Striving for Independence: Africa, Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900-India, and Latin America, 1900-
19491949Chapter 30Chapter 30
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-19451945
Colonial Africa: Economic Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changesand Social Changes
Very few EuropeansVery few Europeans Algeria, Kenya, S. AfricaAlgeria, Kenya, S. Africa Dominated economyDominated economy
Benefited EuropeansBenefited Europeans
Forced laborForced labor Little payLittle pay Poor healthPoor health racismracism
Religious and Political Religious and Political ChangesChanges
During colonial period many Africans During colonial period many Africans converted to ___; except in _____. converted to ___; except in _____.
Islam spread through the influence Islam spread through the influence of:of:
Contradiction of liberal viewsContradiction of liberal views
Nationalist movementsNationalist movements Blaise Diagne in SenegalBlaise Diagne in Senegal W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey
The Indian Independence The Indian Independence Movement, 1905-1947Movement, 1905-1947
The Land and the PeopleThe Land and the People
LandLand Fertile land led to increase in populationFertile land led to increase in population
250 million to 389 million, from 1900 to 1941250 million to 389 million, from 1900 to 1941 Deforestation and declining amount of Deforestation and declining amount of
farm land per familyfarm land per family ClassesClasses
Peasants, property owners, and urban Peasants, property owners, and urban craftmen, traders, and workers craftmen, traders, and workers
EnglishEnglish
ReligionReligion HinduismHinduism IslamIslam
Northwest and eastern BengalNorthwest and eastern Bengal
British Rule and Indian British Rule and Indian NationalismNationalism
Indian Civil ServiceIndian Civil Service Manipulated the introduction of Manipulated the introduction of
technology into India in order to protect technology into India in order to protect the development of radical politics, and the development of radical politics, and to maximize the benefits to Britain and to maximize the benefits to Britain and to themselves. to themselves.
Indian National Congress 1885Indian National Congress 1885 HinduHindu
All-India Muslim League 1906All-India Muslim League 1906 MuslimMuslim
British resisted industrializationBritish resisted industrialization Jamshedpur in 1911Jamshedpur in 1911
Pramatha Nath BosePramatha Nath Bose Jamseji TataJamseji Tata
Increase in tension in 1918-1919Increase in tension in 1918-1919 Flu influenza epidemicFlu influenza epidemic Massacre of 10,000 protestorsMassacre of 10,000 protestors
Mahatma Gandhi and Mahatma Gandhi and Militant NonviolenceMilitant Nonviolence
Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948)Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948) LawyerLawyer S. AfricaS. Africa Indian National CongressIndian National Congress AhimsaAhimsa Satyagraha Satyagraha Quasi-religious auraQuasi-religious aura Political and public Political and public relations tacticianrelations tactician
““Walk to the Sea”Walk to the Sea” Fasts/hunger strikesFasts/hunger strikes Arrests Arrests
India Moves Toward India Moves Toward IndependenceIndependence
In 1920s the British slowly began to give In 1920s the British slowly began to give Indians control.Indians control. Education, economy, and public worksEducation, economy, and public works Taxes Taxes
Jawaharlal HehruJawaharlal Hehru Support from wealthy Support from wealthy businessmenbusinessmen
World War 2World War 2 Division Division
Partition and Partition and IndependenceIndependence
PakistanPakistan Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali
Jinnah (1876-1948)Jinnah (1876-1948) Partition into two statesPartition into two states
segregatedsegregated
The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940
Mexico in 1910Mexico in 1910
GeographyGeography Numerous foreign invasionsNumerous foreign invasions 85% land controlled by:85% land controlled by: Majority of peasants were Majority of peasants were Indian and mestizoIndian and mestizo
Resentment by poor Resentment by poor Forced in wage labor, Forced in wage labor, debt, and relocationdebt, and relocation
By 1910 General Porfirio Diaz had By 1910 General Porfirio Diaz had ruled for 30 years. ruled for 30 years. ModernizationModernization Discrimination against nonwhite Discrimination against nonwhite
majority of Mexicansmajority of Mexicans Decline of standard of livingDecline of standard of living
Revolution and Civil War, Revolution and Civil War, 1911-19201911-1920
Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution Series of ambitious social classesSeries of ambitious social classes Constitutionalists Constitutionalists
Est. 2 million casualtiesEst. 2 million casualties Agrarian reformsAgrarian reforms Social programsSocial programs
Appealed to workers Appealed to workers
and middle classand middle class
The Revolution The Revolution Institutionalized, 1920-Institutionalized, 1920-
19401940 The Revolution lost momentum in the The Revolution lost momentum in the
1920s, but it had given representatives of 1920s, but it had given representatives of rural communities, unionized workers, and rural communities, unionized workers, and public employees a voice in government. public employees a voice in government.
National Revolutionary Party, Mexican National Revolutionary Party, Mexican Revolutionary PartyRevolutionary Party President Lazaro CardenasPresident Lazaro Cardenas
No generalsNo generals Redistributed landRedistributed land Government schoolsGovernment schools Expropriated foreign owned companiesExpropriated foreign owned companies
When Cardena’s term ended in 1940 When Cardena’s term ended in 1940 Mexico was still a land of poor Mexico was still a land of poor farmers with a small industrial base. farmers with a small industrial base. Nonetheless, the Mexican Revolution Nonetheless, the Mexican Revolution had established a had established a stable political stable political systemsystem, , tamed the militarytamed the military and the and the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church, and laid the , and laid the foundations for the later foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico.industrialization of Mexico.
Argentina and Brazil, 1900-Argentina and Brazil, 1900-19491949
The Transformation of The Transformation of ArgentinaArgentina
Introduction of railroads and Introduction of railroads and refrigerator ships transformed refrigerator ships transformed Argentina from exporter of hides to Argentina from exporter of hides to meat. meat.
OligarquiaOligarquia Export agricultural goodsExport agricultural goods Import manufactured goodsImport manufactured goods
Brazil and Argentina, to Brazil and Argentina, to 19291929
Middle classMiddle class Exploitation of peasants after WW1Exploitation of peasants after WW1 IndustrializationIndustrialization European and U.S. companiesEuropean and U.S. companies
The Depression and the The Depression and the Vargas Regime in BrazilVargas Regime in Brazil
Authoritarian regimesAuthoritarian regimes BrazilBrazil
Getulio VargasGetulio Vargas Import substitution industrializationImport substitution industrialization Beneficial to urban workersBeneficial to urban workers Unequal distribution of wealthUnequal distribution of wealth Fascist stateFascist state Overthrown in 1954Overthrown in 1954
Argentina After 1930Argentina After 1930
In 1943 Colonel Juan Peron est In 1943 Colonel Juan Peron est government that modeled Nazi Germanygovernment that modeled Nazi Germany Populist dictatorshipPopulist dictatorship Rapid industrializationRapid industrialization Lavish spendingLavish spending
Depleted capital gainedDepleted capital gained
during warduring war Failure to create a stableFailure to create a stable
governmentgovernment
Mexico, Argentina, and Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: a ComparisonBrazil: a Comparison
Mexico underwent a traumatic and Mexico underwent a traumatic and profound social revolution. Argentina profound social revolution. Argentina and Brazil remained under the and Brazil remained under the leadership of conservative regimes leadership of conservative regimes that were devoted to the interests of that were devoted to the interests of the wealthy land workers and which the wealthy land workers and which were periodically overturned by were periodically overturned by military coups and populits military coups and populits demagogues. demagogues.