Download - Strategic Sports Marketing @UlsterSportsBiz
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Strategic Sports Marketing#SLS711
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Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson you should be able to;• Understand the importance of commercial
revenues to sport organizations• Explain the link between strategy and
marketing in the development of sport• Outline some of the skills associated with
strategic sports marketing
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Marketing Sport
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What comprises marketing?
The 7Ps of Sports Marketing
Product, Price, Place, Promotion
People, Process, Physical Evidence
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Marketing of Sport
Communicating the benefits of sport participation and spectatorship (Shilbury et al, 2009)
Ensuring survival of sport and generating future players, spectators, revenues
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Marketing through sport
Sport as a vehicle to promote goods and services to sport customers
Targeted at defined sets of demographics, geographics, psychographics
Developing a relationship with fans and club increasingly important
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Understanding the market
Consumer Behaviour
What is unique about sports consumers?
How do we get into a consumer’s head?
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Sponsorship
Why is sponsorship so important to commercial sport?
• Sponsorship is both an industrial product (B2B) and a consumer product (B2C)
• B2C: Along the hierarchy of effects– Majority of uses for
awareness, recognition• B2B: Use of sponsorship as a
resource) – adds value, differentiates brand, leveraged across the organisation (extendibility)
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Sponsorship
Key management tasks
Objectives Activation – Leverage Evaluation
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The Sponsorship Process
Purchase
Conviction
Preference
Liking
Knowledge
Awareness
Exposure
Do
Feel
Think
Do
Feel
Think
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Brand Objectives
• Corporate Level Objectives– Public awareness – Media awareness – Enhance image of the
corporation
• Product Objectives– Increase awareness levels – Reinforce target market
perception – Increase sales leads
• Public Relations Objectives– Enhance business and trade
relations – Improve employee motivation – Promote community
involvement
Source: Chadwick and Thwaites 2005: 331
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Activation/Leveraging
• Integrating promotional elements into sponsorship• Poor sponsorship
– involves putting a logo on a sport team, athlete, league etc which places no importance on long-term goals
• Good Sponsorship– Success needs to be activated over time – links with other
parts of the promotional mix (tie-ins and giveaways, prizes etc)
• A good ratio is about 3:1 (act. costs to rights fee)• Example: Coca-Cola use a 6:1 ratio
• Chadwick and Thwaites (2005) comment that the initiative is always from the brand side, little from the sport property
• In the English Premier League the power is with the clubs (the exception rather than the rule?)
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Effectiveness
• A contested notion – most studies are supported by brand with little or no real evidence to support them
• Meenaghan (1999) – “the holy grail of sponsorship research”
• Methods include;– Sponsorship exposure– Media exposure
• Cost comparisons– Duration of television coverage to
column inches
– Awareness Measures• Recall and recognition (prompted,
unprompted)
– Brand Attitude/Imagery• Attitudes created or altered
– Affinity Measures– Sales Effects
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The Sponsorship Process
Purchase
Conviction
Preference
Liking
Knowledge
Awareness
Exposure
2. Unprompted/Prompted/
Awareness/Association
1. Media Exposure Analysis
3. Image Statements
4. Consideration Set
5. Product Consumption
6. Buying Behaviour
Pre-selection evaluation & establishment of clear
sponsorship objectives
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Ambush Marketing
Confusing the customer
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Student task: Endorsements
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Strategy:an overview
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How do we determine success in the
management of sport?
Is it winning? Is it making a profit in
business. Is it customer satisfaction,
retention rates? Is it simply survival?
The problem with strategic management in sport
• Utility v Resource Maximisation
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Strategic Decisions are About…
The long-term direction of the organisation
The scope of an organisation’s activities
Gaining advantage over competitors
Addressing changes in the business environment
Building on resources and competences (capability)
Values and expectations of stakeholders which affect operational decisions
Source: Johnson, Scholes, Whittington (2005)
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Definition of Strategy
Academic
Strategy is the direction and scope
of an organisation over the long
term, which achieves advantage
in a changing environment
through its configuration of
resources and competences with
the aim of fulfilling stakeholder
expectations.
Real World “Strategy is what you do
when your business stops growing”
Source: Johnson, Scholes, Whittington (2005)
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Strategic Decisions are Likely to:
Be complex in nature Be made in situations of
uncertainty Affect operational
decisions Require an integrated
approach (both inside and outside an organisation)
Involve considerable change
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Strategic Management Operational Management
Organisation-wide, holistic Functional, Routinised
Conceptualisation of issues Techniques, processes, actions
Creating new directions: new resource allocations
Managing existing resources
Developing new resources Optimising existing resources
Ambiguous/uncertain Functionally and Operationally specific
Long term perspective Day to day issues, annual operating plan
Strategic v Operational Management
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Exhibit I.v
The three strategy lensesJohnson, Scholes,
Whittington (2005)
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Generating Strategic Choices and Options
The key purpose of strategic discussions is to examine the current position and evaluate future strategic options
For the purposes of this module we will do this through the following approach;
Situation analysis (internal, external) SWOT into TOWS – this will generate ST and LT options
From the ST options (plural) generated by TOWS we will analyse each through the RACES model From the LT options (plural) generated by TOWS we will analyse each through the RACES model
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Exhibit 2.1 – Johnson et al, 2005
Layers of the business environment
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PESTEL
Exhibit 2.2 – Johnson et al, 2005
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SuNx0UrnEo
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Example SWOT
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Exhibit 7.2
The TOWS Matrix- Generating Options
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RACES – Haberberg and Rieple
Strategy is usually a set of options for the long term viability of the organisation
The RACES framework can check the validity of the TOWS options and help make the right strategic choices
Resources Acceptability Consistent Effective Sustainable
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RACES – Haberberg and Rieple
Resources:- Are resources needed available or easily obtainable?How easy are they to imitate by competitors?
Acceptability:-Are internal power brokers, leaders and important stakeholders agreed?Are external stakeholders agreed or satisfied e.g. regulatory bodies
Consistency:- Does it fit with culture, brand reputation, business architectureIf not, has the change implications been modelled into the strategy?
Effectiveness:-Does the strategy address the issues facing the organisation and resolve them? Is one option better than another at doing this?
Sustainability:- Does the strategy lead to long term advantage and how?If competitors can imitate easily is there any way to make it more uniquely successful
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Implications for the application of strategy to sports marketing
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Unique Features of Sport
1. People develop irrational passions2. It engenders vicarious identification3. Differences in judging performance4. The interdependent nature of relationships between sporting
organisations5. Anti-competitive behaviour6. Sport product (a game or contest) is of variable quality7. It enjoys a high degree of product or brand loyalty8. Sports fans exhibit a high degree of optimism9. Sport organisations are relatively reluctant to adopt new
technology10.Sport often has a limited supply
Stewart and Smith (1999) in Hoye et al (2006)
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Unique Features of Sport - Revisited
1. A heterogeneous and ephemeral experience mired in irrational passions of fans, commanding high levels of product and brand loyalty, optimism and vicarious identification
2. On-field winning v profit making
3. Sport is variable in nature and quality
4. Sport operates with a fixed supply schedule (each game has finite outcomes)
Stewart and Smith (2011)