Download - Structural Geology
Structural Geology
TECTONICS
The Mechanics of the Earth
Revealed by the Geology
-
Frédéric Flerit
Our aim
we study the DEFORMATION of the Earth
before After
and we study the E V O L U T I O N
of the deformation
before After how long ? rates
Our Objects
1) The Earth
Gravity + Rotation => Ellipsoid
2) The Mantle
Convection => Plate Motion
3) The Lithosphere
Intra-plate deformation => Orogenic belts
India
Eurasia
Events !
4) The Crust
Deformation produced by similar events…
4) The Rocks
RocksRocks 1 m1 m
Crust Crust 10 km10 km
Lithosphere Lithosphere 100 km100 km
MantleMantle 1000 km 1000 km
EarthEarth 40.000 km40.000 km
The Deformation Processes several objects and scales
After one Earthquake…
After thousand earthquakes…
Holocene scarp, west side of Mankhan Valley
The Deformation Processes at several
Time and Space scales
The geology for reference
The geological-time scale
Earthquakes 1 s
Two successive Earthquakes (Inter-seismic) 100-1kyr
Landscape evolution 10 kyr
Geology 1-1k Ma
And Several TIME scales
Method and Tools
1 ) We Observe the structures(geology geomorphology)
Satellites
Airplanes
Field : morphology
Field : rocks
Mosaic of Landsat
1) And structures at depth(geophysics)
Tomography Seimic profiles
1) We observe active deformation
GPSGeodesy SismologyRadar
2) We MapTopography
Geology
Mathematics : Geometry
Structures
2) And we Measure
Holocene offsets of river beds
3) We use analogs and simple physics
ElasticElastic
PlasticPlastic
ViscousViscous
- 10k yrs
(3) To Explain
the observations
Physics :
Block motion
Present
(3)
At several scales
Carte tectonique Himalaya-Tibet
Modele pour la deformation du Tibet
1
2
Method
1) Observe < Earth Sciences
2) Measure < Mathematics
3) Explain < Physics
The Math. recquired to attend the Course (I II) :
- Geometry 3D (dot and scalar product)
- Matrixes, Tensors, vectors
- Projections,
- Motion and combinaison of motion (translation rotation)
- Integration, derivation
- Trigonometry
Published papers on the Ailao Shan - Red River Fault zone and SE Asia:Harrison, T. M., Chen Wenji, P. H. Leloup, F. J. Ryerson, and P. Tapponnier, An early Miocene transition in deformation regime within the Red River fault zone, Yunnan, and its significance for Indo-Asian tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7159-7182, 1992.Harrison T.M., P.H. Leloup, F.J. Ryerson, P. Tapponnier, R. Lacassin, and Chen Wenji, Diachronous initiation of Transtension along the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in The Tectonics of Asia, edited by An Yin, and T.M. Harrison, World and regional geology series, 208-226, Cambridge University Press, 1996.Lacassin, R., P. H. Leloup, and P. Tapponnier, Bounds on strain in large Tertiary shear zones of SE Asia from boudinage restoration, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 677-692, 1993.Lacassin, R., U. Schärer, P. H. Leloup, N. Arnaud, P. Tapponnier, Liu Xiaohan, and Zhang Lian-Sheng, Tertiary deformation and metamorphism SE of Tibet: The folded Tiger-leap décollement of NW Yunnan, China, Tectonics, 15, 605-622, 1996.Lacassin R., H. Maluski, P.H. Leloup, P. Tapponnier, C. Hinthong, K. Siribhakdi, S. Chuaviroj, and A. Charoenravat, Tertiary diachronic extrusion and deformation of western Indochina: structural and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from NW Thailand, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10013-10037, 1997.Lacassin, R., A. Replumaz, and P. H. Leloup, Hairpin river loop and slip sense inversion on SE-Asian strike-slip faults, Geology, 26, 703-706, 1998.Leloup, P. H., Cinématique des déformations "himalayennes" dans la zone de cisaillement crustale de l'Ailao Shan - Fleuve Rouge, Doctorat thesis , 148 pp., Université Paris 6, Paris, February 1991.Leloup, P. H., T. M. Harrison, F. J. Ryerson, Chen Wenji, L. Qi, P. Tapponnier, and R. Lacassin, Structural, petrological and thermal evolution of a Tertiary ductile strike-slip shear zone, Diancang Shan, Yunnan, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6715-6743, 1993.Leloup, P. H., and J. R. Kienast, High Temperature deformation in a major Tertiary ductile continental strike-slip fault: evidence of shear heating at lithospheric scale?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 118, 213-234, 1993.Leloup, P. H., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, Zhong Dalai, Liu Xiaohan, Zhang Lianshang, Ji Shaocheng, and Phan Trong Trinh, The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3-84, 1995.Leloup, P.H., Y. Ricard, J. Battaglia, and R. Lacassin, Shear heating in continental strike-slip shear zones: numerical modeling and case studies, Geophys. J. Int., 136, 19-40, 1999.Leloup P.H., Arnaud N., Lacassin R., Kienast J.R., Harrison T.M., Phan Trong Trinh, Replumaz A., Tapponnier P, New constraints on the structure, thermochronology and timing of the Ailao Shan - Red River shear zone, SE Asia, J. Geophys. Res, 106, 6657-6671, 2001.Replumaz, A., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Leloup, P.H., Large river offests and Plio-Quaternary dextral slip-rate on the Red-River fault (Yunnan, China), J. Geophys. Res., 106, 819-836, 2001.Roger F., P.H. Leloup, M. Jolivet, R. Lacassin, Phan Trong Trinh, M. Brunel, D. Seward, Unravelling a long and complex thermal history by multi-system geochronology: example of the SongChay metamorphic dome, North Vietnam., Tectonophysics, 321, 449-466, 2000.Schärer, U., P. Tapponnier, R. Lacassin, P. H. Leloup, Zhong Dalai, and Ji Shaocheng, Intraplate tectonics in Asia: a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 65-77, 1990.Schärer, U., Zhang Lian-Sheng, and P. Tapponnier, Duration of strike-slip movements in large shear zones: The REd River belt, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126, 379-397, 1994.Tapponnier, P., R. Lacassin, P. H. Leloup, U. Schärer, Zhong Dalai, Liu Xiaohan, Ji Shaocheng, Zhang Lianshang, and Zhong Jiayou, The Ailao Shan/red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China, Nature, 343, 431-437, 1990.Zhang L., and U. Schärer, Inherited Pb components in magmatic titanite and their consequence for the interpretation of U-Pb ages, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 138, 57-65, 1996.
Several sources to retrieve the Earthquake information
TECTONICS
Bathymetry-Topography
Geomorphology (river bed, moraines…)
Seismic (reflexion, refraction)
Observe the Surfaces of the Earth
Measure its Evolution
Geodesy (GPS, Leveling, triangulation…)
Seismology (tomography, focal mechanism, magnitude and locations)
Geology