Download - Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Social Psychology Chapter 5 September 17, 2004 Class #4
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Social PsychologyChapter 5
September 17, 2004Class #4
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He fit the description… Case Study:
February 4, 1999 – Amadou Diallo, 22, died in a hail of 41 bullets outside his Bronx apartment in what the officers testified was a tragic error
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Stereotypes and Prejudices
Stereotypes The generalized perceptions, beliefs, and expectations a
person has about members in some group Schemas about entire groups of people Effects of stereotypes on behavior can be automatic and
unconscious Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on the person’s membership is some group
Includes an irrational hostility toward a particular race or group
In one word…prejudgment Discrimination
Differential treatment of individuals who belong to different groups
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Stereotype Stereotypes about racial, ethnic, gender, or sexual orientation groups are
schemas. Generalized belief about members of a group May or may not be accurate Most researchers believe it is even possible to
have a schema that you don't personally believe (OTHER PEOPLE think that Group x has qualities y... but I don't)…
Lets try this: What are the characteristics of:
A typical New Yorker? A typical Californian? A typical white male? A typical “career woman” A typical “stay-at-home” mom
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How Stereotypes Form: Social Categorization The classification of persons into groups
on the basis of common attributes. Helps us form impressions quickly and use past
experiences to guide new interactions. Serious drawback: By categorizing people,
we often: Overestimate the differences between groups Underestimate the differences within groups Can bias our perceptions
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Stone et al. (1997) Radio broadcast played to
participants They are shown a “photograph” of the
player to be analyzed Participants rated the player better if
they thought he was black
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How Stereotypes Form: In-groups vs. Out-groups
Strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups
Such group identifications can promote an ingroup bias…Often it becomes an “Us vs.
Them” attitude Consequences
Exaggerate differences between ingroups and other outgroups.
Outgroup homogeneity effect
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Perceived Outgroup Homogeneity
Phenomenon of overestimating the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other Example: “They all look the same to
me”
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How Stereotypes Form: Maybe they become automatic… Devine (1989)
Suggests that our parents and media may have started an early process that has now become automatic
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Racial Bias Study: Sagar & Schofield (1980)
Purpose: Demonstrate that stereotypes bias interpretation of
ambiguous events Participants:
40 African American; 40 White Procedures:
Participants presented with four ambiguous drawings: Bumping Requesting food Poking Taking a pencil
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Sagar & Schofield (1980)Participants were to rate actor’s
behavior as.....MeanThreateningPlayfulFriendly
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Sagar & Schofield (1980): Experimental Set-Up
Actor Race
African American
White
Participant RaceAfrican
American
White
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Sagar & Schofield (1980): Results
Subject Actor Mean & Threatening
White W 8.28 AA 8.99
African W 7.38American AA 8.40
Conclusion: White and African American participants rated identical behavior as more mean and threatening when actor was African American. Schemas influence the interpretation of events.
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Who has the razor??? Allport and Postman's (1947)
Subjects were shown a picture depicting two men, one black and one white, confronting each other on a subway car
The white man has a straight razor in his hand After viewing the picture, the first subject
describes it to a second subject, who in turn describes it to another, and so on
After a few retellings, the straight razor ends up (is inferred to be) in the hand of the black man
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Interesting replication… Boon & Davies (1987)
Subjects see a cartoon story of 2 men interacting on the subway. At the end of the interaction, one man pulls a knife.
Different subjects see one of three different versions: 1) Both men are white:
Man A has the knife (wearing a suit)
2) Both men are white: Man B has the knife (wearing work clothes)
3) One is black, one is white:
White man has the knife
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Boon & Davies (1987) Retrieval phase
Both recall and recognition tests Recall test:
No stimuli, just "describe the man who pulled the knife“ Recognition test:
See two versions of the critical picture (correct knife-holder, or knife in the OTHER man's hand): instructions are "pick the one you saw before“
There is a correct and an incorrect version for the participants who saw the original story with two white men, AND also for those participants who saw the original story with one white man and one black man
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Results??? What do you think happened??? Explanations???
