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Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li
Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
Hw
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`majMl`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ajb Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk
GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW C@GRRAKLJK
C`grrakljk*
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Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li
Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
Hac`enlx li Scgejce R`esgs _EEE]
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`maj
Ml`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ajb Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk
GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW C@GRRAKLJK
C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411. Xetlxr jl*8411*11
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Xetlxr jl*8411*11
Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li
Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`majMl`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ajb Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk
GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW C@GRRAKLJK
C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411
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Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`maj
Ml`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
mb* megvajux xa`maj
mb* fujaeb rasjgm xa`maj
ml`ammab sa`eb `lssagj h`uwagj
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
152,A Clnneke xlab. C`grrakljk-2843
Hajknabes`
Renet`lje / 004-985834. 914405. 914340. 930959-; Epr* 15;
Clyex6 Tgevlenecrxgcgrw
_GGUC EEE Xetxlsexygce]
C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411
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R`e R`esgs Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr Suhmgrrebhw Ml`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj. Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj ) Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm
Xa`maj. Marxgc jl* ER-4;1437. ER-4;145; ) ER-4;1493 xestecrgyenw Sessglj6 844;-8414. rlr`e betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk. Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw
C`grrakljk. `as heej accetreb as sargsiacrlxw ilx r`e taxrgan iunignnmejr li r`e xequgxemejrs ilx
r`e bekxee li Hac`enlx li Scgejce gj Ejkgjeexgjk (Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk' ajbattxlyeb as rl grs srwne ajb cljrejrs ilx r`e epamgjarglj `enb lj Fuje 19. 8411*
Attxlyeb hw6
Ejkx* Ml`ammab Amgj
@eab (Gj-C`axke'Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (C`agxmaj'
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Ml`ammab Xavaun Oaxgm
NecruxexIacunrw li Enecrxgcan ) Clmturex Ejkgjeexgjk (Sutexygslx'Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Ejkx* Wasgx Axaiar
NecruxexBetaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Ejkx* Mb* Araux Xa`maj
Necruxex
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Ejkx* S* M* Rasngm Xeva
NecruxexBetaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Ejkx* Mb* S`a`gb Unna`
Necruxex
Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'
Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk
Bx* Mb* Xevaun @uque O`ajTxliesslxBetaxrmejr li Attngeb T`wsgcs. Enecrxljgc )Clmmujgcarglj Ejkgjeexgjk (Eprexjan'
C`grrakljk Ujgyexsgrw
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BECNAXARGLJ
R`gs gs rl cexrgiw r`ar r`e {lxo txesejreb `exe gs r`e lurclme li lux gjyesrgkarglj caxxgeb lur hw
us ujbex r`e sutexygsglj li Ml`ammab Xavaun Oaxgm. Necruxex. Iacunrw li Enecrxgcan )Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk. GGUC* R`gs suhmgrreb xetlxr lx ajw taxr li gr gs jlr txesejreb ajw{`exe
ilx r`e a{axb li ajw bekxee*
Clujrex sgkjeb
Ml`ammab Xavaun Oaxgm
NecruxexIacunrw li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk
GGUC
Sgkjaruxe li Srubejrs
Ml`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
Marxgc jl6 ER4;1437
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Marxgc jl6 ER4;145;
Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`maj
Marxgc jl6 ER4;1493
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g
Acojl{nebkemejr
Igxsr li ann. {e eptxess lux ejbness r`ajo rl anmgk`rw Anna` ilx `gs kxear hnessgjks ejahngjk us rl
igjgs` r`gs r`esgs*
[e ansl {ajr rl raoe r`e lttlxrujgrw rl eptxess lux beet kxargrube rl lux sutexygslx Mx* MbXavaun Oaxgm NECRUXEX. BETR* LI EEE GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW
C@GRRAKLJK. Hajknabes`. ilx `gs cljrgjulus suttlxr ajb kugbajce rl clmtnere r`gs r`esgs*@e `enteb us a nlr hw txlygbgjk jecessaxw gjilxmarglj xenargjk ahlur r`e txlfecr* [gr`lur `gs
kejexlus suttlxr. taxrgcgtarglj ajb ejcluxakemejr. r`gs r`esgs {lunb jlr `aye heej a success*
[e {ajr rl s`l{ lux stecgan r`ajos rl lux ep eab Mb* Xgiar S`a`xgax ajb Mb* Wasgx Axaiar ajblux necruxex Mb* Araux Xa`maj ilx r`egx ejlxmlus `ent ajb suttlxr*
[e {gs` rl eptxess lux kxareiunjess rl ann r`e reac`exs li r`e betaxrmejrs ilx sl majw `ents ajbsuttlxrs*
[e axe eprxemenw kxareiun rl lux taxejrs. iamgnw memhex ajb ixgejbs ilx r`egx suttlxr. cljsrajrnlye ajb sacxgigce*
Igjannw. {e hek taxblj ilx lux ujgjrejrgljan exxlxs ajb lmgssglj gi ajw*
Aur`lxs
Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj
Mb* FujaebRasjgmXa`maj
Ml`ammab Sa`eb @lssagj H`uwagj
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gg
Ahsrxacr
R`e r`esgs tatex txesejrs a je{ gbea li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk {`gc` gs a txlcess li
catruxgjk amhgejr {asre ejexkw ajb cljyexrgjk gr gjrl usahne enecrxgcgrw. `as heej arrxacrgjk mlxeajb mlxe xeseaxc`exs gjrexesr hecause li r`e ngmgrargljs li rxabgrgljan tl{ex sluxces* R`gs tatex
txesejrs r`e tgevlenecrxgc marexgans txltexrges. tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk rec`jgque. r`e
clmtaxgslj her{eej bgiiexejr ejexkw `axyesrgjk swsrem {gr` tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk. r`e
urgngvarglj li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk as jepr kejexarglj ejexkw sluxce. r`e cljbgrglj li ejexkw
secrlx gj Hajknabes` ajb r`e tlssghgngrw li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk swsrem gj Hajknabes`*
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ggg
Rahne li Cljrejr
Acojl{nebkemejrg
Ahsrxacr************gg
Ngsr li Igkuxes*yg
Ngsr li Rahnes*ygg
C`atrex 1
Gjrxlbucrlxw Cljcetr
1*1Hacokxlujb**********************41
1*8Scayejke ahne Ejexkw **48
1*8*1 [gjb tl{ex**48
1*8*8 @wbxl tl{ex*43
1*8*3 Slnax ejexkw**43
1*8*2 Hglmass*43
1*8*5 Hgliuen***43
1*8*9 Kelr`exman ejexkw ***42
1*8*; Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw 45
1*3 Clmtaxgslj li Ejexkw Scayejkgjk Rec`jlnlkges **45
1*3*1 Summaxw li Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces**45
1*3*8 Cljcnusgljs Xekaxbgjk Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces*49
1*2 Lyexyge{ li Yghxarglj-rl-Enecrxgcgrw Cljyexsglj Xeseaxc`****4;
C`atrex 8
Tgevlenecrxgcgrw
8*1Gjrxlbucrglj*14
8*8 T`wsgcs li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw***14
8*3 Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr******11
8*2 Apgs Jlmejcnaruxe**138*5 Clutngjk***12
8*9 Tlngjk***12
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gy
C`atrex 3
Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans
3*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**193*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans*19
3*3 Cxwsranngje Marexgans1;
3*2 Tgevlenecrxgc Cexamgcs*10
3*5 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Clmtaxgslj**10
3*9 Remtexaruxe eiiecr lj TVR marexgan txltexrges***17
3*; Txeyglus [lxo*88
C`atrex 2
Mlbengjk
2*1Gjrxlbucrglj*85
2*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Mlben**8;
2*3 Hasgc Cgxcugrxw Mlben*34
2*2 Tl{ex cljyexsglj cgxcugr besgkj******38
C`atrex 5
Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Rec`jlnlkw
5*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**32
5*8 Mlben Xequgxemejr*32
5*3 Txlrlrwte Texilxmajce39
C`atrex 9
R`e Jepr Kejexarglj li Ejexkw Sluxce6 Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk
9*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**3;
9*8Ejexkw carasrxlt`e axlujb r`e [lxnb***3;
9*3 [`w Tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw @axyesrgjk**************************************************************************************28
9*2 Ejexkw `axyesrgjk axlujb r`e [lxnb***23
9*2*1 Tl{ex Kejexarglj Inllx gj Fataj**23
9*2*8 Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Swsrem gj Gsxaen**22
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yg
Ngsr li Igkuxes
Igkuxe16 Tl{ex bejsgrw yexsus ngiergme ilx harrexges. slnax cenns. ajb yghxarglj kejexarlxs**49
Igkuxe 86 Arlmgc bgsrlxrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgan11
Igkuxe 36 Mljl ys* Tlnw Cxwsrans**18
Igkuxe 26 Apgs jlmejcnaruxe*13
Igkuxe 56 Tlngjk txlcess6 (a' Heilxe tlngjk (h' Buxgjk tlngjk (c' airex tlngjk****12
Igkuxe 96 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Attngcargljs***1;
Igkuxe ;6 Gjrexacrglj her{eej r`e enecrxgcan. mec`ajgcan ajb r`exman txlcesses**84
Igkuxe 06 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajr***81
Igkuxe 76 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b3181
Igkuxe 146 Tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran useb ilx measuxemejr li ilxce ajb apgs jumhexgjk swsrem ilx r`e
cxwsran*85
Igkuxe 116 @axb TVR 5a marexgan***80
Igkuxe 186 @axb Marexgan Bgakxam ajb Nlabgjk? Ujgrs axe gj Gjc`es80
Igkuxe 136 Slir TVR Rwte 5a Marexgan***87
Igkuxe 126 Slir TVR Nlabgjk Bgakxam? Ujgrs axe gj Gjc`es**34
Igkuxe 156 Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan equgyanejr cgxcugr**31
Igkuxe 196 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li a TVR marexgan**31
Igkuxe 1;6 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li kejexarglj li enecrxgcgrw***38
Igkuxe 106 Txgjcgtne li tl{ex cljyexsglj**38
Igkuxe 176 Cgxcugr Bgakxam ilx r`e Taxr G***33
Igkuxe 846 ejexkw `axyesrgjk rgne***35
Igkuxe 816 Ejexkw `axyesreb inllx*****39
Igkuxe 886 [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare**30
Igkuxe 836 Txlfecreb {lxnb ejexkw bemajb gj Krle**37
Igkuxe 826 [lxnb ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces***37
Igkuxe 856 Amlujr li xesexye ejexkw ar cljsrajr cljsumtrglj****24
Igkuxe 896 Ejexkw cljsumtrglj gjcxemejr xare ajb grs gmtacr lj xesexye ejexkw21
Igkuxe 8;6 Attxlpgmare eptgxarglj rgme ilx accessghne jlj xeje{ahne ejexkw sluxces***21
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ygg
Ngsr li Rahnes
Rahne 16 Clmtaxgslj li ejexkw scayejkgjk ajb ejexkw srlxake mer`lbs*45
Rahne 86 Summaxw li cuxxejr TVR ejexkw `axyesrgjk beygces47
Rahne 36 Rec`jlnlkw clmtaxgslj23
Rahne 26 Cuxxejr ejexkw cljbgrglj li Hajknabes`*2;
Rahne 56 Ejexkw esrgmarglj****51
Rahne 96 Clsr esrgmare****58
Rahne ;6 Clsr li tl{ex kejexarglj usgjk yaxglus iuens gj Hajknabes`**53
Rahne 06 Tex ujgr clsr clmtaxgslj**52
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1Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 1
Gjrxlbucrlxw Cljcetr
1*1 Hacokxlujb
Tl{ex tnaws aj gmtlxrajr xlne {`areyex maj ngyes ajb {lxos* Tl{ex txlygbes lux `lmes {gr`
ngk`r ajb `ear* R`e ngygjk srajbaxb ajb txlstexgrw li a jarglj yaxw bgxecrnw {gr` gjcxease gj use li
tl{ex* As rec`jlnlkw abyajcgjk r`e cljsumtrglj li tl{ex gs sreabgnw xgsgjk* R`gs jecessgrares
r`ar gj abbgrglj rl r`e epgsrgjk sluxces li tl{ex s`lunb he seaxc` lur mlxe* R`e epgsrgjk sluxces
suc` as clan. {arex. terxlneum erc* axe jaruxan sluxces ajb axe gj ngmgreb amlujr* Sl r`gs maoesejexkw cxgsgs {`gc` arrxacreb r`e arrejrglj li r`e beyenltgjk ajb beyenlteb clujrxges rl eptnlxe
ajb igjb lur je{ meajs li ejexkw sluxces* Gj lux clujrxw ejexkw cxgsgs gs lje li r`e kxearesr
txlhnem gj lux {aw rl success* Jl{ a baw klyexjmejr gs rxwgjk rl seaxc` je{ ejexkw sluxces
ajb ejcluxakgjk teltne rl use xeje{ahne sluxces* Slnax ejexkw gs a useiun ejexkw sluxce {`gc`
gs txlmlreb hw lux klyexjmejr gj xecejr tasr* [e axe usgjk `wbxaungc ejexkw ixlm majw weaxs*
Hur ann r`gs xeje{ahne ejexkges `aye slme bxa{hacos r`ar axe {`w r`ese ejexkges axe jlr ahne rl
iunignn lux ejexkw xequgxemejr* Lux ejexkw secrlx gs magjnw betejbejr lj jaruxan xesluxces
magjnw kas. terxlneum ajb clan {`gc` axe jlr ejluk` gj amlujr* [e ann ojl{ ahlur r`e cxgsgs li
tl{ex gj Hajknabes`. {gr` r`e gjcxease li tltunarglj r`gs bgsease ejnaxkgjk ar aj anaxmgjk xare*
As eyexwhlbw ojl{s tltunarglj gs r`e magj huxbej li Hajknabes` hecause li gs {eanr`w amlujr.sl gi {e use r`gs `uke tltunarglj ilx ejexkw txlbucrglj gr {gnn he a xeylnurgljaxw gmtxlyemejr gj
lux clujrxw* Sl magj gjrejrglj li r`gs tatex gs rl xeseaxc` ahlur tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk
{`gc` uses tltunarglj bejsgrw txltexnw' acclxbgjk rl Hajknabes` tlgjr li yge{* R`gs rwte li
ejexkw `axyesrgjk `as heej useb hw bgiiexejr clujrxw axlujb r`e {lxnb* Gj r`gs tatex {e {gnn
srubw hxgeinw ahlur tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk ajb ajanwve grs txlstecr ajb accetrahgngrw gj
Hajknabes`* Tgevlenecrxgc marexgans TVR' axe ahne rl gjrexc`ajke her{eej enecrxgcan ejexkw ajb
mec`ajgcan srxagj lx ilxce* R`e ahgngrw li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans rl clyexr mec`ajgcan ejexkw gjrl
enecrxgcan ejexkw caj txlygbe a mebgum rl rxajsiex amhgejr mlrglj usuannw yghxarglj' gjrl
enecrxgcan ejexkw r`ar maw he srlxeb ajb urgngveb hw enecrxljgc beygces suc` as sejslxs ajb
{gxeness jlbes* R`e ejexkw bejsgrw ac`geyahne {gr` tgevlenecrxgc beygces gs tlrejrgannw kxearex
r`aj r`ar tlssghne {gr` enecrxlsrargc lx enecrxlmakjergc beygces*
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8Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
1*8 Scayejke ahne Ejexkw
Scayejke ahne ejexkw gs ejexkw {`gc` clmes ixlm jaruxan xesluxces suc` as sujngk`r. {gjb. xagj.
