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Charmonium Renaissance
Stefan SpanierUniversity of Tennessee
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• Standard Model
• Fermions: basic constituents of matter
• Bosons: force mediators• Anti‐particles: opposite charge,
baryon/lepton number, and helicity, same mass
mass
Generation
baryons mesons
Hadrons
decays
..maybe more, but not clear
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• Standard Model Interactions
• SM is a Quantum Field Theory: describes all interactions as exchange of particles, and all particles as excited states of quantum field– Gauge Invariant: force laws applicable at all places and times (global) + local !– Renormalizable: predicted interaction rates scale based on energy/distance
Interaction Mediator Range In Nature
Strong gluon m Binds quarks into hadrons
Electromagnetic photon , Binds together atoms and molecules
Weak W, Z boson < m Enables beta decay of neutron
1510
1810
21
r
QCD
Glashow
10/4/2013
c c
J/ψ
b q
B
b b
ηbStrong Force Charges
red green blue
anti‐red anti‐green anti‐blue
1S03S1
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• QCD Running Coupling Constant
[Experimental Tests of Asymptotic Freedom, arXiv:hep-ex/0606035]
Strong Interaction Coupling Gross, Politzer, WilczekNoble Price 2004
Quantum Fluctuations (anti) screen color charge
dominates at large distance (low energy) confinement
Perturbation Theory fails use Potential Models, Symmetries ..
E1
Nuclear physics
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• Shortcomings
• Standard Model unsatisfactory for several reasons, e.g.– 19 ad‐hoc free parameters
–> no prediction beyond EW scale– Forces do not converge – Gravity (DM) not included
• Additional particles/interactions?
Search
indirectly (rare decays)
directly (new peaks in spectra)
+
SM New?
New?
Planck energy~ 1019 GeV
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• Grand Unification Theory
Minimal Supersymmetric SM
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• SUSY - MSSM
G G~
±
~
~
Neutralinos x 4
x 2Charginos
x 5
Mass: 100 GeV .. 1 TeV
Boson Fermion
• The SUSY extension is a small perturbation consistent with electroweak precision data (CP violation in B Decays)
• The lightest SUSY neutralino is stable and massive Dark Matter
• Lightest SUSY-Higgs mass well below 100 GeV (?) and is pseudo-scalar
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• SUSY
Simulation
p
Signature
• Transverse energy, momentum (mass) unbalanced
• Same-sign leptons
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• Bottonium Spectrum Hides MSSM Higgs ?
J/ J/
higgs
BaBar
Y(3S)b
Phys.Rev.Lett.101:071801,2008
Phys.Rev.Lett.103:111802,2009
Bottomonium spectroscopy with mixing of eta_b states and a light CP‐odd Higgs. F.Domingo, U. Ellwanger, M‐A Sanchis‐Lozano
Escaping the Large Fine Tuning and Little Hierarchy Problems in the Next to Minimal Supersymmetric Model and h‐> aa DecaysRadovan Dermisek, John F. Gunion Phys.Rev.Lett. 95 (2005) 041801
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• Summary
• Standard Model is unsatisfactory and probably a low energy limit of a more general theoryWhere are the new (non‐SM) particles?
• Details within the SM, particularly QCD require effort to be able to distinguish new from oldWhere are objetcs made of gluons and quarks
other than mesons and hadrons that are predicted by QCD but haven’t been found
Glueballs Hybrids Tetra‐quark states …
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• Onia StatesIn 2005 BaBar experiment discovers charmonium like state in initial state radiation among whole series of discovery of new, unexpected states Even though above DD threshold does not decay this way
cc
c
c)(du
)(du
NOT !
/Jee ISR
e
e
q
q
1‐‐
m(D) 1.87 GeV
00or DDDD
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• Onia States
cc
c
c
Hybrid
)4260(Y
L
/J
MAYBE
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All new states – what are they?
1S0 3S1
Charmonium Spectroscopy Renaissance
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• More States in Sub‐DecaysY(4260) @ / Jee
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• Exotic States
‐ Large mass, decay into J/ implies cc content; cc‐bar is electrically neutral‐ Charged pion carries charge of the ZC state implies additional (light) quarks (ud or ud) participate in state
4‐Quark States never been observed before !?
_
__
_
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Furthermore, states such as predicted
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• 4 Quark States
.. or could it be a DD molecule ?
