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Strategies to Search for Supersymmetry
John Ellis
Warsaw, May 18th, 2007
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Outline
• Introduction to supersymmetry
• Standard search strategy:– Neutralino dark matter– Missing-energy signature– Hadronic sparticle decays?
• Gravitino dark matter– Stau NLSP
• Metastable charged particle
• Stau or stop?
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Why Supersymmetry (Susy)?
• Hierarchy problem: why is mW << mP ?
(mP ~ 1019 GeV is scale of gravity)• Alternatively, why is
GF = 1/ mW2 >> GN = 1/mP
2 ?• Or, why is
VCoulomb >> VNewton ? e2 >> G m2 = m2 / mP2
• Set by hand? What about loop corrections?
δmH,W2 = O(α/π) Λ2
• Cancel boson loops fermions• Need | mB
2 – mF2| < 1 TeV2
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Loop Corrections to Higgs Mass2
• Consider generic fermion and boson loops:
• Each is quadratically divergent: ∫Λd4k/k2
• Leading divergence cancelled if
Supersymmetry!
2
x 2
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Astronomers tell us that most of the matter in the universe is invisible
We will look for it
with the LHC
Dark Matter in the Universe
Astronomers saythat most of thematter in theUniverse isinvisible Dark Matter
‘Supersymmetric’ particles ?
We shall look for them with the
LHC
Dark Matter in the Universe
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Lightest Supersymmetric Particle
• Stable in many models because of conservation of R parity:
R = (-1) 2S –L + 3B
where S = spin, L = lepton #, B = baryon #
• Particles have R = +1, sparticles R = -1:Sparticles produced in pairs
Heavier sparticles lighter sparticles
• Lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) stable
Fayet
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Possible Nature of LSP
• No strong or electromagnetic interactionsOtherwise would bind to matterDetectable as anomalous heavy nucleus
• Possible weakly-interacting scandidatesSneutrino
(Excluded by LEP, direct searches)Lightest neutralino χ (partner of Z, H, γ)Gravitino
(nightmare for astrophysical detection)
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Constraints on Supersymmetry
• Absence of sparticles at LEP, Tevatron
selectron, chargino > 100 GeV
squarks, gluino > 250 GeV
• Indirect constraints
Higgs > 114 GeV, b → s γ
• Density of dark matter
lightest sparticle χ:
0.094 < Ωχh2 < 0.124
3.3 σeffect ingμ – 2?
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• Particles + spartners
• 2 Higgs doublets, coupling μ, ratio of v.e.v.’s = tan β• Unknown supersymmetry-breaking parameters:
Scalar masses m0, gaugino masses m1/2, trilinear soft couplings Aλ, bilinear soft coupling Bμ
• Often assume universality:Single m0, single m1/2, single Aλ, Bμ: not string?
• Called constrained MSSM = CMSSM• Gravitino mass? Minimal supergravity (mSUGRA)
Additional relations: m3/2 = m0, Bμ = Aλ – m0
Minimal Supersymmetric Extension of Standard Model (MSSM)
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Current Constraints on CMSSM
WMAP constraint on relic density
Excluded because stau LSP
Excluded by b s gamma
Excluded (?) by latest g - 2
Assuming the lightest sparticleis a neutralino
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Effects in Specific Regions
• Co-annihilation:– Important when two or more sparticles nearly
degenerate– e.g., neutralino and stau
• Strip in (m1/2, m0) plane
• Rapid annihilation via direct-channel Higgs pole(s):– h important when m1/2 small, m0 large– H, A important when tan, m1/2 large
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Current Constraints
on CMSSM
Impact ofHiggsconstraintreducedif larger mt, focus-pointregion far up
Differenttan βsign of μ
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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Sparticles may not be very light
FullModel
samples
Detectable@ LHC
ProvideDark Matter
Dark MatterDetectable
Directly
Lightest visible sparticle →
← S
econd lightest visible sparticle
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
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How ‘Likely’ are Heavy Sparticles?
Fine-tuning of EW scale Fine-tuning of relic density
Larger masses require more fine-tuning: but how much is too much?