rgbes. ajb kelr`exman `ear. {`gc` axe xeje{ahne jaruxannw xetnejgs`eb'* Gj 8440. ahlur 17% li
knlhan igjan ejexkw cljsumtrglj came ixlm xeje{ahnes. {gr` 13% clmgjk ixlm rxabgrgljan
hglmass. {`gc` gs magjnw useb ilx `eargjk. ajb 3*8% ixlm `wbxlenecrxgcgrw* Je{ xeje{ahnes
smann `wbxl. mlbexj hglmass. {gjb. slnax. kelr`exman. ajb hgliuens' acclujreb ilx ajlr`ex
8*;% ajb axe kxl{gjk yexw xatgbnw* R`e s`axe li xeje{ahnes gj enecrxgcgrw kejexarglj gs axlujb
10%. {gr` 15% li knlhan enecrxgcgrw clmgjk ixlm `wbxlenecrxgcgrw ajb 3% ixlm je{ xeje{ahne*
Mlsr xeje{ahne ejexkw clmes egr`ex bgxecrnw lx gjbgxecrnw ixlm r`e suj* Sujngk`r. lx slnax
ejexkw. caj he useb bgxecrnw ilx `eargjk ajb ngk`rgjk `lmes ajb lr`ex hugnbgjks. ilx kejexargjk
enecrxgcgrw. ajb ilx `lr {arex `eargjk. slnax cllngjk. ajb a yaxgerw li clmmexcgan ajb gjbusrxgan
uses*
R`e suj+s `ear ansl bxgyes r`e {gjbs. {`lse ejexkw. gs catruxeb {gr` {gjb ruxhgjes* R`ej. r`e
{gjbs ajb r`e suj+s `ear cause {arex rl eyatlxare* [`ej r`gs {arex yatlx ruxjs gjrl xagj lx sjl{ajb inl{s bl{j`gnn gjrl xgyexs lx srxeams. grs ejexkw caj he catruxeb usgjk `wbxlenecrxgc tl{ex*
Anljk {gr` r`e xagj ajb sjl{. sujngk`r causes tnajrs rl kxl{* R`e lxkajgc marrex r`ar maoes ut
r`lse tnajrs gs ojl{j as hglmass* Hglmass caj he useb rl txlbuce enecrxgcgrw. rxajstlxrarglj
iuens. lx c`emgcans* R`e use li hglmass ilx ajw li r`ese tuxtlses gs canneb hglejexkw*
@wbxlkej ansl caj he ilujb gj majw lxkajgc clmtlujbs. as {enn as {arex* Gr+s r`e mlsr
ahujbajr enemejr lj r`e Eaxr`* Hur gr blesj+r lccux jaruxannw as a kas* Gr+s an{aws clmhgjeb {gr`
lr`ex enemejrs. suc` as {gr` lpwkej rl maoe {arex* Ljce setaxareb ixlm ajlr`ex enemejr.
`wbxlkej caj he huxjeb as a iuen lx cljyexreb gjrl enecrxgcgrw*
Jlr ann xeje{ahne ejexkw xesluxces clme ixlm r`e suj* Kelr`exman ejexkw rats r`e Eaxr`+s
gjrexjan `ear ilx a yaxgerw li uses. gjcnubgjk enecrxgc tl{ex txlbucrglj. ajb r`e `eargjk ajbcllngjk li hugnbgjks* Ajb r`e ejexkw li r`e lceaj+s rgbes clme ixlm r`e kxaygrargljan tunn li r`e
mllj ajb r`e suj utlj r`e Eaxr`*
Gj iacr. lceaj ejexkw clmes ixlm a jumhex li sluxces* Gj abbgrglj rl rgban ejexkw. r`exe+s r`e
ejexkw li r`e lceaj+s {ayes. {`gc` axe bxgyej hw hlr` r`e rgbes ajb r`e {gjbs* R`e suj ansl
{axms r`e suxiace li r`e lceaj mlxe r`aj r`e lceaj betr`s. cxeargjk a remtexaruxe bgiiexejce
r`ar caj he useb as aj ejexkw sluxce* Ann r`ese ilxms li lceaj ejexkw caj he useb rl txlbuce
enecrxgcgrw* Bgiiexejr xeje{ahne sluxces axe bescxgheb henl{ _;0]
1*8*1 [gjb tl{exAgxinl{s caj he useb rl xuj {gjb ruxhgjes* Mlbexj {gjb ruxhgjes xajke ixlm axlujb 944 o[ rl
5 M[ li xareb tl{ex. anr`luk` ruxhgjes {gr` xareb lurtur li 1*53 M[ `aye heclme r`e mlsr
clmmlj ilx clmmexcgan use? r`e tl{ex lurtur li a ruxhgje gs a iujcrglj li r`e cuhe li r`e {gjb
steeb. sl as {gjb steeb gjcxeases. tl{ex lurtur gjcxeases bxamargcannw* Axeas {`exe {gjbs axe
srxljkex ajb mlxe cljsrajr. suc` as liis`lxe ajb `gk` anrgrube sgres axe txeiexxeb nlcargljs ilx
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3Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
{gjb iaxms* Rwtgcan catacgrw iacrlxs axe 84-24%. {gr` yanues ar r`e uttex ejb li r`e xajke gj
taxrgcunaxnw iayluxahne sgres*Knlhannw. r`e nljk-rexm rec`jgcan tlrejrgan li {gjb ejexkw gs hengeyeb rl he igye rgmes rlran
cuxxejr knlhan ejexkw txlbucrglj. lx 24 rgmes cuxxejr enecrxgcgrw bemajb* R`gs clunb xequgxe {gjb
ruxhgjes rl he gjsranneb lyex naxke axeas. taxrgcunaxnw gj axeas li `gk`ex {gjb xesluxces* Liis`lxe
xesluxces eptexgejce meaj {gjb steebs li z74% kxearex r`aj r`ar li najb. sl liis`lxe xesluxcesclunb cljrxghure suhsrajrgannw mlxe ejexkw _;0]*
1*8*8 @wbxl tl{ex
Ejexkw gj {arex caj he `axjesseb ajb useb* Sgjce {arex gs ahlur 044 rgmes bejsex r`aj agx. eyej
a snl{ inl{gjk srxeam li {arex. lx mlbexare sea s{enn. caj wgenb cljsgbexahne amlujrs li ejexkw*
R`exe axe majw ilxms li {arex ejexkw6
@wbxlenecrxgc ejexkw gs a rexm usuannw xesexyeb ilx naxke-scane `wbxlenecrxgc bams* Epamtnes axe
r`e Kxajb Clunee Bam gj [as`gjkrlj Srare ajb r`e Aolslmhl Bam gj K`aja*
Mgcxl `wbxl swsrems axe `wbxlenecrxgc tl{ex gjsrannargljs r`ar rwtgcannw txlbuce ut rl 144 o[
li tl{ex* R`ew axe lirej useb gj {arex xgc` axeas as a xemlre-axea tl{ex suttnw XATS'* R`exe
axe majw li r`ese gjsrannargljs axlujb r`e {lxnb. gjcnubgjk seyexan bengyexgjk axlujb 54 o[ gj
r`e Slnlmlj Gsnajbs* Xuj-li-r`e-xgyex `wbxlenecrxgcgrw swsrems bexgye ogjergc ejexkw ixlm xgyexs
ajb lceajs {gr`lur usgjk a bam*
Lceaj ejexkw bescxghes ann r`e rec`jlnlkges rl `axjess ejexkw ixlm r`e lceaj ajb r`e sea* R`gs
gjcnubes maxgje cuxxejr tl{ex. lceaj r`exman ejexkw cljyexsglj. ajb rgban tl{ex _;0]*
1*8*3 Slnax ejexkw
Slnax ejexkw gs r`e ejexkw bexgyeb ixlm r`e suj r`xluk` r`e ilxm li slnax xabgarglj* Slnax
tl{exeb enecrxgcan kejexarglj xenges lj t`lrlylnragcs ajb `ear ejkgjes* A taxrgan ngsr li lr`exslnax attngcargljs gjcnubes stace `eargjk ajb cllngjk r`xluk` slnax axc`grecruxe. bawngk`rgjk.
slnax `lr {arex. slnax cllogjk. ajb `gk` remtexaruxe txlcess `ear ilx gjbusrxgan tuxtlses*
Slnax rec`jlnlkges axe hxlabnw c`axacrexgveb as egr`ex tassgye slnax lx acrgye slnax betejbgjk lj
r`e {aw r`ew catruxe. cljyexr ajb bgsrxghure slnax ejexkw* Acrgye slnax rec`jgques gjcnube r`e use
li t`lrlylnragc tajens ajb slnax r`exman clnnecrlxs rl `axjess r`e ejexkw* Tassgye slnax
rec`jgques gjcnube lxgejrgjk a hugnbgjk rl r`e Suj. senecrgjk marexgans {gr` iaylxahne r`exman
mass lx ngk`r bgstexsgjk txltexrges. ajb besgkjgjk staces r`ar jaruxannw cgxcunare agx _;0]*
1*8*2 Hglmass
Hglmass gs a xeje{ahne ejexkw sluxce hecause r`e ejexkw gr cljragjs clmes ixlm r`e suj*
R`xluk` r`e txlcess li t`lrlswjr`esgs. tnajrs catruxe r`e suj+s ejexkw* [`ej r`e tnajrs axe
huxjr. r`ew xenease r`e suj+s ejexkw r`ew cljragj* Gj r`gs {aw. hglmass iujcrgljs as a slxr li
jaruxan harrexw ilx srlxgjk slnax ejexkw* As nljk as hglmass gs txlbuceb susragjahnw. {gr` ljnw as
muc` useb as gs kxl{j. r`e harrexw {gnn nasr gjbeigjgrenw*
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2Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Gj kejexan r`exe axe r{l magj attxlac`es rl usgjk tnajrs ilx ejexkw txlbucrglj6 kxl{gjk tnajrs
stecgigcannw ilx ejexkw use. ajb usgjk r`e xesgbues ixlm tnajrs r`ar axe useb ilx lr`ex r`gjks* R`e
hesr attxlac`es yaxw ixlm xekglj rl xekglj acclxbgjk rl cngmare. slgns ajb kelkxat`w _;0]*
1*8*5 Hgliuen
Hgliuens gjcnube a {gbe xajke li iuens {`gc` axe bexgyeb ixlm hglmass* R`e rexm clyexs slngbhglmass. ngqugb iuens ajb yaxglus hglkases* Ngqugb hgliuens gjcnube hglancl`lns. suc` as
hgler`ajln. ajb lgns. suc` as hglbgesen* Kaselus hgliuens gjcnube hglkas. najbignn kas ajb
swjr`ergc kas*
Hgler`ajln gs aj ancl`ln mabe hw iexmejrgjk r`e sukax clmtljejrs li tnajr marexgans ajb gr gs
mabe mlsrnw ixlm sukax ajb sraxc` cxlts* [gr` abyajceb rec`jlnlkw hegjk beyenlteb. cennunlsgc
hglmass. suc` as rxees ajb kxasses. axe ansl useb as ieebsrlcos ilx er`ajln txlbucrglj* Er`ajln
caj he useb as a iuen ilx ye`gcnes gj grs tuxe ilxm. hur gr gs usuannw useb as a kaslngje abbgrgye rl
gjcxease lcraje ajb gmtxlye ye`gcne emgssgljs* Hgler`ajln gs {gbenw useb gj r`e USA ajb gj
Hxavgn*
Hglbgesen gs mabe ixlm yekerahne lgns. ajgman iars lx xecwcneb kxeases* Hglbgesen caj he useb as aiuen ilx ye`gcnes gj grs tuxe ilxm. hur gr gs usuannw useb as a bgesen abbgrgye rl xebuce neyens li
taxrgcunares. caxhlj mljlpgbe. ajb `wbxlcaxhljs ixlm bgesen-tl{exeb ye`gcnes* Hglbgesen gs
txlbuceb ixlm lgns lx iars usgjk rxajsesrexgigcarglj ajb gs r`e mlsr clmmlj hgliuen gj Euxlte*
Hgliuens txlygbeb 1*0% li r`e {lxnb+s rxajstlxr iuen gj 8440* Acclxbgjk rl r`e Gjrexjargljan
Ejexkw Akejcw. hgliuens `aye r`e tlrejrgan rl meer mlxe r`aj a quaxrex li {lxnb bemajb ilx
rxajstlxrarglj iuens hw 8454 _;0]*
1*8*9 Kelr`exman ejexkw
Kelr`exman ejexkw gs ejexkw lhragjeb hw rattgjk r`e `ear li r`e eaxr` grseni. hlr` ixlmognlmerexs beet gjrl r`e Eaxr`+s cxusr gj ylncajgcannw acrgye nlcargljs li r`e knlhe lx ixlm
s`annl{ betr`s. as gj kelr`exman `ear tumts gj mlsr nlcargljs li r`e tnajer* Gr gs eptejsgye rl
hugnb a tl{ex srarglj hur ltexargjk clsrs axe nl{ xesunrgjk gj nl{ ejexkw clsrs ilx sugrahne sgres*
Unrgmarenw. r`gs ejexkw bexgyes ixlm `ear gj r`e Eaxr`+s clxe*
R`xee rwtes li tl{ex tnajrs axe useb rl kejexare tl{ex ixlm kelr`exman ejexkw6 bxw sream.
