Download - Stress&health chp17
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Chapter 17Stress and Health
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Stress and Health• Behavioral Medicine
– interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
• Health Psychology– subfield of psychology that
provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
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What is Stress?• Stress
– the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
StressorsCatastrophes
Life changes
Hassles
InterveningfactorsAppraisal
Perceived control
Personality
Social support
Coping behaviors
StressreactionsPhysiological
Emotional
Behavioral
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Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulatesthe outer part of the adrenalgland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Sympathetic nervoussystem releases the stress hormonesepinephrine andnorepinephrinefrom nerve endings in the inner part ofthe adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex(perceives stressor)
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What is Stress?
• General Adaptation Syndrome – Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive
response to stress as composed of three stages
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Stressful Life Events• Catastrophic Events
– earthquakes, combat stress, floods
• Life Changes– death of a loved one,
divorce, loss of job, promotion
• Daily Hassles– rush hour traffic, long lines,
job stress, burnout
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What is Stress?
• Burnout– physical, emotional and mental
exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress
• Coronary Heart Disease– clogging of the vessels that nourish the
heart muscle– leading cause of death in the United
States
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Stress & Coronary Heart Disease
• Type A – Friedman and Rosenman’s
term for people who are competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone
• Type B– Friedman and Rosenman’s
term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Stress and Disease• Psycho-physiological Illness
– “mind-body” illness
– any stress-related physical illness• some forms of hypertension• some headaches
– distinct from hypochondriasis – misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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Stress and Disease• Lymphocytes
– two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
• B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
• T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances
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Promoting Health
• Biofeedback– system for electronically
recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
• blood pressure• muscle tension
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Alternative systems ofmedical practice
Bioelectromagneticapplications
Diet, nutrition,life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care system based onalternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditionsfor pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnosticand therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
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Promoting Health
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine– unproven health care
treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies