Download - Standard Model of Particle Physics
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The Structure of the Nucleon
3.5 decades of investigation
Arie Bodek - U. of Rochester
Miami March 30, 2007Standard Model of Particle Physics
Marriage of Particle Physics and Cosmology/ Astrophysics
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The Structure of the Nucleon
=1 Fermi
10-15 m =1 fm = 1 Fermi
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Standard Model
proton mass = 0.938 GeV/c2
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Particle Collisions of Fast moving High Energy Protons - Quantum
Chromodynbamics
low momentum transfer Q2
- slow moving
large momentum transfer Q2 - fast moving - evolution in Q2
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•1960-1968 • ELASTIC Electron Scattering - Hofstadter Nobel Prize Proton and neutron have a finite size (about 1 Fermi).
Electron or muonEnergy E
Electron or muon out (lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer
ProtonTarget mass M
INELASTIC- final state isProton plus pions (Mass W>>M)
ELASTIC- final state is one Proton with mass W=M
Feynman diagram
Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer
Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer
pf, E’pi,E
P
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1960-1968 ELASTIC Electron Scattering Proton and neutron have a finite size
(about 1 Fermi)- Form Factors(like optical scattering from a cloudy
sphere -inteference)
F (q) =Form Factor = Fourier transform of charge distributionForm factor=1 -->point like particle
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Interpretation of Form Factors
In non-relativistic limit, form factors are Fourier transforms of distributions:
( ) ( ) ( ) 3expE ch rG q iq r d rρ= ⋅∫r r r
Spin 1/2 particles have two elastic electromagnetic form factors:
GE : electric form factor
GM : magnetic form factor
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Calcium Nucleus Form Factor
Lead Nucleus Form Factor
Calcium 40
497 MeV
Lead 208
Falls more steeply
502 MeV
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Lead Nucleus 6 Fermi
Calcium Nucleus 4 Fermi
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Scattering from Protons and Neutrons - Experiment snows a
Dipole Form Factor
Mn n DG Gμ≅
GEp, GMp and GMn roughly follow the Dipole Form Factor.
The 0.71 GeV is determined from a fit to the world’s data.
An Exponential distribution has dipole form factor:
( ) 221 / 0.71DG Q−
≡ +
We find
11Proton form factors ratio to dipole
Proton form factors Ratio to DipoleCurrent status 2007 exponential charge and magnetic distributions
GepGmp
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Neutron charge densities
Neutron form factors ratio to dipole - current status -2007Electric - Total charge =0 :Positive on inside, negative on outsideMagnetic distribution- exponential.
GenGmn
Neutron form factors ratio to dipole
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Electron scattering SLAC MIT 1968-1974 - my PhD thesis experiment
Why do theorists like this experiment so much? - Victor Weisskopf
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Inelastic scattering: Resonance region
INELASTIC- final state isProton plus pions (Mass W >>M = 0.938 GeV
Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer in GeV2
Electron out(lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer
x =Q2 / (2M)
W=1.238 GeV
pf, E’pi,E
P
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‘ The electron scattering data in the Resonance Region is the “Frank Hertz Experiment” of the Proton.
V. Weisskopf * (former faculty member at Rochester and MIT) when he showed these data at an MIT Colloquium in 1971 (* died April 2002 at age 93)
e-P scattering A. Bodek PhD thesis 1972 [ PRD 20, 1471(1979) ] Proton Data Electron Energy = 4.5, 6.5 GeV Data
W=1.238 GeV
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• Particle Physics pre -1968 simplistic view
• Many different models for Hadron Structure- proton had a finite size, and there were hadron resonances - easily described mathmatically by the quark model.
• Quarks was considered more of a convenient way to model a symmetry rather than real particles (since none were ever observed and they had strange properties like 1/3 charge.
• “Real Particle Physics” were done at hardon machine where “Resonances” and new particles were being studied and discovered (spectroscopy, group theory, partial wave analysis, resonances, Regge poles etc.)
