Download - Starter S-11
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Starter S-11
What is the SI (metric) unit for each of the following?
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Weight
4. Energy
5. Time
6. Volume
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Scientific Measurement
Chapter 3
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Measurements and Their Uncertainty
Section 3.1
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Standard
SCSh5. Students will demonstrate the computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and developing reasonable scientific
explanations.
d. Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data, using scientific
notation where appropriate.
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Measurement – quantity (magnitude) and a unit
100 m
15 kg
95 mL
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Accuracy – how close a measurement comes to the actual value
Error – measurement of accuracy
How close an answer is to the accepted value
Accuracy Video
AOError
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
A=Accepted Value
O=Observed value
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Percent Error (Relative Error) – better measurement of how much error there was
%100% xA
errorError
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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For example
If you measured the mass of a beaker to be 12.5g, but the box said it had an actual mass of 12.0 g, then
AOError
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
0.125.12 Error 5.0Error
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We use that value to calculate percent error
%100% xA
ErrorError
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
5.0Error
%1000.12
5.0% xError %4% Error
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Precision – how close are measurements to each other
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
Three shooters with three arrows each to shoot.
Can you hit the bull's-eye?
Both accurate and precise
Precise but not accurate
Neither accurate nor precise
How do they compare?
Can you define accuracy and precision?
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Practice Accuracy and PrecisionExpress appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Significant Figures – all the digits that are known, plus one digit that is estimated
Object
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Significant Figures – all the digits that are known, plus one digit that is estimated
Object
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
1. All nonzero digits are significant
a. 24.7 m
b. 0.743 m
c. 714 m
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
2. Zeros between nonzeros are significant
a. 7003 m
b. 40.79 m
c. 1.503 m
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
3. Left zeros in front of nonzeros are not significant
a. 0.0071 m
b. 0.42 m
c. 0.000099 m
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
4. Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal are always significant
a. 43.00 m
b. 1.010 m
c. 9.000 m
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
5. Zeros at the right of a digit as place holders are not significant
a. 300 m
b. 7000 m
c. 27210 m
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Which written digits are significant
6. Two types of numbers have unlimited significant digits
a. When counting the number of something
b. Defined quantities
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Examples of digits
1. 400
2. 0.065
3. 35.05
4. 1003
5. 0.00500
6. 10200
7. 0.010200
8. 10.5
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Examples of digits
1. 400 1
2. 0.065 2
3. 35.05 4
4. 1003 4
5. 0.00500 3
6. 10200 3
7. 0.010200 5
8. 10.5 3
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Calculations – Addition and Subtraction
1. Line up numbers by their decimal point
56.4
+11.688
68.088
Round the number to match the number with the least number of decimal places
So the answer is 68.1
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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62.1
9.35
+8.6
80.05
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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62.1
9.35
+8.6
80.1
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Starter S-14
What is the error and percent error if a lab measure the length of a person to be 1.99 m, but the actual length of that person is 1.85 m?
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1.36
+10.2
11.56
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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1.36
+10.2
11.6
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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Calculations – Multiplication and Division
Perform the math operation
7.55
x 0.34
2.567
Choose the number with the fewest significant digits
Keep that many digits in your answer
2.6
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
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2.10
X 0.70
1.47
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
1.5
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2.4526
÷ 8.4
0.291976
Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data
0.29
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The International System of Unit
Section 3.2
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The International System of Units – metric system
Length – meter (m)
Mass – kilogram (kg)
Temperature – kelvin (K)
Time – second (s)
Amount of Substance – mole (mol)
Energy – joule (J)
The International System of Units 3.2
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The International System of Units 3.2Metric Prefixes
Kilo – 1000 x
Centi – 1/100
Milli – 1/1000
Know these three
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Starter S-15
Write the correct answer using significant digits.
1. 85.2 x 3
2. 512315.00500
3. 0.00400 x .050
4. 600.08700
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Derived units
Volume – liter
10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm = 1 L
1/1000 L = 1 mL = 1 cc = 1 cm3
The International System of Units 3.2
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Temperature Conversion
Need to switch between Celsius and Kelvin
Celsius based on boiling of water (100oC) and freezing of water (0oC)
Kelvin based on the coldest possible temperature (-273oC)
273
273
KC
CKo
o
The International System of Units 3.2
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Practice Converting Temperature
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Energy Units
calorie – energy needed to raise one gram of water one oC
1 cal = 4.184 J
Calorie (kilocalorie) = 1000 cal
The International System of Units 3.2
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Conversion Problems
Section 3.3
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Standard
SCSh5. Students will demonstrate the computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and developing reasonable scientific
explanations.
e. Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional
analysis and/or simple algebraic formulas as appropriate.
