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Stefan SivkovStefan Sivkov
MU - PlovdivMU - Plovdiv
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Why do we study muscles?Why do we study muscles?
Body movementBody movement
Skeletal movementSkeletal movement
Movement of bloodMovement of blood
Movement of foodMovement of food
Uterine contractionsUterine contractions
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Muscle disordersMuscle disorders Food resourceFood resource Weight controlWeight control
– Use it or looseUse it or loose itit
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General characteristicsGeneral characteristics
6600 00 musclesmuscles - 40 % - 40 % body weightbody weight Organ structureOrgan structure
musclemuscle, , connectiveconnective, , nervenerve, , epithelialepithelial tissuetissue
FunctionsFunctions
• movementmovement
• heat productionheat production
• posture controlposture control
• supportsupport
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EmbryogenesisEmbryogenesis
Mesodermal originMesodermal origin
SomitesSomites – – primary mesodermal segmentsprimary mesodermal segments
sclerotomessclerotomes – – vertebral columnvertebral column
myotomesmyotomes – – muscles of body and limbsmuscles of body and limbs
dorsaldorsal – – back musclesback muscles
ventralventral – – antero-lateral and limb antero-lateral and limb
musclesmuscles
Branchial gillsBranchial gills – – facial and neck musclesfacial and neck muscles
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Topological organization of Topological organization of musclesmuscles
Paired and symmetricalPaired and symmetrical
Segmental – in the bodySegmental – in the body
Shortest distance between origin and insertionShortest distance between origin and insertion
Perpendicular to the joint axesPerpendicular to the joint axes
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ClassificationClassification
According to the formAccording to the form According to the fiber directionAccording to the fiber direction According to the functionAccording to the function According the number of jointsAccording the number of joints According to the positionAccording to the position
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Structure of the muscleStructure of the muscle
Contractile (fleshy) partContractile (fleshy) part
ExtrafusalExtrafusal muscle fibersmuscle fibers Muscle fibersMuscle fibers
Muscle bundlesMuscle bundles
MuscleMuscle
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Connective tissue Connective tissue in the musclein the muscle
1.1. EndomysiumEndomysium. Thin layer around . Thin layer around
the muscle fiber.the muscle fiber.
2. Perimysium.2. Perimysium. Thicker layer around Thicker layer around
a bundle of muscle fibers (a bundle of muscle fibers (fasciclefascicle). ).
3. Epimysium.3. Epimysium. The outer connective The outer connective
tissue layer.tissue layer.
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Muscle spindleMuscle spindle
ProprioreceptionProprioreception
IntrafusalIntrafusal muscle fibers muscle fibers thinthin (30 (30 m mm) m) andand shortshort (m (mmm)) central portioncentral portion ( (nuclear bagnuclear bag) )
- - sensory endingssensory endings peripheral partsperipheral parts
- motor endings of motor endings of -motoneurons-motoneurons
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Intrafusal fibersIntrafusal fibers – – nuclear bagnuclear bag andand nuclear nuclear
chainchain.. Fusimotor fibersFusimotor fibers – – motor nerve fibersmotor nerve fibers. . PrimaryPrimary (Іа) (Іа) andand secondarysecondary (ІІ) (ІІ) sensory nerve sensory nerve
fibersfibers..
Registers changes in the muscle length and Registers changes in the muscle length and
speed. Sensation is modulated from CNS by speed. Sensation is modulated from CNS by
fusimotor systemfusimotor system::
- - static gamma system static gamma system for changes in lengthfor changes in length
- - dynamic gamma systemdynamic gamma system for changes in for changes in
speedspeed..