inas`. ajb hgjaxw* Bxw sream tnajrs raoe sream lur li ixacruxes gj r`e kxlujb ajb use gr rl bgxecrnw
bxgye a ruxhgje r`ar stgjs a kejexarlx* Inas` tnajrs raoe `lr {arex. usuannw ar remtexaruxes lyex
844 C. lur li r`e kxlujb. ajb annl{s gr rl hlgn as gr xgses rl r`e suxiace r`ej setaxares r`e sream
t`ase gj sream,{arex setaxarlxs ajb r`ej xujs r`e sream r`xluk` a ruxhgje* Gj hgjaxw tnajrs. r`e
`lr {arex inl{s r`xluk` `ear epc`ajkexs. hlgngjk aj lxkajgc inugb r`ar stgjs r`e ruxhgje* R`ecljbejseb sream ajb xemagjgjk kelr`exman inugb ixlm ann r`xee rwtes li tnajrs axe gjfecreb haco
gjrl r`e `lr xlco rl tgco ut mlxe `ear*
R`e kelr`exman ejexkw ixlm r`e clxe li r`e Eaxr` gs cnlsex rl r`e suxiace gj slme axeas r`aj gj
lr`exs* [`exe `lr ujbexkxlujb sream lx {arex caj he ratteb ajb hxluk`r rl r`e suxiace gr maw
he useb rl kejexare enecrxgcgrw* Suc` kelr`exman tl{ex sluxces epgsr gj cexragj kelnlkgcannw
ujsrahne taxrs li r`e {lxnb suc` as C`gne. Gcenajb. Je{ Veanajb. Ujgreb Srares. r`e T`gngttgjes
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5Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
ajb Granw* R`e r{l mlsr txlmgjejr axeas ilx r`gs gj r`e Ujgreb Srares axe gj r`e Wennl{srlje
hasgj ajb gj jlxr`exj Cangilxjga* Gcenajb txlbuceb 1;4 M[ kelr`exman tl{exs ajb `eareb 09%
li ann `luses gj r`e weax 8444 r`xluk` kelr`exman ejexkw* Slme 0444 M[ li catacgrw gs
ltexargljan gj rlran*
R`exe gs ansl r`e tlrejrgan rl kejexare kelr`exman ejexkw ixlm `lr bxw xlcos* @lnes ar neasr 3 om
beet axe bxgnneb gjrl r`e eaxr`* Slme li r`ese `lnes tumt {arex gjrl r`e eaxr`. {`gne lr`ex `lnestumt `lr {arex lur* R`e `ear xesluxce cljsgsrs li `lr ujbexkxlujb xabglkejgc kxajgre xlcos.
{`gc` `ear ut {`ej r`exe gs ejluk` sebgmejr her{eej r`e xlco ajb r`e eaxr`s suxiace* Seyexan
clmtajges gj Ausrxanga axe eptnlxgjk r`gs rec`jlnlkw _;0]*
1*8*; Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw
R`gs rwte li ejexkw gs cljyexreb ixlm mec`ajgcan srxess* Gj r`gs swsrem li ejexkw scayejkgjk
mec`ajgcan ejexkw gs cljyexreb gjrl enecrxgc ejexkw* A hxlab ajanwsgs ajb bgscussglj li r`gs
rec`jlnlkw axe txlygbeb narex li r`gs r`esgs tatex*
1*3 Clmtaxgslj li Ejexkw Scayejkgjk Rec`jlnlkges
A hxlab suxyew li tlrejrgan ejexkw scayejkgjk mer`lbs `as heej ujbexraoej hw Fwlrg O Afgrsaxga
li Auhuxj Ujgyexsgrw* R`e xesunrs li r`gs suxyew axe s`l{j gj Rahne 1* R`e rahne ansl gjcnubes
harrexges ajb lr`ex ejexkw srlxake rec`jlnlkges ilx clmtaxgslj* R`e rahne cljragjs tuxe tl{ex
scayejkgjk sluxces ajb r`us r`e amlujr li tl{ex ayagnahne gs jlr a iujcrglj li r`e ngiergme li r`e
beygce* R`e yanues gj r`e rahne axe bexgyeb ixlm a clmhgjarglj li tuhngs`eb srubges. eptexgmejrs
texilxmeb hw r`e aur`lx. r`elxw. ajb gjilxmarglj r`ar gs clmmljnw ayagnahne gj bara s`eers ajb
reprhllos* R`e sluxce li gjilxmarglj ilx eac` rec`jgque gs kgyej gj r`e r`gxb clnumj* [`gne r`gs
clmtaxgslj gs hw jl meajs ep`ausrgye. gr bles txlygbe a hxlab cxlss secrglj li tlrejrgan mer`lbsrl scayejke ejexkw ajb ejexkw srlxake swsrems* Lr`ex tlrejrgan sluxces {exe ansl cljsgbexeb hur
beemeb rl he lursgbe li r`e attngcarglj stace ujbex cljsgbexarglj lx rl he ujaccetrahne ilx slme
lr`ex xeaslj* A hxgei eptnajarglj ajb eyanuarglj li eac` sluxce ngsreb gj Rahne 1 ilnnl{s*
Rahne16 Clmtaxgslj li ejexkw scayejkgjk ajb ejexkw srlxake mer`lbs* _1]
Tl{ex Sluxces Tl{ex bejsgrw Sluxce li gjilxmarglj
Slnax slnax tajen' 17 rl 59 [,m Clmmljnw ayagnahne
Yghxargljs 844 [,cm3 XlujbwRemtexaruxe kxabgejr 315 [,cm3 ixlm 5C R`exmlngie
Harrexges jlj xec`axkeahne' 25 [,cm3 Clmmljnw ayagnahne
Harrexges xec`axkeahne' ; [,cm3 Clmmljnw ayagnahne
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9Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
1*3*1 Summaxw li Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces
Haseb lj r`gs suxyew. gr {as becgbeb r`ar slnax ejexkw ajb yghxargljs liiexeb r`e mlsr arrxacrgye
ejexkw scayejkgjk slnurgljs* R`e quesrglj r`ar musr r`ej he asoeb gs6 gs gr txeiexahne rl use a
`gk` ejexkw bejsgrw harrexw r`ar {lunb nasr r`e ngiergme li r`e beygce. lx rl gmtnemejr aj ejexkw
scayejkgjk slnurglj 84 @v
Equgyanejr
cgxcugr mlben
Ng er* an*MEMS
enecrxlmakjergc24 {arr 84 @v. 844 m J,X
Iexxaxg er* an* TVR cajrgneyex 4*85 {arr 21 @v. 7 m,s8 J,A
S`u er* an* TVR cajrgneyex J,X J,XCljyexsglj
eiigcgejcw
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14Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 8
Tgevlenecrxgcgrw
8*1 Gjrxlbucrglj
Cuxglsgrw ahlur r`e tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr bares haco r`lusajbs li weaxs* Gr {as igxsr jlrgceb gj
xlcos {`gc` {lunb xeten lr`ex xlcos {`ej r`ew {exe `eareb* R`ese xlcos. {`gc` {exe acruannw
Rluxmangje cxwsrans. eyejruannw ilujb r`egx {aw gjrl Euxlte* Ljce r`e cxwsrans axxgyeb gj
Euxlte. r`ew {exe scxurgjgveb hw r`e scgejrgsrs li r`e baw* Gj r`e mgb 1;44s. r`gs eiiecr {as
kgyej r`e jame li Twxlenecrxgcgrw. {`gc` meajs enecrxgcgrw hw `ear _35]* Iuxr`ex epamgjarglj li
r`e Twxlenecrxgc cxwsrans neb rl r`e bgsclyexw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw* Tgexxe ajb Facques Cuxge {exe
r`e igxsr rl bgsclyex r`e bgxecr tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* R`gs rgrne meajs r`e clxxenarglj her{eej gjtur
mec`ajgcan ilxce ajb lurtur enecrxgcan ejexkw* R`ew igxsr tuhngs`eb r`egx xeseaxc` xesunrs lj
Aukusr 8. 1004 _39]* R`e cljyexse tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr. {`gc` meajs mec`ajgcan beilxmarglj hw
attngcarglj li aj enecrxgc igenb. {as txebgcreb gj 1001 _3;]* R`e igxsr attngcargljs li
tgevlenecrxgcgrw {exe gj r`e axea li sljax. {`exe quaxrv tnares {exe useb rl emgr `gk` ixequejcw
{ayes. lj r`e lxbex li 54 o@v* R`ese {ayes {lunb hlujce lii aj lhfecr ajb xeruxj rl a xecegyex.
gjbgcargjk rl r`e ltexarlx r`e txesejce li aj lhfecr henl{ r`e suxiace li a hlbw li {arex* Rlbaw.
maflx attngcargljs li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans axe gj sejslxs. {`exe r`egx ngjeax xestljse maoesr`em gbean ilx maogjk mec`ajgcan measuxemejrs* Jl{ a baws ajlr`ex xeylnurgljaxw use li
tgevlenecrxgcgrw as ejexkw `axyesrgjk tuxtlse {`gc` {gnn bgscusseb narex gj r`gs tatex*
8*8 T`wsgcs li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw
R`e tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr gs a txltexrw r`ar epgsrs gj majw marexgans* R`e jame gs mabe ut li r{l
taxrs? tgevl. {`gc` gs bexgyeb ixlm r`e Kxeeo {lxo ilx txessuxe. ajb enecrxgc ixlm enecrxgcgrw*
R`e xluk` rxajsnarglj gs. r`exeilxe. txessuxe - enecrxgc eiiecr* Gj a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan. r`e
attngcarglj li a ilxce lx srxess xesunrs gj r`e beyenltmejr li a c`axke gj r`e marexgan* R`gs gsojl{j as r`e bgxecr tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Cljyexsenw. r`e attngcarglj li a c`axke rl r`e same
marexgan {gnn xesunr gj a c`ajke gj mec`ajgcan bgmejsgljs lx srxagj* R`gs gs ojl{j as r`e gjbgxecr
tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Seyexan cexamgc marexgans `aye heej bescxgheb as ep`ghgrgjk a tgevlenecrxgc
eiiecr* R`ese gjcnube neab-vgxcljare-rgrajare TVR'. neab-rgrajare ThRgL8'. neab-vgxcljare
ThVxL3'. ajb haxgum-rgrajare HaRgL3'* [`ej a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan gs srxagjeb. gr tlnaxgves.
cxeargjk aj enecrxgc igenb* Igkuxe 8 s`l{s `l{ r`e tlnaxgvarglj li r`e marexgan lccuxs* As r`e
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11Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
marexgan gs clmtxesseb. r`e swmmerxw li r`e arlmgc srxucruxe gs bgsxutreb. xesunrgjk gj tlnes
lccuxxgjk gj arlms li r`e marexgan* R`ese tlnes neab rl r`e cxearglj li r`e enecrxgc igenb* R`e
cljyexse eiiecr {lxos gj muc` r`e same {aw* [`ej aj enecrxgc igenb gs attngeb acxlss r`e
marexgan. gr {gnn cause tlnaxgvarglj li r`e marexgan. {`gc` gj ruxj {gnn beilxm gr*
8*3 Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr
A tgevlenecrxgc suhsrajce gs lje r`ar txlbuces aj enecrxgc c`axke {`ej a mec`ajgcan srxess gs
attngeb r`e suhsrajce gs squeeveb lx srxerc`eb'* Cljyexsenw. a mec`ajgcan beilxmarglj r`e
suhsrajce s`xgjos lx eptajbs' gs txlbuceb {`ej aj enecrxgc igenb gs attngeb* R`gs eiiecr gs ilxmeb
gj cxwsrans r`ar `aye jl cejrex li swmmerxw* Rl eptnagj r`gs. {e `aye rl nllo ar r`e gjbgygbuan
mlnecunes r`ar maoe ut r`e cxwsran* Eac` mlnecune `as a tlnaxgvarglj. lje ejb gs mlxe jekargyenw
c`axkeb ajb r`e lr`ex ejb gs tlsgrgyenw c`axkeb. ajb gs canneb a bgtlne* R`gs gs a xesunr li r`e
arlms r`ar maoe ut r`e mlnecune ajb r`e {aw r`e mlnecunes axe s`ateb* R`e tlnax apgs gs aj
gmakgjaxw ngje r`ar xujs r`xluk` r`e cejrex li hlr` c`axkes lj r`e mlnecune* Gj a mljlcxwsran r`e
tlnax apes li ann li r`e bgtlnes nge gj lje bgxecrglj* R`e cxwsran gs sagb rl he swmmerxgcan hecause
gi wlu {exe rl cur r`e cxwsran ar ajw tlgjr. r`e xesunrajr tlnax apes li r`e r{l tgeces {lunb nge gjr`e same bgxecrglj as r`e lxgkgjan* Gj a tlnwcxwsran. r`exe axe bgiiexejr xekgljs {gr`gj r`e marexgan
r`ar `aye a bgiiexejr tlnax apgs* Gr gs aswmmerxgcan hecause r`exe gs jl tlgjr ar {`gc` r`e cxwsran
clunb he cur r`ar {lunb neaye r`e r{l xemagjgjk tgeces {gr` r`e same xesunrajr tlnax apgs
gnnusrxares r`gs cljcetr* R`e bgiiexejce her{eej r`e mljlcxwsran ajb tlnwcxwsran srxucruxe gs
gnnusrxareb gj Igkuxe 3*
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Igkuxe 86 Arlmgc bgsrlxrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgan _35]
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18Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Gr gs hesr rl sraxr {gr` aj ujbexsrajbgjk li clmmlj bgenecrxgc marexgans gj lxbex rl ujbexsrajb r`e
tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* R`e beigjgjk equargljs ilx `gk` texmgrrgygrw bgenecrxgcs axe6
r
r
r
C
xx
4
1'
Ajbr
AYCYQ
8'
[`exe.
