![Page 1: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Key Ideas
• Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization.
• Identify the visible and nonvisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Compare refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes.
• Explain how telescopes for nonvisible electromagnetic radiation differ from light telescopes.
![Page 2: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
The Value of Astronomy
Astronomy - the scientific study of the universe
• Scientists who study the universe are called astronomers.
• Astronomers have been able to learn more about the origin of Earth and the processes involved in the formation of our solar system.
![Page 3: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Why Astronomy?
• Studies of how stars shine may one day lead to improved or new energy sources on Earth.
• Astronomers may also learn how to protect us from potential catastrophes, such as collisions between asteroids and Earth.
• Astronomical research is supported by federal agencies:
– National Science Foundation
– NASA
![Page 4: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Organization of the Universe
The solar system includes the sun, Earth, the other planets, & many smaller objects such as asteroids & comets.
• The solar system is part of a galaxy.
Galaxy - collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
• The galaxy in which the solar system resides is called the Milky Way galaxy.
![Page 5: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Measurement in the Universe
Astronomical unit - the average distance between the Earth and the sun; approximately 150 million kilometers (AU)
• Astronomers also use the speed of light to measure distance.
• Light travels at 300,000 km/s.
• In one year, light travels 9.46 x 1012 km. This distance is known as a light-year.
• Aside from the sun, the closest star to Earth is 4.22 light-years away.
![Page 6: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum - all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
• Light, radio waves, and X rays are all examples of electromagnetic radiation.
• The radiation is composed of traveling waves of electric and magnetic fields that have fixed wavelengths and therefore fixed frequencies.
![Page 7: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
• The human eye can see only radiation of wavelengths in the visible light range of the spectrum.
• The shortest visible wavelength of light are blue & violet
• The longest visible wavelength of light are orange & red.
• Anything shorter than blue & violet cannot be seen by humans.
• Invisible wavelengths include:
– infrared waves
– Microwaves
– radio waves
– X rays & gamma rays
![Page 8: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
![Page 9: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Telescopes• In 1609, an Italian scientist, Galileo, built a device that used
two lenses to make distant objects appear closer and turned it toward the sky.
Telescope - instrument that collects electromagnetic radiation from the sky & concentrates it for better observation
• Telescopes that collect only visible light are called optical telescopes.
• The two types of optical telescopes :
– refracting telescopes
– reflecting telescopes.
![Page 10: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Refracting Telescopes
Refracting telescope - telescope that uses a set of lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects
• The bending of light is called refraction.
• Refracting telescopes have an objective lens that bends light & focuses the light to be magnified by an eyepiece.
• Problems with refracting telescopes:1. The lens focuses different colors of light at different distances
causing the image to distort2. it is difficult to make very large lenses of the required strength
& clarity
![Page 11: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Reflecting Telescopes
Reflecting telescopes – a telescope that uses a curved mirror to gather and focus light from distant objects
• Light enters a reflecting telescope, is reflected by a large curved mirror to a second mirror. The second mirror reflects the light to the eyepiece, where the image is magnified & focused.
• Unlike refracting telescopes, mirrors in reflecting telescopes can be made very large without affecting the quality of the image.
![Page 12: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Telescopes
The diagram below shows refracting and reflecting telescopes.
![Page 13: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Telescopes for Invisible Electromagnetic Radiation• Scientists have developed telescopes that detect
invisible radiation.
• Problem :
– Earth’s atmosphere acts as a shield against many forms of electromagnetic radiation
• Ground-based telescopes work best at high elevations, where the air is thin and dry.
![Page 14: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Space-Based Astronomy
• Spacecrafts that contain telescopes & other instruments have been launched to investigate planets, stars, and other distant objects
• In space, Earth’s atmosphere cannot interfere with the detection of electromagnetic radiation.
![Page 15: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Space Telescopes
• The Hubble Space Telescope collects electromagnetic radiation from objects in space.
• The Chandra X-ray Observatory makes remarkably clear images using X rays from objects in space, such as remnants of exploded stars.
• The Swift spacecraft detects gamma rays and X rays from explosions and collisions of objects such as black holes.
• The James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled to be launched in 2013 to detect near- and mid-range infrared radiation from objects in space.
![Page 16: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Spacecraft• Since the early 1960s, spacecraft have been sent out of
Earth’s orbit to study other planets.
• The space probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 investigated Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune.
• The Galileo spacecraft orbited Jupiter and its moons from 1995 to 2003.
• The twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars in January 2004. They confirmed that water had once been present on Mars.
• In 2008, the Phoenix lander found ice on Mars.
![Page 17: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Human Space Exploration
• Spacecraft that carry only instruments & computers are described as robotic &can travel beyond the solar system.
• The first humans went into space in the 1960’s.
• Between 1969 and 1972, NASA landed 12 people on the moon.
• The loss of two space shuttles and their crews, the Challenger in 1986 and the Columbia in 2003, have focused public attention on the risks of human space exploration.
![Page 18: Studying Space Section 1 Key Ideas Describe characteristics of the universe in terms of time, distance, and organization. Identify the visible and nonvisible](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649efc5503460f94c0ed6d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Studying Space Section 1
Spinoffs of the Space Program
• Satellites in orbit provide information about weather all over Earth.
• Other satellites broadcast television signals from around the world or allow people to navigate cars and airplanes.
• Inventing ways to make objects smaller and lighter so that they can go into space has also led to improved electronics.