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Precision Observables in Susy
mW
sin2θW
Present & possiblefuture errors
Sensitivity to m1/2 in CMSSM along WMAP linesfor different A
Can one estimate the scale of supersymmetry?
tan β = 50tan β = 10
JE + Heinemeyer + Olive + Weber + Weiglein: 2007
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MoreObservables
b → sγ
tan β = 10 tan β = 50
gμ - 2
JE + Heinemeyer + Olive + Weber + Weiglein: 2007
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Bs → μμ
MoreObservables
tan β = 10 tan β = 50
JE + Heinemeyer + Olive + Weber + Weiglein: 2007
Bu →
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Likelihoodfor m1/2
Global Fitto all
Observables
tan β = 10 tan β = 50
JE + Heinemeyer + Olive + Weber + Weiglein: 2007
Likelihoodfor Mh
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Classic Supersymmetric Signature
Missing transverse energy
carried away by dark matter particles
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Erice. Sept. 2, 2003 L. Maiani: LHC Status 14
m (l l ) spectrumend-point : 109 GeVprecision~ 0.3%
m (l l j)min spectrumend-point: 552 GeVprecision ~1 %
m (l±j) spectrumend-point: 479 GeVexp. precision ~1 %
m (l l j)max spectrumthreshold: 272 GeVexp. precision ~2 %
Reconstruction of ̀Typical’Sparticle Decay Chain
Msquark = 690M÷’ = 232
Mslepton= 157M÷= 121(GeV)
ATLAS
Lq~ → q χ02
R
~l
l χ01
l
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Supersymmetric Benchmark Studies
Specific
benchmark
Points along
WMAP lines
Lines in
susy space
allowed by
accelerators,
WMAP data
Sparticle
detectability
Along one
WMAP line
Calculation
of relic
density at a
benchmark
point
Battaglia, De Roeck, Gianotti, JE, Olive, Pape
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Summary of LHCScapabilities … and OtherAccelerators
LHC almost
`guaranteed’
to discover
supersymmetry
if it is relevant
to the mass problem
Battaglia, De Roeck, Gianotti, JE, Olive, Pape
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Non-Universal Higgs Masses (NUHM)
• Generalize CMSSM (+)
mHi2 = m0
2(1 + δi)
• Free Higgs mixing μ,
pseudoscalar mass mA
• Larger parameter space
• Constrained by vacuum
stability
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Regions Allowed
in Different Scenarios for
SupersymmetryBreaking
CMSSM
Benchmarks
NUHM
Benchmarks
GDM
Benchmarks
with stau NLSP
with neutralino NLSP
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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• Trapezoidal shape
for quark-dijet
combinations• Endpoints related to
squark mass
Spectra in Squark W,Z,H Hadron Decays
Butterworth + JE + Raklev: 2007
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Search for Squark W Hadron Decays
• Use kT algorithm to define jets
• Cut on W mass
• W and QCD jets have different subjet splitting scales
• Corresponding to y cut
Butterworth + JE + Raklev: 2007
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Signals for Squark W,Z Decays
Butterworth + JE + Raklev: 2007
qW with
subjet cuts
qW without
subjet cuts
q + leptonic W qZ with subjet cuts
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• Background-subtracted qW mass combinations in benchmark scenarios
• Constrain sparticle mass spectra
Search for Hadronic W, Z Decays
Butterworth + JE + Raklev: 2007
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Information on Sparticle Spectra
Reconstructed sparticle masses as functions of LSP mass in scenarios and
Butterworth + JE + Raklev: 2007
charginoChargino/neutralino
squarksquark
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A Light Heavy SUSY Higgs @ CDF?
Excess seen in spectrum
Apparently also in bb
CDF unable to exclude all sensitive region
BUT: not see by D0
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Is this possible within NUHM?
YES: for limited ranges of tan , m1/2, m0, and A0
JE + Heinemeyer + Olive + Weiglein
PREDICT: Mh, b s , Bs , B , g - 2
all close to experimental limits
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Possible Nature of SUSY Dark Matter
• No strong or electromagnetic interactionsOtherwise would bind to matterDetectable as anomalous heavy nucleus
• Possible weakly-interacting scandidatesSneutrino
(Excluded by LEP, direct searches)Lightest neutralino χ (partner of Z, H, γ)Gravitino
(nightmare for astrophysical detection)GDM: a bonanza for the LHC!