C = catacgrajce
A = catacgrlx tnare axea
x = xenargye bgenecrxgc cljsrajr
l = bgenecrxgc cljsrajr li agx = 0*05 p 14-18 iaxabaws , merex
= bgenecrxgc cljsrajrY = ylnrake
r = r`gcojess lx tnare setaxarglj
Q = c`axke
Gj abbgrglj. {e caj beigje enecrxgc bgstnacemejr. B. as c`axke bejsgrw lx r`e xargl li c`axke rl r`e
axea li r`e catacgrlx6
r
Y
A
QB
3'
Ajb iuxr`ex beigje r`e enecrxgc igenb as6
r
Y
@ Lx @B 2'
R`ese equargljs axe rxue ilx ann gslrxltgc bgenecrxgcs* Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans axe gslrxltgc
gj r`e ujtlnaxgveb srare. hur r`ew heclme ajgslrxltgc gj r`e tlneb srare* Gj ajgslrxltgc marexgans.
hlr` r`e enecrxgc igenb ajb enecrxgc bgstnacemejr musr he xetxesejreb as yecrlxs {gr` r`xee
bgmejsgljs gj a ias`glj sgmgnax rl r`e mec`ajgcan ilxce yecrlx* R`gs gs a bgxecr xesunr li r`e
betejbejcw li r`e xargl li bgenecrxgc bgstnacemejr. B. rl enecrxgc igenb. @. utlj r`e lxgejrarglj li
Mljlcxwsran {gr` sgjkne tlnax apgs Tlnwcxwsran {gr` xajblm tlnax apgs
Igkuxe 36 Mljl ys* Tlnw Cxwsrans _30]
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13Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
r`e catacgrlx tnare rl r`e cxwsran lx tlneb cexamgc' apes* R`gs meajs r`ar r`e kejexan equarglj
ilx enecrxgc bgstnacemejr caj he {xgrrej as a srare yaxgahne equarglj6
fgfgEB 5'
R`e enecrxgc bgstnacemejr gs an{aws taxannen rl r`e enecrxgc igenb. r`us eac` enecrxgc bgstnacemejr
yecrlx. Bg. gs equan rl r`e sum li r`e igenb yecrlx. Ef. munrgtngeb hw grs clxxestljbgjk bgenecrxgc
cljsrajr. gf6
3138181111 EEEB
3838881818 EEEB 9'
3338381313 EEEB
Ilxrujarenw. r`e maflxgrw li r`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajrs ilx tgevlenecrxgc cexamgcs as lttlseb rl
sgjkne cxwsran tgevlenecrxgc marexgans' axe vexl* R`e ljnw jlj-vexl rexms axe6
338811
8*2 Apgs Jlmejcnaruxe
R`e tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr. as srareb txeyglusnw. xenares mec`ajgcan eiiecrs rl enecrxgcan eiiecrs*
R`ese eiiecrs. as s`l{j ahlye. axe `gk`nw betejbejr utlj r`egx lxgejrarglj rl r`e tlneb apgs* Gr
gs. r`exeilxe. essejrgan rl magjragj a cljsrajr apgs jumhexgjk sc`eme* R`e apgs jlmejcnaruxe
ilnnl{eb gs s`l{j gj Igkuxe 2*
V3'
P1'
W8'
#
18
3
2
5
9
Apgs
PW
V
S`eax axlujb P
S`eax axlujb W
S`eax axlujb V
Igkuxe 26 Apgs jlmejcnaruxe _30]
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12Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
8*5 Clutngjk
Clutngjk gs a oew cljsrajr useb rl eyanuare r`e (quangrw( li aj enecrxl-mec`ajgcan marexgan* R`gs
cljsrajr xetxesejrs r`e eiigcgejcw li ejexkw cljyexsglj ixlm enecrxgcan rl mec`ajgcan lx
mec`ajgcan rl enecrxgcan*
=
;'
Lx
=
0'
Gj r`gs c`atrex. r`e xeyge{ li bgiiexejr ilxms li tgevlenecrxgc kejexarlxs cljigkuxarglj gs blje*
R`ew axe txesejreb `exe rl txlygbe a {lxogjk ilujbarglj ilx r`e mar`emargcan mlbengjk gj r`e
jepr c`atrex `gk`ngk`rgjk gmtlxrajr iearuxes r`ar bgsrgjkugs` eac` besgkj* [`gne r`exe axe majw
tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ixlm {`gc` rl c`llse ilx a tgevlenecrxgc kejexarlx. {e tnaj lj usgjk neab
vgxcljare rgrajare TVR'* Sl ixlm r`gs tlgjr lj{axbs. r`e {lxb TVR ajb tgevlenecrxgc maw he
useb gjrexc`ajkeahnw. anr`luk`. gr gs ujbexsrllb r`ar epcetr {`ej xeiexxgjk rl stecgigc TVR
marexgan cljsrajrs. lr`ex tgevlenecrxgc marexgans clunb he assumeb rl he useb*
8*9 Tlngjk
Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan. {`gc` gs jlj-cljbucrgye gj jaruxe. bles jlr `aye ixee enecrxljs. ajb
r`exeilxe enecrxljs cajjlr tass ixeenw r`xluk` r`e marexgan* Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan gs mabe ut li
cxwsrans r`ar `aye majw igpeb enecrxljs* R`ese igpeb enecrxljs caj mlye sngk`rnw as r`e cxwsrans
beilxm hw aj eprexjan ilxce* R`gs sngk`r mlyemejr li enecrxljs anrexs r`e equgnghxgum srarus gj
r`e abfacejr cljbucrgye marexgans ajb cxeares enecrxgc ilxce* R`gs ilxce {gnn tus` ajb tunn r`e
enecrxljs gj r`e enecrxlbes arrac`eb rl r`e tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran as s`l{j gj r`e Igkuxe 5*
Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans. as srareb eaxngex. axe jlr tgevlenecrxgc ujrgn r`e xajblm
iexxlenecrxgc blmagjs axe angkjeb* R`gs angkjmejr gs acclmtngs`eb r`xluk` a txlcess ojl{j as
(tlngjk(* Tlngjk cljsgsrs li gjbucgjk a B*C* ylnrake acxlss r`e marexgan* R`e iexxlenecrxgc
blmagjs angkj rl r`e gjbuceb igenb xesunrgjk gj a jer tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Gr s`lunb he jlreb r`ar
jlr ann r`e blmagjs heclme epacrnw angkjeb* Slme li r`e blmagjs ljnw taxrgannw angkj ajb slme
Igkuxe 56 Tlngjk txlcess6 a' Heilxe tlngjk h' Buxgjk tlngjk c' Airex tlngjk _35]
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7/23/2019 Study of Piezoelectricity, A New Source of Energy and Its Prospect
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15Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
bl jlr angkj ar ann* R`e jumhex li blmagjs r`ar angkj betejbs utlj r`e tlngjk ylnrake.
remtexaruxe. ajb r`e rgme r`e ylnrake gs `enb lj r`e marexgan* Buxgjk tlngjk r`e marexgan
texmajejrnw gjcxeases gj bgmejsglj her{eej r`e tlngjk enecrxlbes ajb becxeases gj bgmejsgljs
taxannen rl r`e enecrxlbes* R`e marexgan caj he betlnaxgveb hw xeyexsgjk r`e tlngjk ylnrake.
gjcxeasgjk r`e remtexaruxe hewljb r`e marexgans Cuxxge tlgjr. lx hw gjbucgjk a naxke mec`ajgcan
srxess*Ylnrake attngeb rl r`e enecrxlbes ar r`e same tlnaxgrw as r`e lxgkgjan tlngjk ylnrake xesunrs gj a
iuxr`ex gjcxease gj bgmejsglj her{eej r`e enecrxlbes ajb becxeases r`e bgmejsgljs taxannen rl r`e
enecrxlbes* Attnwgjk a ylnrake rl r`e enecrxlbes gj aj lttlsgre bgxecrglj becxeases r`e bgmejsglj
her{eej r`e enecrxlbes ajb gjcxeases r`e bgmejsgljs taxannen rl r`e enecrxlbes*
Attnwgjk a clmtxessgye ilxce gj r`e bgxecrglj li tlngjk textejbgcunax rl r`e tlngjk enecrxlbes'
lx a rejsgne ilxce taxannen rl r`e tlngjk bgxecrglj xesunrs gj a ylnrake kejexarglj lj r`e enecrxlbes
{`gc` `as r`e same tlnaxgrw as r`e lxgkgjan tlngjk ylnrake* A rejsgne ilxce attngeb textejbgcunax
rl r`e enecrxlbes lx a clmtxessgye ilxce attngeb taxannen rl r`e enecrxlbes xesunrs gj a ylnrake li
lttlsgre tlnaxgrw* Xemlygjk r`e tlngjk enecrxlbes ajb attnwgjk a igenb textejbgcunax rl r`e
tlngjk bgxecrglj lj a je{ ser li enecrxlbes {gnn xesunr gj mec`ajgcan s`eax* T`wsgcannw s`eaxgjkr`e cexamgc {gnn txlbuce a ylnrake lj r`e je{ enecrxlbes*
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19Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 3
Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans
3*1 Gjrxlbucrglj
R`gs c`atrex cljragjs bgiiexejr rwtes li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. cnassgigcarglj li tgevlenecrxgc
eiiecr. tgevlenecrxgc marexgan clmtaxgslj. tgevlenecrxgc marexgan txltexrges. remtexaruxe eiiecr lj
tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb slme `gsrlxw li txeyglus {lxo blje hw seyexan xeseaxc` kxluts* R`gs
c`atrex {gnn txlygbe enahlxare bescxgtrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb r`egx txltexrges ajb {gnn
`ent rl igjb lur txltex tgevlenecrxgc marexgan ilx ejexkw `axyesrgjk*
3*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans
R`exe axe r{l magj rwtes li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. cxwsranngje marexgans ajb cexamgc marexgans*
Cxwsranngje marexgans. suc` as quaxrv. lccux jaruxannw* R`ew {exe ilujb rl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc
txltexrges as nljk as 144 weaxs akl* Xecejr abyajcemejrs `aye wgenbeb maj-mabe marexgans r`ar
ansl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* R`ese marexgans `aye hekuj rl he useb gj majw
attngcargljs. ixlm sejslx attngcargljs rl tl{exgjk xemlre enecrxljgcs gj axeas {`exe lr`ex tl{ex
sluxces axe ujayagnahne* Aj epamtne li suc` aj attngcarglj gs r`e use li sejslxs lj hxgbkes* Ilxlnbex hxgbkes. mljgrlxgjk li mlbexj nlabs lj r`e hxgbke `as heclme aj gmtlxrajr axea li
xeseaxc`* Ilx epgsrgjk srxucruxes. `aygjk rl xerxligr r`e srxucruxe {gr` {gxgjk ilx a mljgrlxgjk
swsrem gs eptejsgye ajb rgme-cljsumgjk* Usgjk sejslxs tl{exeb hw tgevlenecrxgc marexgans.
{`gc` rxajsmgr r`egx bara usgjk a XI ngjo gj a huxsr ar texglbgc gjrexyans. r`e xean rgme nlab ajb
srxesses lj a hxgbke caj he berexmgjeb* R`gs catahgngrw ejahnes aj easw xerxligr. ajb gs a yexw
clsr-eiiecrgye {aw rl mljgrlx t`wsgcan srxucruxes* Igkuxe 9 s`l{s a clmtxe`ejsgye ngsr li kejexan
tgevlenecrxgc marexgan attngcargljs
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1;Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr
Tgevlenecrxgc mlrlxsTlsgrgljgjk beygcesGjo fer txgjrexsIgnrexsLscgnnarlxsIxequejcw srajbaxbs
Rgme srajbaxbs
AcruarlxsXesljajr sejslxs
measuxgjk t`wsgcan
measuxajbs r`xluk`
S`gir li xesljajr
Ixequejcw
Enecrxljgcs
Rgme ajb ixequejcw
cljrxln
Unrxasljgc
unrxasljgc {aye
kejexarlxs
Xesljajr
Huno aclusrgc
[ayes HA[
Suxiace aclusrgc
{ayes Sa{
Jlr xesljajrYlnrake Kejexarlxs
Staxo' Gkjgrlxs
Sejslxs
Measuxgjk
mec`ajgcan
measuxajbs
Ilxce
Rlxque
Srxagj Txessuxe
Accenexarglj
Aclusrgc emexsglj
Cljyexse EiiecrBgxecr Eiiecr
Igkuxe 96 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Attngcargljs _35]
3*3 Cxwsranngje MarexgansCxwsranngje marexgans {exe r`e igxsr marexgans gbejrgigeb rl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* R`ese
marexgans. taxrgcunaxnw quaxrv. axe ilujb jaruxannw. estecgannw gj axeas li r`e Slur` Tacgigc _35]*
Sgjce r`ese marexgans axe cxwsranngje. r`ew axe estecgannw sejsgrgye rl r`egx cur ajb lxgejrarglj. ajb
r`ew ep`ghgr bgiiexejr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges betejbgjk lj r`e cxwsran lxgejrarglj _35]*
Sgjce r`e abyejr li tgevlenecrxgc sejslxs. r`e bemajb ilx quaxrv cxwsrans `as lursrxgtteb r`e
jaruxan suttnw* R`exeilxe gr hecame jecessaxw rl beyenlt {aws rl axrgigcgannw cxeare r`e cxwsrans*
Mer`lbs {exe beyenlteb ajb majw Quaxrv tgevlenecrxgc marexgans rlbaw axe kxl{j axrgigcgannw gj
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10Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
aurlcnayes* Gr {as ilujb r`ar {gr` a txessuxe her{eej 1 ajb 8 ognl Haxs ajb ar a remtexaruxe li
her{eej 354 rl 254 LC. Quaxrv caj he kxl{j _35]*
R`exe axe. `l{eyex. txlhnems {gr` axrgigcgannw cxeargjk quaxrv* Lje suc` txlhnem gs r`e eiiecr li
r{gjjgjk* R`gs lccuxs {`ej Quaxrv li r{l bgiiexejr cxwsran lxgejrargljs gjrexkxl{r`* R{gjs caj
ansl ilxm ujbex nlabgjk. aiiecrgjk r`e tgevlenecrxgc cleiigcgejr* Gr gs hesr r`ar r`gs lccuxxejce he
aylgbeb ajb musr he cljsgbexeb {`ej besgkjgjk. lx besgkjgjk {gr`. tgevlenecrxgc marexgans _35]*
3*2 Tgevlenecrxgc Cexamgcs
Ajlr`ex clmmlj kxlut li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans lr`ex r`aj quaxrv gs a cexamgc marexgan {`gc`
`as heej beyenlteb mlxe xecejrnw* Tgevl-cexamgc marexgans axe maj-mabe. ajb clme gj majw
bgiiexejr rwtes* R`ese marexgans ep`ghgr `gk` clutngjk cleiigcgejrs. ajb axe yexw inepghne. sl r`ew
axe yexw sugreb rl cusrlm attngcargljs* Ajlr`ex abyajrake li cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gs
r`ar sgjce r`ew axe maj mabe. r`ew bl jlr suiiex ixlm r`e txlhnems {`gc` jaruxan marexgans `aye
xekaxbgjk scaxcgrw. ajb cxwsran lxgejrarglj `aygjk rl cur r`e cxwsran lj a cexragj kelmerxgc tnajeilx ltrgman lurtur'* R`e cexamgc marexgan srubgeb r`xluk` r`e cluxse li r`gs xeseaxc` gs neab-
vgrxljgre-rgrajare ThVxL3. ThRgL3'. clmmljnw xeiexxeb rl as TVR marexgan*
TVR Marexgans axe majuiacruxeb hw sgjrexgjk a igjenw kxlujb tl{ex mgpruxe* R`e tl{bex gs
usuannw mabe li iexxlenecrxgcs li r`e lpwkej-lcra`ebxan rwte. {`gc` axe igxsr s`ateb gjrl r`e
besgxeb s`ate _35]* Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgcs axe ilxmeb li a jumhex li iexxlenecrxgc kxagjs
cxwsranngres'. eac` cljragjgjk blmagjs gj {`gc` r`e enecrxgc bgtlnes axe angkjeb _35]* Rl txltexnw
bemljsrxare tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges. r`e marexgan musr he tlnaxgveb hw `eargjk r`e marexgan rl a
`gk` remtexaruxe ajb attnwgjk a srxljk enecrxgc igenb _35]*
R`e TVR marexgans caj he majuiacruxeb gjrl yaxglus suhrwtes* R`ese suhrwtes caj he cusrlm-
besgkjeb ilx bgiiexejr uses ajb ejygxljmejrs* R`e suhrwte marexgans axe cxeareb hw bltgjk. lxgjrxlbucgjk gmtuxgrges gjrl r`e marexgans* Hw cljrxlnngjk r`e amlujr ajb rwtes li gmtuxgrges
gjrxlbuceb. r`e t`wsgcan txltexrges li r`e marexgan. suc` as r`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajr. clutngjk
cleiigcgejr. ajb tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr. caj he mlbgigeb rl r`e besgkjexs jeebs* R`e suhrwtes axe
kgyej a srajbaxb besgkjarglj. suc` as TVR-5A* Ilx r`e xeseaxc` cljbucreb ar Ygnnajlya. r`e
marexgans epamgjeb {exe TVR-5A ajb TVR-0 _37]*
3*5 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Clmtaxgslj
Slme kejexan cljsgbexargljs ilx senecrgjk cxwsranngje lx cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx
cexragj attngcargljs axe txesejreb jepr* Cexamgc marexgans axe muc` c`eatex r`aj cxwsranngje
marexgans rl use* R`ew bl jlr `aye rl he kxl{j. jlx bl r`ew `aye rl he cur txltexnw* R`ew
majuiacruxeb hw seyexan clmtajges suc` as Jlngac ajb Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs amljksr lr`exs*
Jaruxan cxwsrans caj he xaxe. axrgigcgan cxwsrans axe bgiigcunr rl use ilx attngcargljs {`gc` `aye
stace xequgxemejrs. ajb igjbgjk r`e txltex lje ilx a stecgigc attngcarglj caj he bgiigcunr* Igjannw.