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Can stereotypes actually create self-fulfilling prophecies??? Wood et al. (1974)
White male University students interviewed white and black male high school students seeking employment
White interviewers of black applicants (relative to white interviewers of white applicants)
Sat further away Conducted shorter interviews Made more speech errors
Appeared to cause black applicants to become uncomfortable
Follow-up Experiment While males were applicants Treated like black applicants were treated in the first experiment They performed similarly (to black applicants in exp. 1) during the
interview
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Three Levels of Stereotypes Public
What we say to others about a group Private
what we consciously think about a group, but don’t say to others
Implicit unconscious mental associations guiding our judgments
and actions without our conscious awareness
Public stereotypes have decreased in North America recently (“political correctness”)
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Well, there are exceptions… “The biggest
thing I don't like about New York are the foreigners”
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Explicit versus Implicit Prejudice If you were asked your opinions
about Irishmen, Californians, or fraternity men, that would tap: Explicit prejudice – positive or
negative feelings of which you are aware
But not implicit prejudice – feelings of which you are not aware
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Intergroup Competition Sherif (1961):
The Robbers Cave Experiment Two groups of eleven year-old boys were sent
to a remote summer camp in Robbers Cave State Park (Oklahoma)
Initially unaware of their fragile co-existence, they formed tribalistic bonds, and having a great time…and then…
These middle class boys placed into competing areas in a summer camp:
They competed for medals and attention
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Competed in a variety of contests…
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Soon the rivalry became violent… Raided one another’s cabins Stole and burned one another’s flags Came to view one another as “stinkers” “smart-
alecks” and “sneaks” Verbal prejudice became apparent,
spiraling downward towards aggressive territorial violence
The groups eventually had to be separated
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So how did experimenters try to reduce the prejudice they had created???
Propaganda: No Positive propaganda about one
group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help
Contact: No Doing non-competitive
activities together (e.g., watching movies) did not help
Cooperative action: Yes Experimenters arranged for
camp truck to break down Both groups needed to pull it
uphill Intergroup friendships began to
develop
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Realistic Conflict Theory Proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative
prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources Example: Members of different ethnic groups may
compete for the same jobs, or the same farmland
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Realistic Conflict Theory Competition for valuable but limited resources
breeds hostility… Loser: becomes frustrated Winner: becomes threatened
Result: Much conflict Example: Women and immigrants joining the
workforce When conflict arises there is a higher tendency to
rely on stereotypes…”they’re all the same”
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SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY Rubin & Hewstone (1998)
Comparing our ingroups with outgroups that are less well off can raise our self-esteem
We desire to feel good about ourselves Part of our identity comes from the groups to
which we belong
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Discrimination Behaviors directed toward people on
the basis of their group membership Unfair treatment
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History Repeats ItselfWho is more likely to get harassed at the airport security check?
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Who is more likely to get harassed at an airport security check???
Note: Several of the previous slides were prepared by the following website: http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/023/pdfs/
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Discrimination Do you know anyone who has, because of
their membership in a group, been: Denied a job or promotion? Insulted or harassed? Ignored or poorly served in a restaurant
or other business? Denied an apartment or house?
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Herek (2000) On the one hand, people surveyed seemed
to think that homosexuals deserved similar job opportunities
But when we got to specifics, old attitudes surfaced See next two slides…
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19771977 19821982 19891989 19921992
Do you think homosexuals should or should not have equal rights in terms of job opportunities?
19961996
YEARYEAR
Per
cen
tage
Per
cen
tage
Should Have Equal RightsShould Have Equal Rights
Should NOT Have Equal RightsShould NOT Have Equal Rights
5050
100100
00
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ClergyClergy
19771977 19821982 19891989 19921992
Do you think homosexuals should or should not be hired for the following occupations?