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Equality – numbers that are in different units, but have the same value
$1.00 = 100¢
1000 m = 1 km
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 year = 365.25 days
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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We now use a math trick to create conversion factors
Conversion factors allow us to change from one unit to another
You will do lots, and lots, and lots of this. So learn this!!!
In math, you can always multiply by 1
mxm 1)1()1(
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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If we want to convert to kilometers, we remember 1000m=1km
If we divide 1km/1000m, what does it equal?
110001 mkm
mxm 1)1()1(
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Now the math trick
Since we can multiply by 1, we can multiply by 1km/1000m
kmm
kmxm 001.0)1000
1()1(
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Your turn
How many second are in 3.5 minutes?
First – what is the equality?
If you are converting
minutes to seconds
what is the conversion
factor?
min160 s
min1
60s
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
What you want goes on the top!What you have goes on the bottom!
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The rule for the conversion factor is that what you have is on the bottom (unit)
What you are trying to
convert to is on top
So
min160 s
min1
60ss
s210
min1
60min5.3
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Sample Problems
1. Convert 256 days to years
2. Convert 95g to kilograms
3. Convert 452 cm to m
4. 5.6 dozen donuts is how many donuts
0.701 yr
0.095 kg
4.52 m
67 d
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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You should have the following equalities memorized
1 kilo = 1000100 centi = 11000 milli = 11 min = 60 s
Others equalities will be given in later chapters
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Starter S-16
As of yesterday $1.00 will buy you 0.6946 Euro. The symbol for a Euro is €. If you have €67.5 and want to convert to US dollars
A. What is the equality?
B. What is the conversion factor?
C. How many dollars can you get?
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Starter S-16
As of yesterday $1.00 will buy you 0.6978 Euro. The symbol for a Euro is €. If you have €67.5 and want to convert to US dollars
A. What is the equality?
$1.00 = €0.6978
B. What is the conversion factor?
($1.00/€0.6978)
C. How many dollars can you get? $96.73
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Density
Section 3.4
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Density – ratio of mass to volume
Objects with lower density float in liquids with a higher density
Some common densities
Density Gizmo
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
1010White dwarf star
1,000Water (Freshwater)
7,800Steel
10,500Silver
1,030Seawater (Saltwater)
21,400Platinum
1018Neutron star
13,600Mercury
11,300Lead
7,800Iron
920Ice
19,300Gold
1,260Glycerin
810Ethanol
8,900Copper
2,000Concrete
8,600Brass
1,600Blood
900Benzene
2,700Aluminum
1.20Air (1 atm, 20 degrees C
Density (kg/m3)Material
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Density equation
ρ=density (g/cm3)
m=mass (g)
V=volume (cm3=mL)
An intensive property
m
V
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Depends on composition of matter, not on the size of the sample
So lead
Has a very different density
from styrofoam
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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The density of a substance usually decreases as temperature increases
1. Oil heats up – density decrease
2. Oil rises – less density
3. Oil cools – density increases
4. Oil sinks
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Density problems
1. What is the density of a copper penny, if it has a mass of 3.1g and a volume of 0.35cm3?
3
3
3.1
0.35
8.9 /
m
Vg
cm
g cm
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Density problems
2. What is the volume of a pure silver coin that has a mass of 14g? The density of silver is 10.5g/cm3.
33
141.3
10.5 /
m
Vm
V
gV cm
g cm
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Density problems
3. What is the mass of a metal that has a density of 2.50g/cm3, and a volume of 245 cm3?
3 3(2.50 / )(245 )
612
m
Vm V
m g cm cm
m g
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Your turn
1. What is the density of an object that has a mass of 12.0 g and a volume of 35 cm3?
0.34g/cm3
2. What if the mass of an object with a volume of 23.1 cm3 and a density of 7.9g/cm3?
180g
Conversion Problems 3.3Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple
algebraic formulas
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Starter S-19
Add the following
A) 15.2 + 90 + 5.778
B) 150.0 + 20.0 + 8.000
Multiply
C) 325.455688 x 5 x 0.8920
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Starter S-20
Twinkle, twinkle little test
Time to go and do your best
If you studied all the day
You may earn yourself an A
Twinkle, twinkle little test
Time to go and do your best