r`e cexamgc marexgans axe usuannw muc` mlxe sejsgrgye r`aj r`e cxwsranngje marexgans _35]*
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17Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`exe axe bxa{hacos rl r`e cexamgc marexgans* Ilx slme TVR marexgans. r`egx sejsgrgygrw caj
bekxabe lyex rgme. aj eiiecr canneb akgjk* Ilx attngcargljs {`exe cljsgsrejr ajb xetxlbucghne
measuxemejrs axe jecessaxw lyex a nljk texglb li rgme. suc` as sejslxs. r`gs gs a mlsr
ujbesgxahne rxagr*
R`e cexamgc marexgans usuannw ep`ghgr yexw `gk` remtexaruxe sejsgrgygrw. maogjk r`egx r`exman
ltexargjk xajke yexw ngmgreb* R`gs maoes r`ese marexgans ujsugrahne ilx mlxe eprxemeejygxljmejrs. estecgannw `gk` remtexaruxe ljes* Ar `gk` remtexaruxes r`e tgevlenecrxgc
txltexrges li r`ese marexgans suc` as r`e clutngjk cleiigcgejr ajb r`e tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr
c`ajke ajb rejb rl bekxabe as remtexaruxe gjcxeases* R`gs c`ajke heclmes clmtnere {`ej r`e
amhgejr remtexaruxe gjcxeases rl r`e Cuxge remtexaruxe li r`e marexgan* Ar r`gs tlgjr. r`e marexgan
{gnn nlse ann li grs tlnaxgvarglj. nlsgjk grs tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* Rwtgcan Cuxge remtexaruxes ilx
TVR marexgans axe lj r`e lxbex li 844C*
Igjannw. cexamgc marexgans as {enn as cexragj quaxrv marexgans axe twxlenecrxgc. sl {`ej hegjk
useb gj sejslxs. enecrxgc jlgse {gnn gjcxease as r`egx remtexaruxe gjcxeases* R`ese marexgans
ep`ghgr a nl{ex xesgsrgygrw r`aj r`e quaxrv marexgans. {`gc` caj he a tlrejrgan txlhnem ilx
besgkjexs* Gj sejslx attngcargljs. a `gk` xesgsrajce gs jeebeb gj attngcargljs {`exe r`emeasuxajb gs quasgsrargc rl ejsuxe a xengahne lurtur. maogjk tgevl-cexamgc marexgans ujsugrahne
ilx cexragj attngcargljs*
3*9 Remtexaruxe eiiecr lj TVR marexgan txltexrges
Sgjce tgevlenecrxgcgrw cljsrgrures xenarglj her{eej enecrxgcan ajb mec`ajgcan txlcesses. ajb r`e
xenareb t`ejlmejlj twxlenecrxgcgrw gs bue rl r`exman-enecrxgcan clutngjk. r`e kejexan ser li
enecrxgcan. mec`ajgcan ajb r`exman txlcesses betgcreb gj Igkuxe ;* R`e gjrejsgye yaxgahnes
enecrxgc igenb E. srxess . ajb remtexaruxe R axe xetxesejreb ar yexrgces li r`e lurex rxgajkne{`exeas r`e clxxestljbgjk cljfukare eprejsgye yaxgahnes tlnaxgvarglj T. srxagj . ajb c`ajke gj
ejrxltw S axe xetxesejreb lj r`e gjjex rxgajkne*
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84Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`exe axe majw mer`lbs ilx ilxmunargjk jlj-ngjeax remtexaruxe betejbejr xenargljs ilx
iexxlenecrxgc clmtlujbs* Lje mer`lb gs rl assume r`e iujcrglj gs aj gjigjgre sexges gj r`e
gjbetejbejr yaxgahnes* Tlnwjlmgan ilxmunarglj caj he bescxgheb as t`ejlmejlnlkgcan gj jaruxe.
{`exe cljsrajrs axe c`lsej rl marc` lhsexyeb t`wsgcan he`ayglx* R`gs attxlac` {as useb gj
ilxmunarglj r`e remtexaruxe betejbejce txltexrges li r`e TVR marexgan* R`e eptexgmejran bara
_21] ilx bgenecrxgc cljsrajr ajb tgevlenecrxgc c`axke cleiigcgejr {exe tnlrreb gj Mgcxlslir epcen
slir{axe ajb a iluxr` lxbex cuxye igrrgjk {as blje rl ker r`e clxxenarglj her{eej r`e marexgan
txltexrges li r`e TVR ajb remtexaruxe*
R`e cljsrajrs kgyej gj r`e equarglj ahlye axe lhragjeb ixlm r`e eptexgmejran bara _21]. {`exe
r`e yaxgarglj li r`e xenargye bgenecrxgc cljsrajr. r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b31. ajb r`e
xesgsrgygrw li TVR-5@ marexgan axe txlygbeb as iujcrglj li remtexaruxe* R`e bara caj he
gjrextlnareb hw bgiiexejr iujcrgljs. {`gc` axe kxat`gcannw betgcreb gj Igkuxe 0. ajb Igkuxe 7*
Igkuxe ;6 Gjrexacrglj her{eej r`e enecrxgcan. mec`ajgcan ajb r`exman txlcesses _24]
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81Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Igkuxe 76 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b31 _28]
Igkuxe 06 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajr _28]
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88Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
[`ej remtexaruxe xgses. hlr` r`e bgenecrxgc ajb r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr li r`e
marexgan 5@ rejb rl sgkjgigcajrnw gjcxease* Gj abbgrglj. r`e Wlujks mlbunus li r`e TVR gs ojl{j
rl hegjk sngk`rnw betejbejr lj r`e c`ajke gj remtexaruxe* R`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajr amljk r`e
remtexaruxe betejbejr cljsrajrs ep`ghgrs r`e mlsr sgkjgigcajr eiiecr lj r`e enecrxgc gmtebajce li
TVR* Mlsr li r`e txeyglus {lxo gs cljcexjeb {gr` yexw naxke makjgrubes li remtexaruxe
yaxgargljs ar eprxemenw `gk` remtexaruxes* C`ajkes gj remtexaruxe `aye bgsrgjcr eiiecrs lj r`ebwjamgc txltexrges li srxucruxes. {`gc` gs betejbejr lj hlujbaxw cljbgrgljs. remtexaruxe
bgsrxghurglj ajb srxucruxe marexgans* @l{eyex. r`e epacr jaruxe li r`ese xenargljs`gts lj eiiecr lj
tl{ex kejexarglj `as jlr heej gjyesrgkareb hw ajw xeseaxc`ex as kar`exeb ixlm txeyglusnw
tuhngs`eb tatexs* R`e clxxenarglj ilx remtexaruxe betejbejce li bgenecrxgc cljsrajr ajb c`axke
cleiigcgejr caj he ilujb ixlm r`e bara tnlrreb gj Igkuxe 0 ajb Igkuxe 7*
3*; Txeyglus [lxo
A jumhex li xeseaxc` kxluts `aye epamgjeb tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. gj hlr` aj acabemgc sejseajb ansl gj epamgjgjk r`em ilx txacrgcan attngcargljs* R`e magj ilcus li hlr` xeseaxc` arremtrs
`as heej gj r`e sejslx ajb acruarglj axeas*
Slme {lxo `as ilcuseb lj cljsrxucrgjk tgevlcexamgcs* R`ese marexgans caj he cusrlm
besgkjeb ilx stecgigc attngcargljs. ajb a kxlut ixlm Fataj `eabeb hw W* @lsljl ilcuseb lj
beyenltgjk tgevlcexamgc marexgans {gr` `gk` Cuxge Remtexaruxes ajb `gk` tgevlenecrxgc
cljsrajrs* R`ew epamgjeb a je{ tgevlcexamgc marexgan. ThVx43-ixee xenaplx-neab rgrajare TR'.
ajb clmtaxeb gr rl r`e cnassgcan TVR marexgan* R`ew ilujb r`ar r`e je{ marexgan `ab a muc`
herrex enecrxl-mec`ajgcan clutngjk cleiigcgejr ajb a naxkex tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr* R`ese
marexgans `l{eyex `aye a yexw nl{ Cuxge remtexaruxe {`gc` musr he lyexclme ilx r`ese
marexgans rl heclme txacrgcan* R`e xeseaxc` ream gbejrgigeb a marexgan TGJMR' {`gc` s`l{eb a
`gk` enecrxl-mec`ajgcan clutngjk cleiigcgejr. tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr. ajb ansl a `gk` Cuxge
remtexaruxe _23]*
Exgc Txec`rn ixlm MGR epamgjeb r`e use li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx use gj `engcltrex
xlrlx hnabes as aj acruarlx* Inepgjk li r`e xlrlx gs acclmtngs`eb hw tnacgjk r`e acruarlx gj r`e
rxagngjk ebke li r`e `engcltrex xlrlx* Hw beinecrgjk r`e xlrlx hnabe. r`e tgrc` li r`e xlrlx caj he
abfusreb. {`gc` gs cxgrgcan rl r`e cljrxln li r`e `engcltrex* R`e beygce {as hugnr ajb resreb ar MGR.
ajb xesunrs s`l{eb r`ar gr {as tlssghne rl ac`geye a 5 bekxee xlrarglj ar 74 texcejr li r`e staj lj
aj ltexargljan `engcltrex _22]*
Ajlr`ex xeseaxc` kxlut ixlm r`e Jargljan Rag{aj Ujgyexsgrw ilcuseb r`egx xeseaxc` ljattnwgjk tgevlenecrxgc marexgans as a kejexarlx ilx xemlre sejslxs* Gj cexragj xekgljs. r`exe gs a
maflx jeeb rl mljgrlx r`e `eanr` li lnbex hxgbke srxucruxes* As r`ese srxucruxes ake. r`ew iargkue.
