perlu pembersihan. Don't bruise theproduce. Jangan memar menghasilkan. Store only the best produce; bruised, broken, or
nicked vegetables be used soon. Simpan hanya yang terbaik menghasilkan; memar, rusak,
Bolero carrots being removed fromthe bucket of sand in June following
eight months in storageBolerowortel dipindahkan dari ember pasir
pada bulan Juni berikut delapanbulan di gudang
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atau dicuri sayuran digunakan segera. Tops should be clipped immediately; if left on,
they suck moisture from the root. Tops harus segera dipotong, jika dibiarkan, mereka
menyedot air dari akar. Many tops are good to eat; chop some and dehydrate to add tosoups later. Banyak tops baik untuk makan; memotong beberapa dan dehidrasi untuk
ditambahkan ke sup kemudian.
Folklore recommends that you pick apples and harvest root vegetables during the
decrease of the moon, in the third and fourth quarters, because bruised spots will dry, notrot, and the food will keep better. Cerita Rakyat menganjurkan agar Anda memilih apel
dan sayuran akar panen selama penurunan bulan, pada triwulan ketiga dan keempat,
karena memar bintik-bintik akan kering, tidak membusuk, dan makanan akan terus lebihbaik. If you follow the moon in planting and harvesting, you might want to keep this in
mind also. Jika Anda mengikuti bulan di tanam dan panen, Anda mungkin ingin ingatlah
ini juga.
Two books which have been helpful for me to pursue my goal of providing the kitchen
with year around vegetables from my garden are Root Cellaring by Mike and NancyBubel and Four-Season Harvest by Eliot Coleman. Dua buku yang telah membantu bagi
saya untuk mengejar tujuan saya menyediakan dapur dengan tahun sekitar sayuran darikebun saya Root Cellaring oleh Mike dan Nancy Bubel dan Four-Season Panen oleh
Eliot Coleman. The first is about the natural cold storage of fruits and vegetables, with
drawings for possible root cellars (and alternate hideaways) and details of how to storemany different varieties of garden produce. Yang pertama adalah tentang penyimpanan
dingin alami buah-buahan dan sayuran, dengan gambar untuk gudang root mungkin (dan
hideaways alternatif) dan rincian tentang bagaimana untuk menyimpan berbagai varietas
dari kebun produksi. Coleman's book is basically about ways to extend your gardeningseason, but includes a chapter on root cellars and indoor harvesting. Coleman buku pada
dasarnya adalah tentang cara-cara untuk memperpanjang musim berkebun, namun jugamemuat bab tentang gudang root dan indoor panen. Reading these books opened my eyesto the possibilities of having a larger variety of fresh vegetables from my own garden
throughout the year. Membaca buku ini membuka mata saya untuk kemungkinan yang
lebih besar memiliki berbagai sayuran segar dari kebun sendiri sepanjang tahun.