19961996
YEARYEAR
Per
cen
tage
Say
ing
“Sh
ould
”P
erce
nta
ge S
ayin
g “S
hou
ld”
SalespersonsSalespersons
Elementary School TeachersElementary School Teachers
5050
100100
00
DoctorsDoctors
Many still believe Many still believe homosexuals should homosexuals should be excluded from be excluded from some jobs. some jobs.
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Sexual Harassment as Gender Discrimination Fitzgerald (1993)
As many as 50% of women are sexually harassed during their academic or working lives
Faley et al. (1999) U.S. Army spent $250 million in one year to
deal with problems related to sexual harassment
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Sexual Harassment as Gender Discrimination Pryor & Day (1988)
Behavior seen as more harassing when performed by person in power
Sheets & Braver (1993) Less harassing when performed by an
attractive single individual Terpstra & Baker (1986)
Women more likely than men to define staring and flirting as sexually harassing
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Sexual Harassment as Gender Discrimination Men are more likely to harass than are
women But whether men harass or not depends
on the man, and on the situation In one study, male students were asked to
train a young woman on a complex word-processing task
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Pryor, LaVite, & Stoller (1993) Male participants were introduced to the
female trainee (confederate) by a male graduate student (confederate) who acted either: Sexist
Put his arm around trainee, visually checked out her body
Professional Respectful of trainee
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Pryor, LaVite, & Stoller (1993) DV:
The amount of sexuality expressed by the male student while instructing the female trainee
IV: Amount of exposure to sexual harassment
Results did not depend on the IV but rather depended on the participant’s chronic disposition to harass
So the situational factor here was relatively unimportant
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Costs of Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Schulman et al. (1999) Physicians were only 60% as likely to suggest a
top-rated diagnostic test for black “heart patients” as for whites
Even when blacks presented same symptoms, and gave identical information about themselves
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Ayres & Siegelman (1995) This study found that white men were offered
better deals on cars: $109 less than White women $318 less than Black women $935 less than Black men
Costs of Prejudice,
Discrimination, and Stereotyping
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Stereotype threat… Can you see how a stereotype threat can
develop… You go to ATM and woman in front looks at you
and seems nervous
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Reducing Prejudice One hypothesis is - negative stereotypes and
prejudice are due to ignorance From this perspective, simply exposing people
to members of different groups should reduce prejudice
But merely putting different groups together has not generally worked
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Reducing Prejudice Contact Hypothesis
Stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases
Getting to know and hopefully to understand a group
Get two groups to work towards a common goal
Cooperation helps; competition hurts
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Effective group contact… Outgroup members have traits and abilities
challenging negative stereotypes Contact is supported by local authorities and norms Groups are of equal status, at least in contact setting Contact is at individual level Contact is rewarding Groups work toward common goals
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Jigsaw Classroom Each student in a mixed race group is given a
different, and essential, task to complete towards a class project This intervention takes advantage of each of the
six principles of effective group contact
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Back to the Rattlers and Eagles… Importance of common goals was shown in the study
of the Rattlers and Eagles… When their only contact involved competitive
games, interactions became increasingly negative But then researchers forced the boys to cooperate
towards common goals (such as starting a bus to take them all to a movie)
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After competing, the Rattlers’ impressions of the Eagles were highly unfavorable, as were the Eagles’ impressions of the Rattlers
After competing, the Rattlers’ impressions of the Eagles were highly unfavorable, as were the Eagles’ impressions of the Rattlers
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
2020
0 0 After CooperationAfter Cooperation
After CompetitionAfter Competition
Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable
Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable
Ratings of Own GroupRatings of Own GroupRatings of Other GroupRatings of Other Group
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The hostility between the groups eventually turned into friendship and acceptance after they were induced to begin cooperating with each other
The hostility between the groups eventually turned into friendship and acceptance after they were induced to begin cooperating with each other
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
2020
0 0 After CooperationAfter Cooperation
After CompetitionAfter Competition
Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable
Percentage of Rattler and Eagle Ratings That Were Unfavorable
Ratings of Own GroupRatings of Own GroupRatings of Other GroupRatings of Other Group
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Finally, maybe we should just eliminate these altogether…