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Starter
1) Electronic configuration of:a) Sc3+
b) Fe2+
c) Cu+
2) Suggest and explain the colour of compounds containing Zn2+
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Transition metals and complex ions
L.O.:Explain the term ligand in terms of coordinate bonding.
Describe and use the terms: complex ion and coordination number.
State and give examples of complexes with six-fold coordination with an octahedral shape.
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Complex ion [Fe(H2O)6]2+
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Complex ions - Definations
• LIGAND – molecule or ion that can donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate or dative covalent bond
• COORDINATE BOND – a bond where both electrons are provided for by the same atom. It is the same as a dative covalent bond but involves transition metals instead.
• COMPLEX ION – A transition metal ion bonded to one or more ligands by coordinate bonds (dative covalent bonds)
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Coordination number
• This is the number of coordinate bonds are attached to the central metal ion
E.g. [Fe(H2O)6 ]2+
The overall charge of this complex is the sum of the metal charges and the charges on the ions that it is coordinated to
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Calculate the oxidation number of the metal in:
a)[Cu(NH3)(H2O)]2+
b)[Co(H2O)5Cl]+
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Cobalt complex containing 6 monodentate ligands
• Notice the shape adopted by this complex, what is it and what are the bond angles?
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[Co(H2O)6]2+ is an octahedral complex ion
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L.O.:
Describe stereoisomerism in transition metal complexes using examples of cis–trans and optical isomerism.
Describe the use of cis–platin as an anti-cancer drug, and its action by binding to DNA.
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Cis–trans isomerism in [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
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Cis–trans isomerism in [NiCl2(NH3)2]
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Structure of cis-platin
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L.O.:Explain and use the term: bidentate ligand
(e.g. NH2CH2CH2NH2, ‘en’).
Describe stereoisomerism in transition element multidentate complexes using examples of cis–trans and optical isomerism.
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Structure of the ethanedioate ligand, C2O42–
Bidentate: it can donate two lone pairs of electrons to the central metal ion to form two coordianate bonds
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More bidentate ligands:
ethane-1,2-diamine, NH2CH2CH2NH2
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Complex ion [Ni(en)3]2+
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Cis–trans isomerism in [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
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Cis and trans isomers of [Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]–
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Structure of cis-platin
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Optical isomers of [Ni(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+
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Optical isomerism
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Necessary conditions for optical isomerism
Complexes must have either:3 bidentate ligands, e.g. [Ni(en)3 ]2+
2 bidentate and 2 monodentate ligands, e.g. [Co(en)2 Cl2 ]
1 hexadentate ligand – e.g. [Cu(EDTA)]2-
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Drawing optical isomers
• First draw the bonds around the metal ion• Then add the ligands to the first complex• Then complete the second complex as a
mirror image of the first