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Stress and Health By: Shelby Smith, Sydni White, Tony Ho, Justin Call, and Elton Luong
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Introduction Psychological states (nervousness, fear, joy) causes
physical reactions (sweating, shaking, smiling) Stress & unhealthy lifestyle are connected with the
four leading causes of death; heart disease, cancer, stroke, & chronic lung disease
Health Psychology is psychology portion of behavioral medicine, increasing field over the years
Health psychologists ask “How do out emotions and personality influence our risk of disease?” and “How can we change stress or behavior to determine health?”
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Stress and Illness Our responses to stress can save or
damage our lives (ex. Tensing up when hearing a rattlesnake or being stressed about a late office meeting)
High stress or psychological pressure results in less sleep and exercise less healthy
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Stress and Stressors Stress is hard to define, either a threat or reaction Stressor- something that causes stress A reaction to it is known as a stress reaction Stress is a process on how we analyze and cope
with threats and challenges Short-term stress can be beneficial, it boosts the
immune system and gives motivation Those who go through temporary stress come out
more resilient and stronger self-esteem Prolonged stress leads to chronic diseases
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The Stress Response System In 1920’s, Walter Cannon confirmed that stress causes a
psychological and physiological response Physical stress causes release of hormones Additional hormone that related to stress;
glucocorticoid, which helps regulate the body during stress and provides temporary energy boost
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is the body’s consistent response to prolonged stress; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Prolonged stress causes physical damage such as shrunken hippocampus (affects memory), cells no longer dividing, and older cells, resulting in quicker death
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Stressful Life Events Catastrophes are unpredictable large-
scale events that almost everyone sees as a threat (earthquakes, shootings)
Significant life changes also impact health; divorce, marriage, death, loss of a job
Daily hassles are the last kind of stressor; traffic, yelling, waiting in lines, tying shoelaces, or even thinking about stressful things
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Stress and the Heart Being stressed increases blood pressure, which leads to
coronary heart disease, the closing of a heart vessel Two types of people; Type A Personality are impatient,
super motivated, aggressive, and time-conscious while Type B Personality are easygoing and relaxed
Type A are about 70% more prone to suffer from heart attacks than Type B because Type A is more physiologically reactive to stress (hormone secretion, pulse, etc.)
More hormones means more plaque buildup in artery walls heart attacks
Pessimists are also more likely to develop heart diseases Depression is lethal in terms of unnatural cardiovascular
death
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Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses are
physical illnesses derived from a psychological reaction
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Stress and the Immune System Immune system has two kinds of white blood
cells; lymphocytes and macrophages Immune system can either attack too
strongly or respond too weakly Immune system is connected to brain
hormone regulation, therefore stress greatly affects white blood cell production
It restrains immune system because fight or flight response doesn’t require immune defense
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Stress and Aids AIDS is world’s fourth leading cause of
death Higher stress levels push the
development of HIV to AIDS
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Stress and Cancer Carcinogens are cancer-producing
substances Higher chance of developing cancer and
faster rate of progression
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Conditioning the Immune System Immune system can be conditioned (ex.
Putting immune-lowering chemicals in sweet drinks for rats, and slowly lowering the dosage of chemical until none, yet the rat’s systems still are lowered)
Stress is a good motivator and pushed out lives forward
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Promoting Health Implementing strategies to reduce
illness and enhance wellness
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Coping with Stress Stress is unavoidable, thus learn to cope with it Problem-focused coping is dealing with stress by
going directly to the source (talking to someone after having an argument)
Emotion-focused coping is more common and is reaching out to other emotional sources to deal with our stress (friends, familial support)
Problem-focused is used when we feel we have control and emotion-based is when we feel a lack of control
Problem-focused is more effective at getting rid of stress while emotion-focused is less adaptive (going to a party to forget a test the next day)
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Perceived Control Feelings of helplessness accelerate
ulcers and lower immunity Control is linked to economic status and
longevity, more wealth is more health
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Explanatory Style Our basic outlook (pessimism or
optimism) is an influence on how we cope with stress
Optimists perceive more control = less stress, longer lives, and lower changes in blood pressure
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Social Support Isolation and loneliness have a long-
term impact on health and happiness Researchers have found that close
relationships promote health Close ties and support allow us to
confide painful feelings which foster the immune system, as does writing in diaries or journals
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Managing Stress Develop a base of social support can
help us experience less stress and improve health
You can’t alleviate stress without managing it
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Aerobic Exercise Provides mood boost, energy increase,
and lowered tension Exercise increases blood flow, emotional
stability, lowers overreaction to stress, and promotes heart health
Exercise increases disease-resisting proteins in the body
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Biofeedback, Relaxation and Mediation Biofeedback is subtly changing your
physiological responses voluntarily (regulating heartbeat, internal temperature)
Works best on tension headaches Relaxation procedures lower headaches,
anxiety, and insomnia Meditation relaxation decreased blood
pressure, heart rate, and oxygen consumption
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Spirituality & Faith Communities There is a faith factor related to religious
people being healthier Religious devotion is a predictor of
longevity, not necessarily a cause Religious people have healthier
lifestyles and are more social
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Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors About 20% of care patients suffer from
an illness cause by psychosocial factors This means health programs have ability
to save money
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The Risks of Smoking Smoking, on average, takes away
twelve minutes per cigarette WHO reports that it harms nearly every
organ in the body Smoking more correlated with
depressions, anxiety, divorce, chronic disease, and general health
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Helping Smokers Quit Pediatric diseases are habits beginning in
adolescence that carry on into adulthood, like smoking
Teens are targeted because they are easily influenced by social pressure and instinct to fit in
Smokers become dependent upon cigarettes and tolerant, needing a higher dose every time to satisfy their addiction
Nicotine reinforced habit by being addictive and calming, used in times of stress or depression
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Obesity & Weight Control Fat is our body storing energy for later
usage Changing society and availability of
fatty and sugar foods means more fat Being overweight has health risks like
diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, and cancer
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The Social Effects of Obesity Being obese is socially toxic because of
the stereotypes Obesity seen as evidence of lack of self-
discipline Weight discrimination has been shown
to far outweigh racial or sexual
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The Physiology of Obesity Adults have 30-40 million fat cells, which can swell or deflate with
fat Once they get full, they divide, but never go away People who lose weight just shrink their fat cells; the cells
themselves deflate, but don’t dissipate A set-point is the weight needed to be reached for the body to start
taking energy from fat cells Lean people tend to be more fidgety and energetic than obese Researchers found that leptin, a hormone that induces physical
activity and weight loss, are effective in mice Genes have an influence on weight change through internal
bacteria and hormone regulation Genes determine why one person is heavier than another;
environment determines why someone is heavier today than fifty years ago
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Losing Weight Some solutions include; taxing
unhealthy food, eliminating junk food advertisements, support the spread of healthier foods, and design physically-based activities everywhere (bike trails, paths)
Those who repeatedly lose weight and try are more likely to succeed