ajb nllse r`egx srxucruxan srxejkr`* R`gs gs iuxr`ex accenexareb hw mlbexj nlabs. suc` as `eayw
rxucos ajb caxs. hegjk tnaceb utlj r`e hxgbke* Cuxxejr hxgbke mljgrlxgjk gjylnyes majjeb
gjstecrgljs. {`gc` axe rgme cljsumgjk. ajb clsrnw. estecgannw lj hxgbkes gj xemlre axeas* R`egx
slnurglj rl r`e txlhnem {as rl `axyesr r`e yghxargljan ejexkw li r`e hxgbke grseni usgjk a
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83Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
tgevlenecrxgc marexgan* R`gs ejexkw {gnn tl{ex enecrxljgcs {`gc` measuxe r`e srxagj lj r`e
hxgbke. ajb {gnn ansl tl{ex a XI rxajsmgrrex rl xenaw r`e gjilxmarglj rl a xemlre xecegyex gj s`lxr
huxsrs* R`gs slnurglj {gnn txlygbe r`e jecessaxw bara rl mljgrlx r`e nlab lj r`e hxgbke. {gr`lur
r`e jeeb rl cljrgjulusnw sejb majjeb reams rl c`eco r`e hxgbke `eanr` _25]*
A xeseaxc` kxlut ixlm r`e Ujgyexsgrw li Hxescga gj Granw cljbucreb xeseaxc` lj usgjk
tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx tl{ex `axyesrgjk* Gj a tatex rgrneb Mlbengjk. iahxgcarglj ajbtexilxmajce measuxemejrs li a tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw cljyexrex ilx tl{ex `axyesrgjk gj
aurljlmlus Mgcxlswsrems. r`ew txesejreb r`egx igjbgjks* Usgjk TVR tgevl-cexamgc marexgans
mlujreb gj a cajrgneyex tlsgrglj. r`ew arremtreb rl use r`ese marexgans ilx xemlre sejslxs* R`ew
succeebeb gj beyenltgjk mlbens ilx r`ese beygces. ajb {exe ahne rl `axyesr rejr`s li a
mgcxl{arr. {`gc` {`ej srlxeb lyex rgme {as suiigcgejr rl tl{ex enecrxljgcs jeebeb ilx a XI
rxajsmgrrex _29]*
A kxlut ixlm Tejjswnyajga Srare Ujgyexsgrw. `eabeb hw Keiixew Lrrmaj cljbucreb
xeseaxc` lj `axyesrgjk ejexkw ixlm tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw ixlm tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb usgjk
BC rl BC cljyexrex rl texilxm tl{ex rxajsiex ltexargljs ajb srlxe r`e ejexkw `axyesreb* R{l li
r`e tatexs {exe rgrneb Abatrgye Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Cgxcugr ilx [gxeness XemlreTl{ex Suttnw ajb Ltrgmgveb Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Cgxcugr Usgjk Sret-Bl{j
Cljyexrex gj Bgscljrgjulus Cljbucrglj Mlbe. ajb {exe txesejreb gj r`e GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj
Tl{ex Enecrxljgcs _2;]_20]* Gj r`ese tatexs. r`e xeseaxc`exs useb TVR marexgans. a iunn hxgbke
xecrgigex ajb a BC rl BC cljyexrex rl `axyesr r`e ejexkw ixlm r`e TVR Marexgans* R`ew
cljcejrxareb lj nllogjk ar r`e burw cwcne li r`e cljyexrex yexsus teao tl{ex lurtur* R`ew
beyenlteb rec`jgques ilx berexmgjgjk ltrgman burw cwcne. ajb ilujb r`ar as r`e mec`ajgcan
epcgrarglj gjcxeases. r`e ltrgman burw cwcne heclmes cljsrajr _20]*
Ajlr`ex kxlut ixlm r`e Ujgyexsgrw li Jeyaba cljbucreb xeseaxc` gjrl usgjk tgevlenecrxgc
marexgans ilx ejexkw `axyesrgjk* R`gs xeseaxc` ilcuseb jlr lj r`e tgevlenecrxgc marexgan grseni. hur
lj `l{ r`e ejexkw gs `axyesreb ajb srlxeb* R`ew useb a xecrgigex. a srlxake catacgrlx. ajb tl{ex
cljyexsglj cgxcugrxw rl use r`e tgevlenecrxgc marexgan as a srahne enecrxgcan tl{ex sluxce* R`e
xeseaxc`exs iuxr`ex cljrgjue rl bgscuss cljsrxucrgjk a {gxeness sejslx jer{lxo {gr` tgevlenecrxgc
marexgans as a tlssghne tl{ex sluxce _27]*
A kxlut ixlm r`e Ujgyexsgrw li Mgssluxg Clnumhga `as blje eprejsgye xeseaxc` gjrl r`e
enecrxgcan mlbengjk li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. ajb clxxenargjk r`egx epcgrarglj rl r`egx mec`ajgcan
lurtur r`xluk` r`egx t`wsgcan txltexrges ajb r`e clmtxessgye ilxce r`ar r`ew axe suhfecreb rl* R`e
ream `as {xgrrej a sexges li tatexs beragngjk r`egx xeseaxc`. gj {`gc` r`ew igxsr beyenlteb
mlbengjk rec`jgques ilx r`e tgevlenecrxgc marexgans r`emsenyes. ajb r`ej useb r`lse rec`jgques
rl beyenlt yaxglus kejexarlxs ilx use*Gj a tatex rgrneb Enecrxgcan Tl{ex Kejexarglj C`axacrexgsrgcs li Tgevlenecrxgc Kejexarlx
ujbex Quasg-Srargc ajb Bwjamgc Srxess Cljbgrgljs. r`ew txesejreb r`egx xesunrs ilx r`egx mlben*
R`ew epamgjeb r`e marexgan. ajb mlbeneb gr as a mec`ajgcan xesljarlx clmtxgsgjk li a mass.
stxgjk ajb a bamtex* Usgjk r`e cljsexyarglj li ejexkw. r`ew cljcnubeb r`ar r`e rlran ejexkw li
r`e swsrem musr clmtxgse r`e enecrxgcan ajb mec`ajgcan ejexkges* Usgjk r`gs. r`ew mlbeneb r`e
enecrxgcan srxucruxe li r`e marexgan grseni as aj gbean ylnrake kejexarlx. a catacgrajce ajb r{l
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82Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
xesgsrajces* R`ew berexmgjeb mer`lbs rl cancunare r`e clmtljejr yanues. ajb ansl r`e gjrexjan
ylnrake kejexarglj haseb lj r`e clmtxessgye ilxce epexreb lj r`e marexgan ajb r`e marexgans
t`wsgcan txltexrges* R`ew yexgigeb r`e mlben usgjk resrgjk li epgsrgjk marexgans _54]*
Iuxr`ex xeseaxc` r`gs ream cljbucreb rllo r`e mlben r`ar r`ew cxeareb txeyglusnw ajb
eprejbeb gr rl r`e epamgjarglj li mapgmum tl{ex rxajsiex gj a tgevlenecrxgc tunse kejexarlx* Gj
tatexs rgrneb Mapgmum Tl{ex Kejexarglj gj a Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. EjexkwCljyexsglj ajb @gk` Tl{ex Tunse Txlbucrglj Usgjk Mgjgaruxe Tgevlenecrxgc Clmtxesslxs.
Besgkj. Mlbengjk. ajb Gmtnemejrarglj li a 34-o[ Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. Scangjk
Xenargljs`gts ajb Mapgmum Teao Tl{ex Kejexarglj gj a Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. r`e
xeseaxc` ream epamgjeb yaxglus mer`lbs li berexmgjgjk mapgmum tl{ex rxajsiex. ajb r`ej
bescxgheb slme tlssghne attngcargljs li r`e mer`lbs beyenlteb _51]_58]_53]_52]*
Rl mapgmgve r`e tl{ex kejexareb. r`e ream cljjecreb r`e marexgan rl a staxo kat ajb aj
gjbucrlx* Hw yaxwgjk r`e r`gcojess rl axea xargl RAX'. r`ew {exe ahne rl mapgmgve ejexkw
rxajsiex ixlm r`e marexgan* R`e xeseaxc`exs sluk`r rl ltrgmgve r`e txlbucr li ylnrake ajb cuxxejr*
R`ew ilujb r`ar r`e ylnrake li r`e marexgan gjcxeaseb ngjeaxnw {gr` xestecr rl r`e RAX. `l{eyex.
r`e cuxxejr c`ajkeb {gr` aj eptljejrgan rxejb {gr` xekaxb rl r`e RAX* R`us r`exe gs a cneaxnwbeigjeb mapgmum rl r`e bara. ajb ltrgman t`wsgcan bgmejsgljs ilx r`e marexgan* Usgjk r`gs
gjilxmarglj. r`e xeseaxc`exs cljrgjueb rl besgkj `gk` tl{ex tunse kejexarlxs* Lje suc`
kejexarlx besgkjeb wgenbeb a teao cuxxejr. teao tl{ex ajb tl{ex bejsgrw li 50*8 A. 80*2 o[.
ajb 51; o[,cm xestecrgyenw _52]*
Ilx r`e txesejr xeseaxc` txlfecr. r`e klan gs r`e mlbengjk ajb sgmunarglj li tgevlenecrxgc
beygces ilx aj ejexkw `axyesrex attngcarglj* R`gs txlfecr ejclmtasses r`e xeseaxc` txesejreb
`exe. hur eprejbs gr gj r`e use li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gj a mujgrljs ejygxljmejr c`axacrexgveb
hw a s`lxr ltexargljan ngie ajb yexw `gk` accenexargljs* Resrgjk je{ marexgans gj r`gs ejygxljmejr
caj he txl`ghgrgyenw eptejsgye. ajb r`exeilxe a nl{ clsr resrgjk rlln {as jeebeb* Gj abbgrglj. r`gs
txlfecr uses a mec`ajgcan mass-stxgjk xesljarlx rl srlxe ejexkw mec`ajgcannw. ajb r`gs catahgngrw
jeebeb rl ansl he mlbeneb*
R`gs txeyglus xeseaxc` {as useb as a srettgjk tlgjr rl hekgj r`e epamgjarglj li tgevlenecrxgc
marexgans gj r`gs je{ ejygxljmejr {gr` r`e tuxtlse li mlbengjk aj ejexkw `axyesrex*
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85Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 2
Mlbengjk
2*1 Gjrxlbucrglj
Clmmlj tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gjcnube Xlc`enne sanrs. ammljgum bg`wbxlkej t`lst`are.
ngr`gum sunt`are. bgtlrassgum raxraxare. tlrassgum bg`wbxlkej t`lst`are. quaxrv ajb cexamgcs A
ajb H* Epcetr ilx quaxrv ajb cexamgcs A ajb H. r`e xesr axe maj-mabe cxwsrans kxl{j ixlm
aquelus slnurgljs ujbex caxeiunnw cljrxlnneb cljbgrgljs* R`e cexamgc marexgans axe
tlnwcxwsranngje gj jaruxe* R`ew axe. hasgcannw. mabe li haxgum rgrajare* R`ew bl jlr `ayetgevlenecrxgc txltexrges gj lxgkgjan srare hur r`ese txltexrges axe txlbuceb hw stecgan tlnaxgvgjk
rxearmejr*
R`e marexgans r`ar ep`ghgr a sgkjgigcajr ajb useiun tgevl-enecrxgc eiiecr axe bgygbeb gjrl r{l
careklxges6 g' Jaruxe kxlut ajb gg' Swjr`ergc kxlut*
Quaxrv ajb Xlc`enne sanr henljk rl jaruxan kxlut {`gne marexgans ngoe ngr`gum sunt`are. er`wneje
bgamgje raxraxare henljk rl r`e swjr`ergc kxlut*
R`e tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr caj he mabe rl xestljb rl mec`ajgcan beilxmargljs li r`e marexgan gj
majw bgiiexejr mlbes* R`e mlbes caj he6 r`gcojess eptajsglj. rxajsyexse eptajsglj. r`gcojess
s`eax ajb iace s`eax* R`e mlbe li mlrglj aiiecreb betejbs lj r`e s`ate li r`e hlbw xenargye rl
Igkuxe 146 Tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran useb ilx measuxemejr li ilxce ajb apgs jumhexgjk swsrem
ilx r`e cxwsran _55]
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89Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
r`e cxwsran apgs ajb nlcarglj li r`e enecrxlbes* A tgevlenecrxgc enemejr useb ilx cljyexrgjk
mec`ajgcan mlrglj rl enecrxgcan sgkjans maw he r`luk`r as c`axke kejexarlx ajb a catacgrlx*
Mec`ajgcan beilxmarglj kejexares a c`axke ajb r`gs c`axke atteaxs as a ylnrake acxlss r`e
enecrxlbes* R`e ylnrake gs E=Q,C*
R`e tgevlenecrxgc aiiecr gs bgxecrglj sejsgrgye* A rejsgne ilxce txlbuces a ylnrake li lje tlnaxgrw
{`gne a clmtxessgye ilxce txlbuces a ylnrake li lttlsgre tlnaxgrw* A tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran gss`l{j gj Igkuxe 14*
R`e makjgrube ajb tlnaxgrw li r`e gjbuceb suxiace c`axkes axe txltlxrgljan rl r`e makjgrube ajb
bgxecrglj li r`e attngeb ilxce I* R`e tlnaxgrw li gjbuceb c`axkes betejbs utlj r`e bgxecrglj li
attngeb ilxce _55]*
C`axke Q=bI clunlmh 7'
[`exe b= c`axke sejsgrgygrw li r`e cxwsran? C,J
Ajb I= attngeb ilxce. J.
R`e ilxce I causes a c`ajke gj r`gcojess li r`e cxwsran*
rr
AE
I
je{rlj 14'
[`exe A= axea li cxwsran? 8m . r= r`gcojess li cxwsran? m.
E= Wlujks mlbune? J,8
m .
Wlujks mlbunus8,
,
1'*, mJ
rA
Ir
rrAI
Srxagj
SrxessE
11'
Axea A= {n
[`exe {={gbr` li cxwsran? m. ajb n= nejkr` li cxwsran? m*
Ixlm equarglj 7' ajb 14' {e `aye
C`axke ', rrbAeQ 18'
R`e c`axke ar r`e enecrxlbes kgyes xgse rl aj lurtur ylnrake lE *
Ylnrake lE = tCQ, 13'
[`exet
C = catacgrajce her{eej enecrxlbes? I*
Catacgrajce her{eej enecrxlbes tC = rAlx , 12'
Ixlm equarglj 7'. 13' ajb 12'
A
Ibr
rA
bI
C
QE
lxlxt
l
,
15'
Hur I,A= T =Txessuxe lx srxess gj 8,MJ *
rTb
Elx
l
krT 19'
lxbk , 1;'
[`exe k gs r`e ylnrake sejsgrgygrw li r`e cxwsran* R`gs gs cljsrajr ilx a kgyej cxwsran cur?
grs ujgrs axe Ym,J
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7/23/2019 Study of Piezoelectricity, A New Source of Energy and Its Prospect
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8;Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Jl{T
rE
rt
Ek ll
, 10'
Hurl
E ,r = enecrxgc igenb srxejkr`. Y,m. Ner =l
E ,r=enecrxgc igenb
=
=
17'
Jl{ lE ,r gs r`e enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw gj r`e cxwsran ajb T gs r`e txessuxe lx r`e attngeb srxess rl
r`e cxwsran* R`exeilxe. cxwsran ylnrake sejsgrgygrw. k. caj he beigjeb as r`e xargl li enecrxgc igenb
gjrejsgrw rl txessuxe* Jl{ lE ,r= gs r`e enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw gj r`e cxwsran ajb T gs r`e
txessuxe lx r`e srxess rl r`e cxwsran* R`exeilxe. cxwsran ylnrake sejsgrgygrw. k. caj he beigjeb as r`e
xargl li r`e enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw rl txessuxe* R`e ujgrs li k axe Ym,J*
Ixlm equarglj 1;'.