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Muscle tendonMuscle tendon
Attachment of muscleAttachment of muscle
formform – – according to the muscle formaccording to the muscle form
thicknessthickness – – up toup to 20% 20% muscle thicknessmuscle thickness
structurestructure
– collagen fiberscollagen fibers
– peritendineumperitendineum – – between and around the fibersbetween and around the fibers
– Golgi corpusclesGolgi corpuscles – – stretch receptors stretch receptors
– blood vesselsblood vessels – – less than in the muscleless than in the muscle
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TypeType I I muscle fibersmuscle fibers
Lowest contractile Lowest contractile velocityvelocity
Lowest cross section Lowest cross section surface surface
Highest aerobic capacityHighest aerobic capacity Lowest anaerobic Lowest anaerobic
capacitycapacity Slow, long-term Slow, long-term
contractioncontraction. . Long distance runners, Long distance runners,
swimmersswimmers
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TypeType II II muscle fibersmuscle fibers
TypeType II-b II-b fibers havefibers have Highest contractile velocityHighest contractile velocity Highest cross section surface Highest cross section surface Lowest aerobic capacityLowest aerobic capacity Highest anaerobic capacityHighest anaerobic capacity Quick, short-term contractionQuick, short-term contraction. .
Sprint, weight-lifting, fitnessSprint, weight-lifting, fitness
TypeType II-a II-a fibersfibers are intermediateare intermediate. .
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Auxiliary structuresAuxiliary structures
FasciaeFasciae
properproper – – one muscleone muscle
groupgroup – – synergic synergic
musclesmuscles
septaeseptae – – separate separate
neighbouring muscle neighbouring muscle
groupsgroups
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Synovial vaginaeSynovial vaginae
Outer sheathOuter sheath
Inner sheathInner sheath
MesotenonMesotenon
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Synovial bursaeSynovial bursae Beneath tendons and muscles, close to Beneath tendons and muscles, close to
their insertions their insertions
Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones In tendons close to their insertionsIn tendons close to their insertions
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Histological Histological characteristics of characteristics of
muscle fibersmuscle fibers
1.1. Cross striationCross striation. .
а. Dark and light bands. а. Dark and light bands.
1) А1) А--bandsbands. . DarkDark –– anisotropic anisotropic
2) І2) І--bandsbands. . LightLight - - isotropicisotropic..
б.б.1) Z disc1) Z disc in І band. in І band.
2) Н zone in 2) Н zone in А band; А band; М линия,М линия, dark in Н. dark in Н.
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Muscle biomechanicsMuscle biomechanics
Internal biomechanicsInternal biomechanics Physiological transectionPhysiological transection – – perpendicular to fibersperpendicular to fibers Anatomical transectionAnatomical transection – – through the widest part of the musclethrough the widest part of the muscle Vector of muscle strengthVector of muscle strength
Effectiveness of muscle strength -Effectiveness of muscle strength - negatively proportional to the negatively proportional to the
angle between the vector and the boneangle between the vector and the bone
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Muscle biomechanicsMuscle biomechanics
External biomechanicsExternal biomechanics
Movements in jointsMovements in joints. . Synergists and antagonistsSynergists and antagonists
Muscle strengthMuscle strength. . Number and length of the fibersNumber and length of the fibers
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External biomechanicsExternal biomechanics
AttachmentsAttachments punctum mobilepunctum mobile - - insertioninsertion punctum fixumpunctum fixum - - originorigin
Levers of muscle contractionLevers of muscle contraction FulcrumFulcrum Point of loadPoint of load Point of strengthPoint of strength
I class leverI class lever – – of equilibriumof equilibrium II class leverII class lever
ІІА ІІА classclass – – of strengthof strength ІІВ ІІВ classclass – – of speedof speed
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Theory of sliding myofilamentsTheory of sliding myofilaments
Cycle of crossed bridgesCycle of crossed bridges
ATP required. ATP required. Crossed bridgesCrossed bridges
MyosinMyosinOn both sides of the myofilamentsOn both sides of the myofilamentsBidirectional on one side of the myofilamentBidirectional on one side of the myofilament
А-bandsdo not changeА-bandsdo not change І-І-bandsbands narrownarrow
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