Download - Structuralism
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LIZBETH GOMEZ BRENES
STRUCTURALISM
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• Definition• Historical Development • The Structure of Language• Assumptions• methodologies
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1-Structuralism
• Flourishing in the 1960s, structuralism is an approach to literary analysis grounded in structural linguistic, the science of language. By utilizing the techniques, methods and vocabulary of linguistic, structuralism offers a scientific view of how we achieve meaning not only in literary works but also in every form of communication and social behavior.
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Ferdinand de Saussure
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2-Historical Development
Pre-Saussurean Linguisticsphilology, not linguistics, was the
science of language.
Diachronic
Symbol (word) = Thing
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Saussere’s Linguistic Revolution
Saussure re-examined philology’s definition of a word. Saussure proposed that words are signs made up of two parts
Synchronic
Sign (Word) = Signifier + Signified
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written or spoken mark sun
a concept
Saussure’s Redefinition of a word
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3-The Structure of Language
According to Saussure, all the languages are governed by their own internal rules that do not mirrored or imitate the structure of the world.
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Title
• PhonemeSpeech sound that distinguishes one word from another
PIN• GraphemeThe written symbol that represents the phoneme´s sound
/pIn/• PhonologyThe study of the rules governing the meaningful units of sounds in
a linguistic system• LAMB
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In Middle English (1100-1500)LAMB/m/and /b/ were both pronounced
Modern American English (1775-present)LAMBno English word can end with the two
phonemes /m/ and /b/x
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MORPHEME
• Is the smallest part of the word that has lexical or grammatical significance.
• Lexical: refers to the base or root meaning of a word (vocabulary)
• Grammatical: Refers to those elements of language that expresses relationship between words or group of words, such as the inflections (-ed), (-s), and (ing) that carry tense, number, gender and so on.
Morphology
Is the study of how the various lexical and grammatical morphemes combine to form
words.
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Syntax
Is the actual arrangement of words in a sentence
Example, “Jhon threw the ball into the air”
“Threw the air into the ball Jhon”
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Jhon washed the dishes
The dishes were washed by Jhon
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Semantic
study of the vocabulary of a language within a social life, its interpretation and its laws.
Semantics is the study of meaning, but what do we mean by 'meaning'?
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ConnotationMeaning simply the set of associations
that a word evokes.
Denotation?It has also been suggested that the
meaning of a word is simply the entity in the World which that word refers to
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• Langue: The structure of the language that is mastered and shared by al its speakers. It refers about all the rules of the language (grammar, syntax…)
• Parole: It is the individual’s actual speech utterances and writing. It refers about colloquial (popular) language.
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ASSUMPTIONS
Structuralists believe that codes, signs and rules govern all human social and cultural practices, including communication. That communication can refers about sports, education, fashion, friendship and others, each is a systematized combinations of codes (signs) governed by rules.
•ASSUMPTIONS•ASSUMPTIONS•ASSUMPTIONS
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METHODOLOGIES
• Valdimir Propp: Ilustrate how a story’s meaning develops from its overall structure given logical and proper sequence
• Gerad Genette: developed methods of analyzing a story´s structure to uncover its meaning (figure of speech).
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SUMMARY(STRUCTURE)
Basic building block of a sentence
Morphemes
Phonemes
Syntax
Semantic
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