C`axke sejsgrgygrw kb lx C,J 84'
Gr `as heej srareb eaxngex r`ar r`e tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr gs bgxecrglj sejsgrgye* R`e magj
c`axacrexgsrgcs li tgevlenecrxgc mlrglj rl ylnrake rxajsbucexs caj he gnnusrxareb hw cljsgbexgjk
ljnw lje clmmlj mlbe li beilxmarglj g*e* r`gcojess eptajsglj s`l{j gj igkuxe ;* Yaxglus
bluhne-suhscxgtreb t`wsgcan cljsrajrs axe useb rl bescxghe jumexgcannw r`e t`ejlmeja
lccuxxgjk* R`e cljyejrglj gs r`ar igxsr suhscxgtr xeiexs rl r`e bgxecrglj li r`e enecrxgcan eiiecr ajb
r`e secljb rl r`ar li r`e mec`ajgcan eiiecr*
R`e r{l magj iamgnges li cljsrajrs g*e* r`eb cljsrajrs ajb k cljsrajrs axe cljsgbexeb* Ilx
haxgum rgrajare r`e clmmljnw useb cljsrajrs axe 33b ajb 33k
=
81'
Ylnrake lurtur rTkrA
IkEl 3333 88'
Gj lxbex rl xenare r`e attngeb ilxce rl r`e kejexareb c`axke. r`e cljsrajrs axe useb* Lje li r`e b
cljsrajrs caj he beigjeb as6
=
=
_55] 83'
2*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Mlben
R`e marexgans li Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs gjclxtlxareb _59] axe gj r`e ilxm li haxe marexgans. g*e*
r`e tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans r`emsenyes* R`ew axe gj seyexan yaxgerges. ajb seyexan marexgan
suhrwtes* R`ese yaxgerges gjcnubeb r`e slir marexgan. {`gc` gs nlabeb rxajsyexsenw. ajb ansl a
`axb marexgan. {`gc` gs nlabeb nljkgrubgjannw* Gj r`gs tatex TVR 5a gs useb*
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80Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`e marexgans axe ann cexamgc marexgans? cxeareb axrgigcgannw* R`ew axe gj r{l magj rwtes* ACG
majuiacruxes r`e acruan tgevlenecrxgc ighexs* [`ej r`ese ighexs axe suhfecreb rl mec`ajgcan
srxesses. r`ew kejexare enecrxgcgrw* R`e ighex marexgans axe r`ej emhebbeb gjrl cexamgc marxgces
r`ar annl{ r`em rl he cusrlm ilxmeb rl {`areyex kelmerxw gs jecessaxw*
R`e igxsr rwte. xeiexxeb rl as r`e `axb marexgan. gs a `axb tgece li marexgan {`gc` kejexares aj
enecrxgc igenb {`ej gr gs clmtxesseb* R`gs marexgan gs s`l{j gj igkuxe 11* Igkuxe 18 s`l{s arec`jgcan bxa{gjk li r`e marexgan. {gr` r`e t`wsgcan bgmejsgljs li r`e marexgan* R`e rexm `axb
bles jlr xeiex rl r`e tgevlenecrxgc rwte. Hur mexenw rl grs t`wsgcan c`axacrexgsrgcs*
Igkuxe 116 @axb TVR 5a marexgan _59]
Igkuxe 186 @axb Marexgan Bgakxam ajb Nlabgjk? Ujgrs axe gj Gjc`es _59]
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87Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`gs marexgan gs lje gj {`gc` r`e tgevlenecrxgc ighexs axe emhebbeb anljk r`e yexrgcan apgs li r`e
marexgan. as s`l{j gj igkuxe P as r`e V apgs* [`ej r`e marexgan gs clmtxesseb. r`e ighexs axe
ansl clmtxesseb yexrgcannw. causgjk aj enecrxgc igenb rl he kejexareb ar r`e ejbs li r`e ighexs. lx
r`e rlt ajb hlrrlm tnares li r`e marexgan*
R`e secljb marexgan gs xeiexxeb rl as r`e slir marexgan hecause li grs inepghgngrw* Igkuxe 13
s`l{s a t`lrlkxat` li r`e slir marexgan* Igkuxe 12 s`l{s a bgmejsgljeb rec`jgcan bxa{gjk li r`eslir marexgan* Akagj. r`e rexm slir marexgan bles jlr xeiex rl r`e tgevlenecrxgc rwte. hur grs
t`wsgcan c`axacrexgsrgcs*
Gj r`gs marexgan. r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxajbs axe lxgejreb anljk r`e nejkr` li r`e marexgan. sl r`ar
{`ej r`e marexgan gs hejr anljk grs w apgs. as s`l{j gj igkuxe 12. r`e srxajbs axe srxerc`eb. ajb
tnaceb ujbex rejsglj* R`gs acrglj causes aj enecrxgc igenb rl he kejexareb*
R`e slir marexgans clme gj r{l bgiiexejr yaxgerges. r`e xekunax marexgan. ajb a hg-mlxt` marexgan*
R`e hg-mlxt` marexgan gs lje gj {`gc` r{l li r`e xekunax slir resr marexgans axe tnaceb gj a
sajb{gc`. {gr` a `axb tgece li marexgan gj her{eej* R`e sajb{gc` marexgan gs ness r`aj *49 gjc`es
r`gco* Essejrgannw r`e beygce gs r{l slir marexgans cljjecreb gj taxannen* R`e mgbbne marexgan gs
muc` `axbex r`aj r`e xekunax resr marexgans. ajb sgjce r`e tgevlenecrxgc enemejrs axe hljbeb rl gr.a kxearex srxagj gs tnaceb utlj r`e marexgans ajb r`exeilxe `gk`ex lurtur ylnrake gs seej ixlm r`gs
beygce*
Igkuxe 136 Slir TVR Rwte 5a Marexgan _59]
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34Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
2*3 Hasgc Cgxcugrxw Mlben
Tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ep`ghgr enecrxgcan txltexrges. {`gc` caj he mlbeneb hw equgyanejr cgxcugrs
clmtxgsgjk catacgrgye ajb xesgsrgye enemejrs* R`ew `aye a beigjeb catacgrajce. xesgsrajce. ajb
gjbucrajce. ajb r`exeilxe ep`ghgr aj enecrxgcan xesljajce. {`exe r`e enecrxl-mec`ajgcan clutngjk
teaos* R`ese c`axacrexgsrgcs axe bgxecrnw xenareb rl r`e axea ajb r`e tgevlenecrxgc mlbunus e _5;]*
R`e equgyanejr cgxcugr enemejr equargljs ilx a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan ar enecrxlmec`ajgcan
xesljajce axe s`l{j gj equargljs 82'. 85' ajb 89' ilx r`e xesgsrajce. gjbucrajce ajb
catacgrajce. xestecrgyenw* Equarglj 8;' s`l{s r`e jaruxan catacgrajce li r`e marexgan* Igkuxe 15.
19 s`l{s r`e rlran equgyanejr cgxcugr ilx r`e marexgan ar xesljajce*
XmO
Ae
nX
882'
sNs
m OAe
nN
8
8
885'
sOcOcn
Ae
C ccm
18
89'
n
ACl
8;'
{`exe6 c = enasrgc cljsrajr? s = clmtngajce cleiigcgejr?
e = tgevlenecrxgc srxess cljsrajr? A = axea?
n = `egk`r li r`e marexgan? ts = suxiace mass bejsgrw? = ygsclsgrw
Igkuxe 126 Slir TVR Nlabgjk Bgakxam? Ujgrs axe gj Gjc`es _59]
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31Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Gj a tl{ex kejexarglj cgxcugr maflx clmtljejrs gjylnyeb {lunb he aj AC,BC xecrgigex. a ignrex
catacgrlx. ajb a BC-BC cljyexrex* R`e AC,BC xecrgigex cljyexrs r`e AC sgkjan ixlm r`e tgevl-
sluxce gjrl BC cuxxejr* R`e ignrex catacgrlx smllr`es enecrxgcan inl{ ajb r`e BC-BC cljyexrex gs
{`ar annl{ r`e harrexw rl srlxe r`e ejexkw* Mlsr li r`e tl{ex cljyexsglj clmes gjrl tnaw gj r`e
BC-BC cljyexrex* Ixlm r`e harrexw r`e BC tl{ex gs cljyexreb gjrl AC tl{ex hw usgjk ajgjyexrex* Igkuxe 1; s`l{s r`e hasgc cgxcugr bgakxam li tl{ex kejexarglj ixlm a TVR marexgan*
Igkuxe 156 Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan equgyanejr cgxcugr _50]
Igkuxe 196 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li a TVR marexgan _57]
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38Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
2*2 Tl{ex cljyexsglj cgxcugr besgkj
R`e TVR hejbex txlbuces aj anrexjargjk cuxxejr. {`lse amtngrube yaxges acclxbgjk rl r`e
amtngrube li r`e accenexarglj ajb r`e ixequejcw li yghxarglj* Lj r`e lr`ex `ajb. enecrxljgc nlabs
cljjecreb ar r`e lurtur xequgxe a BC ylnrake {gr` xenargyenw nl{ amtngrube* R`us. r{l srets li a
tl{ex cljyexsglj axe gjeygrahne* R`e AC,BC xecrgigex gj r`e igxsr srake Taxr G' cljyexrs r`e
yaxwgjk AC lurtur ylnrake bengyexeb hw r`e TVR hejbex gjrl a BC lurtur* R`e BC,BC cljyexrex
gj r`e secljb srake Taxr GG' sexyes as a sret-bl{j li r`e txgmaxw BC ylnrake rl a xequgxeb lurtur
ylnrake* R`e txgjcgtne li r`e tl{ex cljyexsglj gs betgcreb gj r`e Igkuxe 10*
A cgxcugr sc`eme ilx r`e taxr G gs s`l{j gj Igkuxe 10. {`gc` gs aj ujcljrxlnneb xecrgigex
cljsgsrgjk li bglbes gj a hxgbke cljigkuxarglj* Sgjce {e jeeb r`e mapgmum tl{ex ixlm TVR.
ujcljrxlnneb xecrgigex gs txeiexxeb gj r`gs besgkj* R`e makjgrube ajb ixequejcw li gjtur ylnrake
ilx r`e xecrgigex yaxges gj a {gbe xajke betejbejr utlj r`e accenexarglj gmtlseb rl r`e hejbex*
Igkuxe 106 Txgjcgtne li tl{ex cljyexsglj _94]
Igkuxe 1;6 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li kejexarglj li enecrxgcgrw _94]
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33Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`exeilxe. a BC,BC cljyexrex gs xequgxeb rl ker srahne BC lurtur* @l{eyex. r`e BC ylnrake
kejexannw gjcnubes ylnrake xgttnes r`ar inucruares a r{gce `gk`ex r`aj r`e ixequejcw li r`e AC
gjtur ylnrake* R`e xgttnes caj he iuxr`ex xebuceb {`ej a catacgrlx gs cljjecreb gj taxannen rl
nlabs* @l{eyex. r`e ylnrake ar catacgrlx caj epceeb a ngmgr kgyej hw gjtur ylnrake li r`e
ilnnl{gjk BC,BC cljyexrex* Ilxrujarenw. r`e BC,BC txesejrs a cljrgjulus nlab r`ar gs attngeb
rl r`e BC ylnrake* Clujrexmeasuxe {gnn he r`e use li aj abbgrgljan Vejex bglbe r`ar cnamtstlrejrgan lyex-ylnrake ar r`e gjtur li r`e BC,BC cljyexrex r`ar caj he kejexareb hw r`e TVR
hejbex*
Ujbex cljsgbexarglj li r`e ylnrake kejexarglj li r`e TVR hejbex. ajb r`e nlab txligne
xequgxemejr r`ar r`e lurtur ylnrake s`lunb he 3*3Y. r`e cljyexreb AC ylnrake s`lunb he sretteb
bl{j Huco' cljyexrex as r`e taxr GG xetxesejrs* Kejexannw. r`e xargl li r`e cljyexrgjk ylnrake
her{eej r`e gjtur ajb lurtur gs ness r`aj 3. sl r`e txltex senecrglj li r`e rltlnlkw s`lunb he
raoej gjrl acclujr ilx aj ltrgman besgkj li r`e cgxcugr* Gj abbgrglj. eiigcgejcw gs lje li gmtlxrajr
cxgrexga* Gi r`e eiigcgejcw gs nl{. r`e tl{ex caj he ljnw cljsumeb hw ltexargjk r`e BC,BC cgxcugr
ajb jl tl{ex caj he rxajsilxmeb rl r`e acruan nlab*
Lje tlssghne c`lgce ilx r`e BC,BC cljyexrex gs MAP924 majuiacruxeb hw Mapgm
Gjrekxareb Txlbucrs* Acclxbgjk rl r`e bara s`eer txlygbeb hw r`e majuiacruxex. r`e eiigcgejcw caj
xeac` ut rl 75% ujbex jl nlab cljbgrglj*
Igkuxe 176 Cgxcugr Bgakxam ilx r`e Taxr G _94]
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32Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 5
Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Rec`jlnlkw
5*1 Gjrxlbucrglj
A tgevlenecrxgc haseb ejexkw scayejkgjk inllx rgne r`ar `axyesrs ejexkw ixlm illr srxgoes gs r`e
magj lhfecrgye li r`gs r`esgs* Teltne {anogjk lj r`e inllx cljrgjulusnw. r`e rgne {gnn `axyesr r`e
ejexkw cxeareb hw r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxgts* Rxabgrgljan cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans axe yexw
hxgrrne. ajb `aye nl{ enecrxgcan ejexkw lurturs tex ujgr srxagj* Marexgans xeseaxc` ajb rec`jlnlkw
gmtxlyemejrs `aye c`ajkeb r`e texstecrgye ejrgxenw. ajb r`e attngcarglj li tgevlenecrxgc rl amunrgrube li je{ attngcargljs gs heclmgjk aj ac`geyahne tlssghgngrw gj ngk`r li r`ese
rec`jlnlkgcan hxeaor`xluk`s* Slme epamtnes gjcnube acrgye smaxr stlxrgjk kllbs. jepr
kejexarglj agxcxair. aurlmlhgnes. mlrlxcwcnes. {gxeness sejslxs. aclusrgcan equgtmejr. stlxrs
keax. gjbusrxgan equgtmejr. gjixasrxucruxe. attaxen ajb mlxe* A clmtajw hw r`e jame li
Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs ACG' gj Namhexrygnne. JF _91] gs a tgljeex gj r`gs rec`jlnlkw
hxeaor`xluk`* R`ew txlbuce a clmtlsgre marexgan {gr` aj anumgjum suhsrxare. ajb TVR
tgevlenecrxgc ighexs stuj gjrl r`e marexgan* A kxlut li Sreyejs Gjsrgrure li Rec`jlnlkw
acclmtajgeb {gr` ACG successiunnw gmtnemejreb r`e ejexkw `axyesrgjk swsrem*
5*8 Mlben Xequgxemejr
R`e txlrlrwte ilx r`gs txlfecr cljsgsreb li a inllx rgne mabe lur li Nepaj gj {`gc` ilux
tgevlenecrxgc srxgts {exe mlujreb gjsgbe usgjk aj abfusrahne anumgjum mlujrgjk hnlco.