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Possible Nature of NLSP if GDM
• NLSP = next-to-lightest sparticle• Very long lifetime due to gravitational
decay, e.g.:
• Could be hours, days, weeks, months or years!
• Generic possibilities:lightest neutralino χlightest slepton, probably lighter staulighter stop
• Constrained by astrophysics/cosmology
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Density belowWMAP limit
Decays do not affectBBN/CMB agreement
DifferentRegions of
SparticleParameterSpace if
Gravitino LSP
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
χ NLSP
stau NLSP
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Minimal Supergravity Model (mSUGRA)
Excluded by b s γ
LEP constraintsOn mh, chargino
Neutralino LSPregion
stau LSP(excluded)
Gravitino LSPregion
JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos
More constrained than CMSSM: m3/2 = m0, Bλ = Aλ – 1
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Regions Allowed
in Different Scenarios for
SupersymmetryBreaking
CMSSM
Benchmarks
NUHM
Benchmarks
GDM
Benchmarks
with stau NLSP
with neutralino NLSP
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Spectra inNUHM and GDM
BenchmarkScenarios
Typical example of
non-universal Higgs masses:
Models with stau NLSP
Models with gravitino LSP
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Properties of NUHM and GDM Models
• Relic density ~ WMAP in NUHM models
• Generally < WMAP in GDM models
Need extra source of gravitinos at high temperatures, after inflation?
• NLSP lifetime: 104s < τ < few X 106s De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Final States in GDM Models with Stau NLSP
• All decay chains
end with lighter stau
• Generally via χ
• Often via heavier
sleptons
• Final states contain
2 staus, 2 τ,
often other leptons
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Triggering on GDM Events
Will be selected by many separate triggers
via combinations of μ, E energy, jets, τJE, Raklev, Øye: 2007
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Efficiency for Detecting Metastable Staus
Good efficiency for reconstructing stau tracks
JE + Raklev + Oye
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ATLAS Momentum resolution
Good momentum resolution
JE + Raklev + Oye
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Stau Mass Determination
Good mass resolution
JE + Raklev + Oye
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Reconstructing Sparticle Masses
JE + Raklev + Oye
Neutralino stau + tau SquarkR q +
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Reconstructing GDM Events
JE, Raklev, Øye: 2006
Gluino → qq χ
Slepton → l χ χ2 → slepton l
Sneutrino → stau WChargino
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Sparticle Mass Spectra
JE + Raklev + Oye
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Numbers of Visible Sparticle Species
At different
colliders
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Slepton Trapping at LHC?
• βγ typically peaked ~ 2
• Staus with βγ < 1 leave central tracker
after next beam crossing
• Staus with βγ < ¼ trapped inside calorimeter
• Staus with βγ < ½ stopped within 10m
• Can they be dug out?
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
Feng + Smith
Hamaguchi + Kuno + Nakaya + Nojiri
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Extract Cores from Surrounding Rock?• Use muon system to locate impact point on
cavern wall with uncertainty < 1cm
• Fix impact angle with accuracy 10-3
• Bore into cavern wall and remove core of size 1cm × 1cm × 10m = 10-3m3 ~ 100 times/year
• Can this be done before staus decay?
Caveat radioactivity induced by collisions!
2-day technical stop ~ 1/month
• Not possible if lifetime ~104s, possible if ~106s?
Very little room for water tank in LHC caverns,only in forward directions where few staus
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
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Potential Measurement Accuracies
Measure stau mass to 1%
Measure m½ to 1%
via cross section, other masses?
Distinguish points ζ, η
De Roeck, JE, Gianotti, Moortgat, Olive + Pape
Gravitino Dark Matter even more interesting
than Neutralino Dark Matter!
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Stop NLSP in GDM Scenario?
Not possible
within CMSSM
Diaz-Cruz, JE, Olive + Santoso: 2007
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Stop NLSP possible within NUHM
Tightly-constrained
scenario with
distinctive signature
Diaz-Cruz, JE, Olive + Santoso: 2007
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Summary
• Supersymmetry the most ‘expected’ surprise at the LHC
• ‘Expected’ signature missing energy
• Sparticle masses not necessarily universal
• Not the only possibility– Metastable charged particle?– Strongly interacting?
• Expect the unexpected!