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Step 10 Visualisation
Carlos Moura
COIN 2017 - 15th JRC Annual Training on Composite Indicators & Scoreboards 06-08/11/2017, Ispra (IT)
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2 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Effective communication through visualization
Why investing on visual information?
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3 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Effective communication through visualization
A M C D F G O I S H P O F Q H O P I U O I U L F K S D K
F K F J Z F C P T H B M U G I N D I C A T O R S D H D X
B E W Z C O M P O S I T E A E T F R J L M N O J K P B R
L A D X O G F J E I L K S A P R P U E D G H M X O Q B I
How many P’s can you find in the text?
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4 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Effective communication through visualization
A M C D F G O I S H P O F Q H O P I U O I U L F K S D K
F K F J Z F C P T H B M U G I N D I C A T O R S D H D X
B E W Z C O M P O S I T E A E T F R J L M N O J K P B R
L A D X O G F J E I L K S A P R P U E D G H M X O Q B I
How many P’s can you find in the text?
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5 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Effective communication through visualization
Visualization uses perception to free cognition
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6 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Effective visualization
How to achieve it?
Does it have to be pretty?
Where are the guidelines?
Is color important?
Is there any science behind it?
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7 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt psychology
Set of laws that accounts for how we perceive or intuit patterns and
conclusions from the things we see.
It allows for
• Better understanding of human perception
• Achieving better visuals
• Speeding up development by removing trial and error.
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8 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Emergence – forming complex patterns from simple rules.
Visual perception and the Principles of Gestalt
Can you see the dog?
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9 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Emergence – forming complex patterns from simple rules.
Visual perception and the Principles of Gestalt
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10 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Reification
Constructive aspect of perception.
The perceived experience contains more information than the sensorial stimulus.
Visual perception and the Principles of Gestalt
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11 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Multistability
Ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth between alternative interpretations.
Visual perception and the Principles of Gestalt
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12 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Invariance
Simple objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation and scale.
Visual perception and the Principles of Gestalt
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13 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Pragnanz – Simplicity is the key
People will perceive and interpret
ambiguous or complex images as the
simplest and complete form(s) possible.
Independently of the figure, we always see the 4 points as vertices of a square
= +
not +
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14 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Pragnanz – Simplicity is the key
Excel 2003 vs Excel 2013 Data-Ink ratio =
𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎−𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐
= 1 – proportion of a graphic that can be erased
without loss of data-information
(Tufte, Edward – The visual display of quantitative information)
Some suggestions to reduce data-ink ratio:
- No 3d charts
- No backgrounds, shadows or gradients
- Remove gridlines, decoration, borders, fillcolors
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15 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Pragnanz – Simplicity is the key
An ordered chart is easier to read
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16 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Figure-ground organization
The eye differentiates an object from its surroundings.
Objects are either classified as figure or ground.
Balancing figure and ground can make the perceived image more clear.
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17 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Proximity
Objects or shapes that are close to another appear to form groups.
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18 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Proximity
Objects or shapes that are close to another appear to form groups.
A B C D A B C D
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19 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Similarity
Elements that share similar characteristics are perceived as more related than elements that don’t share those characteristics.
Similarity is particularly affected by color.
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20 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Similarity
Elements that share similar characteristics are perceived as more related than elements that don’t share those characteristics.
Similarity is particularly affected by color.
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21 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Closure The minds tendency to see complete figures of forms even if a figure is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects or if part of the information is missing.
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22 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Closure The minds tendency to see complete figures of forms even if a figure is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects or if part of the information is missing.
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23 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Simetry The minds perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point. When two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connectes them to form a coherent shape.
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24 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Common fate
Visual elements moving in the same direction are perceived as being related to each other more than being related with others stationary or moving in a different direction.
Images can also relate to similarity by shape.
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25 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Common fate
Visual elements moving in the same direction are perceived as being related to each other more than being related with others stationary or moving in a different direction.
Images can also relate to similarity by shape.
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26 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Continuity
Elements tend to be grouped together if they are aligned within an object.
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27 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Good Gestalt
Objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular, simple and orderly.
It means that as individuals perceive the world, they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in is most simplistic form.
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28 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Past experience (isomorphic correspondance)
Under some circunstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience
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29 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Quality of Government • First published in 2010 as a working
paper • Picked up by academic research • Financed for 2013 update through
FP7 • Included in the Cohesion Report • One of the pillars of the Cultural
and Creative Cities Monitor
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30 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Quality of Government • First published in 2010 as a working
paper • Picked up by academic research • Financed for 2013 update through
FP7 • Included in the Cohesion Report • One of the pillars of the Cultural
and Creative Cities Monitor
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31 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Uniform connectedness
Elements that are visually connected are perceived as more related than elements with no connection.