enecrxgcan clmtljejrs {exe mlujreb rl r`e sgbe{ann li r`e inllx rgne. ajb aj acruarglj hax {as
mlujreb sl r`ar gr {as fusr ejluk` rl ingco r`e srxgts usgjk r`e acruarglj swsrem* R`e enecrxgcan
clmtljejrs cljsgsreb li ilux xecrgigexs cljjecreb rl r`e tlsgrgye ajb jekargye ejbs li r`e
tgevlenecrxgc srxgts* R`e lurturs li r`e xecrgigexs {exe cljjecreb gj taxannen rl txlygbe tl{ex rl
r`e ejexkw `axyesrgjk mlbune. {`gc` srlxes r`e ejexkw ixlm r`e teltne srettgjk lj r`e inllx rgne*
R`gs secrglj {gnn txlygbe beragneb besgkj ajb iujcrgljangrw stecgigcargljs li r`e magj clmtljejrs
li r`e txlfecr* R`e igxsr clmtljejr gs r`e lscgnnargjk tgevlenecrxgc srxgt* Rl gjcxease lurtur
ylnrake. 2 tgevlenecrxgc srxgts axe gjclxtlxareb gjrl r`e igjan txlrlrwte*
Resr xesunr s`l{s aj ayexake lurtur li 37 ylnrs ixlm a sgjkne srxgt {`ej beinecreb* R`e lurtur
ixlm eac` srxgt {as cljjecreb rlker`ex. tasseb r`xluk` gjbgygbuan xecrgigexs. ajb ejrexeb r`e
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35Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
ejexkw `axyesrgjk TCH gj sexges* Bue rl usgjk r`e ejexkw `axyesrgjk TCH. gmtebajce marc`gjk
{as jl nljkex a cljcexj*
R`e secljb clmtljejr gs r`e ejexkw `axyesrgjk cgxcugrxw* Acclxbgjk rl Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs
ejexkw `axyesrgjk TCH E@341' _98] beyenlteb hw ANB clunb `axyesr ejluk` ejexkw rl c`axke
a 1444uI catacgrlx gj ljnw a ie{ ingcos li r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxgt* Ilx gmtnemejrarglj. r`e
tlsgrgye ajb jekargye gjtur ixlm r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxgts {as cljjecreb rl r`e tlsgrgye ajbjekargye gjturs li r`e hxgbke xecrgigex. ajb r`ej rl r`e TCH* Igkuxe 84 s`l{s a tgevl ejexkw
`axyesrgjk rgne mlben*
Igkuxe 846 ejexkw `axyesrgjk rgne _93]
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39Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Igkuxe 81 s`l{s aj ejexkw `axyesreb rgne mlujreb lj a inllx ilx ejexkw scayejkgjk*
5*3 Txlrlrwte Texilxmajce
R`gs txlrlrwte {as ahne rl c`axke a 5*3 ylnr catacgrlx ixlm 3*1 ylnrs rl 5*8 ylnrs gj
attxlpgmarenw 84 srets lj r`e rgne* [`gne srettgjk lj r`e rgne. SGR kxlut {as ahne rl lhsexye aj
ayexake c`axke li 144mY tex sret* As eptnagjeb eaxngex. r`e `axyesrex c`axkes a catacgrlx ajb
{`ej r`e gjrexjan nlkgc xeclkjgves r`ar r`e catacgrlx xeac`es 5*8 ylnrs. gr hekgjs rl lurtur r`e
ylnrake* Usgjk a xecrgigex ilx eac` srxgt. r`e kxlut {as successiunnw ahne rl srlxe ejexkw usgjk r`e
tgevlenecrxgc lurtur* R`e ream {as ansl ahne rl s`l{ r`ar r`e NEB sraweb ngr ilx attxlpgmarenw 3
secljbs*
R`e ljnw ltexargjk ngmgrargljs {exe xekaxbgjk r`e use li r`e rgne* [`ej srettgjk lj r`e
rgne. gr s`lunb sgmunare xean {lxnb ltexarglj* Sl. airex a sret. r`e tgevl srxgts s`lunb he annl{eb rl
srlt yghxargjk heilxe r`e rgne gs annl{eb rl he sretteb lj akagj* Srettgjk lj r`e rgne xetearebnw. lx
heilxe r`e srxgts srlt yghxargjk. {gnn jlr ker r`e mlsr ylnrake ixlm r`e rgne lx clunb srlt r`e tgevl
srxgt ixlm yghxargjk anrlker`ex* Ansl. r`e rgne s`lunb he sretteb lj eyejnw sl r`e rgne xemagjs
neyen ajb eac` li r`e srxgts gs acruareb eyejnw _93]*
Igkuxe 816 Ejexkw `axyesreb inllx _93]
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3;Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
C`atrex 9
R`e Jepr Kejexarglj li Ejexkw sluxce6
Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk
9*1 Gjrxlbucrglj
R`gs c`atrex `gk`ngk`rs txesejr {lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare. {lxnb ejexkw bemajb. {lxnb
ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare. xesexye sluxce li ejexkw ajb grs eptgxarglj rgme* R`gs c`atrex {gnn
txesejr a je{ sluxce li ejexkw {`gc` gs tgevlenecrxgcgrw a cljyejgejr sluxce li ejexkw ajb grs
txlstecr axlujb r`e {lxnb* R`gs c`atrex ansl txlygbes rec`jlnlkw clmtaxgslj her{eej slme
rxabgrgljan tl{ex sluxces ajb tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk swsrem* R`gs c`atrex ansl txesejrs
slme epamtnes li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk axlujb r`e {lxnb*
9*8 Ejexkw carasrxlt`e axlujb r`e [lxnb
R`e xllr cause li {lxnb ejexkw txlhnems gs kxl{gjk {lxnb tltunarglj ajb ejexkw cljsumtrglj
tex catgra* [lxnb tltunarglj gs txesejrnw sngk`rnw lyex 9 hgnnglj ajb eptecreb rl kxl{ rl ar neasr
0-7 hgnnglj. ajb tlssghnw rl 18 hgnnglj. hw r`e ejb li r`e 81 sr cejruxw* Gr {lunb xeac` 18 hgnnglj hw
r`e mgbbne li r`e 81sr cejruxw gi r`e txesejr 1*5% tex weax kxl{r` xare {exe rl cljrgjue* A
srargsrgcan bara li {lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` gs kgyej acclxbgjk rl [lxnb Tltunarglj Txlstecrs6
R`e 8440 Xeygsgljs* Igkuxe 88 s`l{s r`e [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r`*
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30Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
R`gs `uke hunow tltunarglj xequgxes a massgye amlujr li ejexkw* A xeseaxc` {as mabe hw
@lnbxej. GGASA,[EC MGRXE. ajb S`eiigenb lj {lxnb ejexkw bemajb {`gc` gs kgyej henl{ gj
Igkuxe 83* Ejexkw bemajb ujgr gs gj Krle Kgkarljjes li lgn ejexkw equgyanejr tex weax' _95]*
1*85
1*0
8*5
9
7*8
4
1
8
3
2
5
9
;
0
7
14
1054 1744 1754 8444 8454
Tltunarglj(hgnnglj'
Weax
Igkuxe 886 [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare _92]
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37Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
[lxnb ecljlmgc kxl{r` ajb knlhan bemajb ilx ejexkw. r`e essejrgan ejkgje li ecljlmgc kxl{r`.
axe eptecreb rl kxl{ eyej iasrex buxgjk r`e jepr ie{ becabes - hw 3*3 texcejr a weax.
clxxestljbgjk rl a bluhngjk rgme li 81 weaxs _99]* R`e ejexkw {`gc` gs ahslxhs hw r`e {lxnb
tltunarglj magjnw clmes ixlm jlj xeje{ahne jaruxan sluxces* Acclxbgjk rl xeseaxc` mabe hw
HT - Srargsrgcan Xeyge{ 8440? GEA [EL 8449. 08% ejexkw clmes ixlm ilssgn iuens* Igkuxe 82
s`l{s r`e xeseaxc` xetlxr lj ejexkw cljsumtrglj ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces*
3;%
85%83%
9%2%
3% 4*54% 4*34% 4*84% 4*84%4%
5%
14%
15%
84%
85%
34%
35%
24%
Cljsumtrgljxare
Igkuxe 826 [lxnb ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces _04]*
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24Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
Srargsrgcs saws r`ar r`e cljsumtrglj li Lgn gs 14*0 mgnnglj rlj,baw. Jaruxan kas gs 5*0 mgnnglj
rlj,baw. Clan gs 1;*; mgnnglj rlj,baw ajb Uxajgum gs 9;444 rlj,weax _9;] _90]*
[e cljsumgjk r`gs `uke amlujr li {gr`lur ajw cljcexj `l{ majw weax gr {gnn nasrs* Lhyglusnw
r`e ejexkw sluxces axe jlr gjigjgrw* R`ew `aye a cexragj ngmgrarglj* Aj liigcgan xeseaxc` xetlxr lj
r`gs rltgc maw cneax r`e ejrgxe cljcetr* Igkuxe 85 xetxesejrs r`e xeseaxc` xetlxr*
Sl ixlm r`e ahlye kgyej bara gr gs cneax r`ar gi r`e {lxnb cljsumes 13*0R[,baw ajb maoes gr
cljsrajr r`ej ajlr`ex ;9 weaxs r`exe {gnn he jl rejsglj ilx ejexkw cxgsgs* Hur gi r`e cljsumtrglj
xare gjcxeases r`ej r`e scejaxgl {gnn he bgiiexejr* Acruannw gr gs anmlsr bgiigcunr rl cljrxln r`e
cljsumtrglj xare ar a cljsrajr xare* R`e kgyej gj r`e Igkuxe 85 gs lj r`e hasgs li xeseaxc` mabe
hw Ejexkw [arc` Kxlut buxgjk weax 844;* Scgejrgsr maoes a xetlxr lj gjcxemejr li ejexkw
cljsumtrglj weax hw weax ajb grs gmtacr lj xesexye ejexkw* Igkuxe 89 s`l{s r`e xetlxr*
23
94
131
04 ;9
4
84
24
94
04
144
184
124
Lgn Jaruxan kas Clan Uxajgum Rlran(gi
13*0R[,bawcljsumeb
axlujb r`e
[lxnb'
Weax
Igkuxe 856 Amlujr li xesexye ejexkw ar cljsrajr cljsumtrglj _97]
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7/23/2019 Study of Piezoelectricity, A New Source of Energy and Its Prospect
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7/23/2019 Study of Piezoelectricity, A New Source of Energy and Its Prospect
55/74
28Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
9*3 [`w Tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw @axyesrgjk{{{*crsclxt*clm,clmtljejrs,Baras`eers,tgevlrec`txgmex*tbi:*
37*Jlngac*clm* Jlngac Gjc* 9 Bec 8445 >`rrt6,,{{{*jlngac*clm,gjbep*ast
`rrt6,,{{{*ejkgjeexgjk*ucsh*ebu,zngj,tuhngcargljs,hxgbke*tbi:*
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94Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce
li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr
GGUC
29*Iexxaxg. Maxcl* Iexxaxg. Ygrrlxgl* Maxglng. Bajgene* Raxljg. Ajbxea* Mlbengjk. iahxgcargljajb texilxmajce measuxemejrs li a tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw cljyexrex ilx tl{ex `axyesrgjk gj
aurljlmlus mgcxlswsrems* Gjsrxumejrarglj ajb Measuxmejr Rec`jlnlkw CLjixejce.
8445* tt*1098-1099
2;*Lrrmaj. K*O* @limajj. @*I* H`arr. A*C* Abatrgye tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjk cgxcugrilx {gxeness xemlre tl{ex suttnw* Nesgeurxe. K*A*? GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tl{exEnecrxljgcs. Ylnume 1;. Gssue 5. Setr* 8448 Takes'6997 9;9
20*Lrrmaj. K*O*? @limajj. @*I*? Nesgeurxe. K*A* Ltrgmgveb tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw `axyesrgjkcgxcugr usgjk sret-bl{j cljyexrex gj bgscljrgjulus cljbucrglj mlbe* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs
lj Tl{ex Enecrxljgcs. Ylnume 10. Gssue 8. Maxc` 8443 Takes'6979 ;43
27*Rawa`g. Mljcei H* Fl`jslj. Hxuce* @lnrvmaj. Mengjba* Caber. Kaxbw* TgevlenecrxgcMarexgans ilx Tl{exgjk Xemlre Sejslxs* Texilxmajce. Clmturgjk. ajb Clmmujgcargljs
Cljiexejce. 8445* GTCCC 8445* 82r` GEEE Gjrexjargljan* tt 303-309
54*Oea{hlljc`uaw. C* Ejken. R*K* Enecrxgcan tl{ex kejexarglj c`axacrexgsrgcs litgevlenecrxgc kejexarlx ujbex quasg-srargc ajb bwjamgc srxess cljbgrgljs* GEEE
Rxajsacrgljs lj Unrxasljgcs. Iexxlenecrxgcs ajb Ixequejcw Cljrxln. yln* 54. Gssue 14.tt*13;; 1308. Lcr* 8444
51*Oea{hlljc`uaw. C* Ejken. R*K* Mapgmum tl{ex kejexarglj gj a tgevlenecrxgc tunsekejexarlx* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tnasma Scgejce. yln* 31. Gssue 1. Taxr 8. tt* 183 180.
Ieh* 8443
58*Ejken. R*K*? Oea{hlljc`uaw. C*? Jujjannw. [*C* Ejexkw cljyexsglj ajb `gk` tl{extunse txlbucrglj usgjk mgjgaruxe tgevlenecrxgc clmtxesslxs* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tnasma
Scgejce. Ylnume 80. Gssue 5. Lcr* 8