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Structure of the Cell
Greg DolgushinHarvard SIG 2013
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History of Cell Theory
CITOLOGY (cito- and –logos-) – the science about the cell
Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products New cells are created by old cells dividing into two Cells are the basic building units of life
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Basic principles of modern cell theory All known living things are made up of one or more cells
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all
living organisms The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of
independent cells Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
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Cells sizes and forms
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Cells number
Human:100 trillions
Human gut: 300-1000 types of
bacteria ~1015 of bacteria:
ten-fold more than human cells
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Cell types
Eucariot and ProcariotPresence
of nucleous
Animal and PlantKind
Somatic and GermType
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Structure Eucariot ProcariotLysosomes Yes NoVacuoles Yes NoFlagellums and cilia In all except higher plants In some bacteria
Chloroplasts In some plant cells NoMicrotubules Yes No
Cell wall In plants and fungi Yes
Cell membrane Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes Nuclear area, no membrane
Mitochondrions Yes No
ER Yes No
Ribosomes Yes Yes
Golgi apparatus Yes No
Eucariot and Procariot Cells
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Cell wall from cellulose
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Plant Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrions
ER
Ribosomes
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Cytoplasm and Organelles (Organoids)
Organoids - constant cell structures, that provide the functions of the cell
Plastids
Membrane No membrane
One membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Two membrane
Mitochondrions
Ribosomes
Cell center
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Microtubules
Flagellums and cilia
Cytoplasm – semiliquid cell’s medium, which consists of water and proteins. It moves with the speed up to 7 cм/hour
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Cell membrane isultramicroscopicfilm from twomonomolecular layersof lipids and a layer ofprotein between themFunctions of membrane: Barrier Transport Protection Metabolism with cell
environment Cell-to-cell “dialog”
Cell Membrane
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Nucleus components Structure Function
Nuclei membrane External and internal membrane Metabolism between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm Liquid with proteins Internal medium of nucleous
Nucleolus Contains DNA Synthesis of ribosomal RNA
Chromatin Contains chromosomes Genetic information
NucleusFunctions of
nucleus: Storage of
genetical information
Regulation of cell metabolism
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Functions of ER: Synthesis of
proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Storage of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Connection between organoids
• Lipids and carbohydrates synthesis
• Cell membrane synthesis• Transport of different
substances to the cell
• Protein synthesis• Cell membrane synthesis• Transport of different substances out of
the cell• Lysosoms, spherosomes synthesis
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Ribosomes
Non-membrane fungiform structure of big and small units, which consists of RNA and proteins
Functions of ribosomes: Protein synthesis
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Functions of mitochondrions:• respiratory center of the cell• adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) synthesis (due to oxidative phosphorylation) → energy support of the cell
Mitochondrions
Number in one cell - from units to several thousands All mitochondrions=chondriome
Diameter=0.5 – 1.0 micronesLength= 1 - 7-10 micrones
Modern technologiesMitochondrial genes transfer
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Golgi apparatusFunctions of GA:• Storage and transport of substances,
their chemical modernization• Secretory function• Lysosomes synthesis• Lipids and carbohydrates synthesis
Camillo Golgi (1897)
Microtubulles
Structure: protein subunitsFunctions of microtubules: Cytoskeleton formation Centrioles, flagellums and cilia formation Contribute to intracellular movement
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Lysosoms
Functions of lysosomes:• Protection• Heterophagy: treatment of
foreign substances, that come to the cell due pinocytosis or phagocytosis
• Intracellular digestion• Endogenic nutrition : in
condition of starvation they digest some cytoplasmic structures
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• The cavities in cytoplasm• Reservoir with cell cellular
fluid, nutrients, and metabolites
• Cellular fluid – liquid with diluted sugars and mineral salts
• With vacuoles growth the cell is growing (increases in sizes)
Functions of vacuoles:• Regulation of cell’s pressure• Storage of nutrients and
metabolits
Vacuoles
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They are energetic stations of the plant cell. They can transform to other kinds of plastids.
Functions: photosynthesis biosynthesis
Type of plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast
Colour Green Yellow, orange or red Colourless
Pigment Chlorophyll Carotin No
Function Production of organic substances
Storage of nutrients Storage of nutrients
Plastids
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3 groups of elements:• Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen
and Nitrogen - 98% of all structure
• Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Sulfur, Chlorine – tenth and hundredth % parts
• Microelements- hundredth and thousandth % parts
Chemical structure of the cell
Element Amount, %
Oxygen 65-75
Carbon 15-18
Hydrogen 8-10
Nitrogen 1.5-3.0
Phosphorus 0.2-1.0
Potassium 0.15-0.4
Sulfur 0.15-0.2
Chlorine 0.05-0.1
Calcium 0.04-2.0
Magnesium 0.02-0.03
Sodium 0.02-0.03
Iron 0.01-0.015
Zinc 0.0003
Copper 0.0002
Iodine 0.0001
Fluorine 0.0001
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Conclusions
All alive organisms consist of cells Cell is one of structural functional and
replicative elements of alive medium Cells of all unicellular and multicellular
organisms are similar in their structure, chemical compound, basic signs of vital activity
and metabolism