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32 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Common regions
Elements are perceived as part of a group if they are located within the same closed region.
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33 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Common regions
Visual perception: 1 section containing many different elements
Visual perception: 1 section containing 3 groups of metrics
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34 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Gestalt principles
Law of Common regions
https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/social-scoreboard
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35 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Preattentive attributes
Used in data visualization to
quickly focus the readers
view on the most important
point of information
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36 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Preattentive attributes - examples
Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor
Rank – Country page
Preattentive attributes: Length/position and hue
Social scoreboard – Country Analysis
Preattentive attributes: Position, hue, enclosure
+ connectedness
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37 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Preattentive attributes - examples
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/france/
OECD Better Life Index
Preattentive attributes: hue
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38 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color
Color can be a powerful tool for presenting information if used effectively.
https://www.mapd.com/demos/tweetmap/
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39 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color
• Capital regions are closer to the Europe 2020 targets
• Performance of less developed regions crucial for Europe
2020
• High and low poverty road to development
• Quality of government varies dramatically within countries
Used innefectively, it can be a tool for disaster
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40 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color
Some tips for choosing colors:
- Limit color usage (less is more) – good chromatic harmony can be achieved with 3 or 4 different colors.
- Readability is fundamental – Enough contrast between background and figure.
- Tints, tones and shades.
- Allow for white space.
- Strategic use of colors to highlight important messages.
- Keep cultural color meanings in mind.
- Consistence use of colors and styles throughout the medium.
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41 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color Schemes
Opposite to each other on
the colorwheel
Four colors arranged into
two complementary pairs
Complementary Tetradic Triadic
Three colors evenly space
around the colorwheel
Next to each other in
the color wheel
Base color plus the two colors
adjacent to it’s complement
Analogous Split complementary Square
Four colors evenly space
around the colorwheel
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42 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color Variations
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43 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color issues – don’t forget the 10%
• Color vision deficiency (CVD) affects approximately 8% of men (1 in 12 men) and 0.5% of women (1 in 200 women)
• Which means some people in the audience is affected by it (and some may even not aware).
• Make the test here: http://www.color-blindness.com/ishihara-38-plates-cvd-test/#prettyPhoto
• The most common form is called red-green color blindness and is encoded in the x-chromosome.
Source: http://www.color-blindness.com/
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44 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color issues
Social Scoreboard
Red-blind (1.3%M/0.02%W)
Green-blind (1.3%M/0.01%W)
Green-weak (5%M/0.35%W)
Blue-weak (0.02%M/0.01%W)
Blue-blind (0.001%M/0.03%W)
Red-weak (1.3%M/0.02%W)
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45 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color issues
Heatmap
Red-blind (1.3%M/0.02%W)
Green-blind (1.3%M/0.01%W)
Green-weak (5%M/0.35%W)
Normal view
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46 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color tools https://www.sessions.edu/color-calculator/
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47 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color tools https://www.coolors.co/app
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48 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color tools https://color.adobe.com
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49 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Color tools http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=diverging&scheme=RdBu&n=5
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50 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
Highlight what’s important
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51 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
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Is it ok? Highlight what’s important
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52 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
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... not color blind friendly (Red-blind simulation) Highlight what’s important
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53 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
Highlight what’s important Start from zero (and keep it simple)
Source: https://guides.library.duke.edu/datavis/topten
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54 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
Don’t use 3d Avoid pie charts (specially in 3D)
Source: https://guides.library.duke.edu/datavis/topten
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55 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
Avoid comparing areas (even when the charts make sense)
Source: https://guides.library.duke.edu/datavis/topten
Keep it simple (sometimes a table is better to convey information)
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56 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Chart examples bad vs good
C3 monitor country page – cities rank
Possible alternative
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57 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Interactive data visualization
• Attract attention from the public
• Increase engagement
• Increase trust in the data
• The data tells the story
• Hundreds of possible stories
• The user create its own story
Source (image): http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/29/our-
favorite-pew-research-center-data-visualizations-from-2014/
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58 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Interactive data visualization
Source: https://d3js.org/
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59 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
COIN interactive platforms
Social Scoreboard
https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/social-scoreboard
Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor
https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/cultural-creative-cities-monitor
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60 JRC-COIN © | Step 9 & 10 Communication & Visualization
Any questions? You can find me at [email protected]