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d
u
u
d
d
u
u
bb
d
d
d
u
u
d
d
u
u
bb
d
d
7 TeV
Gluon Fusion is dominant process Soft‐scattering has higher cross section but mostly along beam
Higgs, JJ, ZZQCD Exotics
• Particle Production in Proton‐Proton Collisions at LHC
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• The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)Proton‐proton collider (up to ECM=14 TeV)27 km in circumference, 50‐175m deep between Jura mountains (France) and
Lake Geneva (Switzerland)
First year running: Startup Nov. 2009 Several months
calibration runs
2011 running: 7 TeV p‐p runs2012 running 8 TeV p‐p runs2015 resume running 13 TeV p‐p
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Each beam• 2808 bunches of protons• ~1011 protons/bunch• Circulation time: 89 s• Current: ~ 0.6 Ampere• Time between collisions: 25 ns
• Fill time (450 GeV): 7.5 min • Acceleration time : 20 min• Beam lifetime : ~15 hours
• LHC
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• The CMS Detector
TRACKER
MUONENDCAPS
Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) positionResistive Plate Chambers (RPC) time
Resistive PlateChambers (RPC) timing
Drift Tubes (DT) position
66M Silicon Pixels, 3layers (barrel), 2 forward disksSilicon Strips: 10 barrel layers, 3+9 disks
ECAL Scintillating PbWO4 Crystals
HCALPlastic scintillator&Brass
SOLENOIDB = 3.8 T
MUON BARREL
=1.2
2.4
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• Muon Trigger• L1 hardware trigger (~1s)• High‐level trigger: tracking/vertexing
invariant mass combinationsJ/+‐ displaced (m=200 MeV)/prompt (250 MeV)
More restrictivewith higherluminosity
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Requirements:High resolution (~15 µm), granular tracker HermeticOperate 5 years in high radiation field Important for vertex finding
Barrel Pixel Detector (BPix) 3 layers at radii 4.3, 7.2, and 11.0 cm
~48 million pixels
Forward Pixel Detector (FPix) 2 disks at Z = 34.5 and 46.5 cm ~18 million pixels
Module → ROC → Pixel
Primary Vertex (PV)B
μ+
μ-
d
• Silicon Pixel Detector
Secondary Vertex (PV)
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• Muon Efficiency• Muon Efficiency
- “tag and probe” in data
- Monte Carlo (compatible with data)
J/ψ, Z decay
μ
μ
“tag” muon
“probe” muon
Barrel
Identification
• Muon tracking- excellent pT/pT ~ 1%
- efficiency > 99% for central - excellent vertex reconstruction
impact parameter ~15um
Match segmentswith tracker track(> 1 pixel hit, >10 strip hits)
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• Search for Double J/
J/ψ J/ψ
Prompt double J/
J/ψJ/ψ
Prompt/non‐prompt
B
J/ψ J/ψ
Double non‐prompt
BB J/ψ
MisreconstructedJ/
μ+
μ-
J/ψ
Pileup
J/ψ
μ+
μ-μ+
μ-
Signal: Background:
clean 4 muontopology
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• Search for Double J/‐ Discriminating Variables
1 refers to higher‐pT J/
2011 Data‐‐ Double J/ψMC‐‐ B‐bkg MC
J/ψ
μ+
μ-d
1 Proper Decay Length, CTxy
1 Mass 2 Mass
Significance of Distance between J/, dJ/
J/ψ
μ+
μ-
rJ/ψ
μ+ μ-
dpmc
||
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• Maximum Likelihood Fit
Fit validated with simulated events.
signalnon‐promptbkg‐J/ + J/‐bkgbkg‐bkg
Signal 446 ± 23
Non‐prompt 182 ± 18
J/‐bkg/bkg‐J/ 321 ± 28
bkg‐bkg 94 ± 16
2011 DataFit validated with simulated events.Significant observation of double‐J/ production
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• Search for Double J/Cut and CountWith somewhat restricted kinematic rangeAnd requirements as indicated in event variable distributions
?
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• Production of Double J/ ‐ Background % Opportunity
Single Parton Scattering (SPS) – 2 particle production
Production of particles such as Higgs or others due to this process – only?
Double‐parton scattering (DPS) present ?
Theory does not make predictions for the kinematic regime of CMS !!
Each double J produced still needs to be combined with rest of the event Complex hadronic production models
If present changes predictions ofproduction rate (indirect searches) and background predictions (direct ~) Sensitivity in search for new particles limited by knowledge about DPS % SPS
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• Measurement of Double J/
LHCb
CMS
5.1 ± 1.0stat ± 1.1syst nb
Theory: tot ~ 24 nb
Theory ‐ SPS : ~ 4 nbDPS :~ 2 nb
Single J/ Acceptance Regime• Models not developed for CMS acceptance– Assumes dominance of
SPS, CS production, e.g.
• Expect distinct differences between different models– SPS/DPS in |y|– CS/CO in pT
[Novoselov, arXiv:1106.2184v1]
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• Measurement of Double J/
THEORYMonte Carlogenerator
SPS
DPS
CMS is in kinematic regime complementary to LHCb
Reverse engineer the cross section from datamodel independent!
Distribution normalizedto same # events
?TriggerReconstruction
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Observed event = event probabilitythat it was produced within J/ window
‐muons fall within CMS detector ai‐muons were triggered&detected i‐ is signal si
ii
ii a
sN
Original population
Detected population
• Event‐by‐event Correction of Signal Yield
Detected signal population
Signal population within J/and muon acceptance region
Signal population within J/ acceptance region
Least Model Dependence
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Place the measured muon 4‐momenta in a simulated eventEnsure energy and momentum conservation in approximation
Generated Event
Full detector simulation
generatorJJ
dataJJ EE ~
generatorJJ
dataJJ pp ˆ~ˆ
Data Event
fail
2b.
1. 3.
2a.
• Efficiency i ‐Muon Substitution Method
TriggerDetector
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• Differential Cross Section
pT [GeV/c] dσ/dpT Stat. Err. Syst. Err.
0‐5 0.056 0.007 0.012
5‐10 0.048 0.006 0.010
10‐14 0.108 0.013 0.012
14‐18 0.089 0.009 0.012
18‐23 0.019 0.002 0.003
23‐40 0.003 0.0004 0.0004
i T
i
T pJBFLN
dpXJppd
2)/()/2(
|y| < 1.2 pT > 6.5 GeV/c1.2 <|y|< 1.43 pT > 6.54.5 GeV/c1.43 <|y|< 2.2 pT > 4.5 GeV/c
nb/(GeV/c)
Andrew York, Thesis UTK
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• Differential Cross Section
!
Published to provide input for model buildersUse improved generator and subject to full detector simulation
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• What do others see?
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• What do others see?
[Phys Lett B 114B (1982) 457]
400 GeV/c
[Phys Lett B 158B (1985) 85]
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• Summary
LHC is successfully continuing particle production described by SM and beyond SM
The proton‐proton collision program will continue in 2015 with the chance to turn many 3 sigma evidences into observations or nothing
We opened a new box for new particle searches that has been not accessed before
If confirmed, signals may continue the onia renaissance or even turn out to be beyond SM signals