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Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS): Large Q2 large
(using proton mass = 0.938 GeV as a scale)
Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer in GeV2
Electron out(lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer
x =Q2 / (2M) High Q2
low Q2pf,
E’pi,E
P
Q2=0.07 Q2=0.22
Q2=25Q2=15
Q2=3
Q2=9
Q2=1.4Q2=0.85
191968: Surprise at W>2 GeV
Q2
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mf=mf =0
light pointlike partons
Proton is composed of point-like partons with very small mass
P. q in the laboratory = M --> x =Q2 / (2M) (Feynman)
Bjorken SCALING
First pointed out by Feynman)
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Deep Inelastic Scattering
Proton is composed of point like particles with very small mass Carrying a fraction x =Q2 / (2M) of the proton momentum when the proton is viewed in a fast moving frame. The proton structure function is only be a function of x (scaling)
But what are those partons?
Are they quarks?
‘ The electron scattering data in the Deep Inelastic Region is the “Rutherford Experiment” of the proton’
What do the Frank Hertz” and “Rutherford Experiment” of the proton’ have in common?A: Quarks! And QCD
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(1) What are the Parton Charges? (2) What are the Parton Spin• 1968 - SLAC e-p scaling ==> Point like Partons in the nucleon
(Bjorken/Feyman) MIT-SLAC group:Led by Friedman, Kendall, Taylor.
(1) Neutron/Proton ratio - Partons are fractionally charged like quarks (Bodek PhD. MIT 1972)
• A. Bodek et al., COMPARISONS OF DEEP INELASTIC ep AND en CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.30:1087,1973. (SLAC Exp. E49)
N =d d u + sea 1/3 1/3 2/3P = u u d + sea 2/3 2/3 1/3
Large x N/P -> 0.25 Explained by valence d/u
[ (1/3) / (2/3)]2 =1/4
Small x : N/P=1 explained by sea quarks
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What is the spin of the Partons? Riordan PhD Thesis MIT 1973
Electrons scatter by interacting with electric charge of the partons.
It the partons have spin, then there is also a much larger magnetic scattering.
Compare Ratio of electric scattering /
magnetic scattering
R=L/ T (small) Partons are spin 1/2 E.M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., EXTRACTION OF R = L/T FROM DEEP INELASTIC eP AND eD CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.33:561,1974.
A. Bodek et al., EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NEUTRON AND PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS. Phys.Rev.D20:1471-1552,1979.
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• A: Nobel Prize 1990 - Friedman, Kendall, Taylor for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
Front row: Richard Taylor, Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall. Second row: Arie Bodek, David Coward, Michael Riordan, Elliott Bloom, James Bjorken, Roger (Les) Cottrell, Martin Breidenbach, Gutherie Miller, Jurgen Drees, W.K.H. (Pief) Panofsky, Luke Mo, William Atwood. Not pictured: Herbert (Hobey) DeStaeblerGraduate students in italics
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Integral of F2(x) did not add up to 1.0. Missing momentum attributed to “gluons”. Like Pauli’s missing energy in beta decay attributed to neutrinos
*Gluons were “Discovered” in 1970, way before gluon jets were observed in PETRA.
Scatter shows F2(x, Q2) as expected from bremstrahlung of gluons by struck quarks in initial of final states.
Scaling violations from “gluon” emission seen in 1973 as predicted Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) but not believed yet. QCD was not an accepted theory.
proton
quark
The Quest for higher Precision (for me) for the next 3.5 decades starts here 1972
q - q pair
gluon
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proton
quark
If scaling violations are from QCD at high Q2 are Logarithmic --> it is interesting, scaling is only approximate, but is this new theory right?
If scaling violations are from binding effects at low Q2 (called higher twist) --> not interesting -----> scaling will become exact at high Q2
- 1/Q2
Harvard, Politzer and deRujua - log Q2
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Strong color fieldEnergy grows with separation !!!E=mc2 !“white” proton
quark
quark-antiquark paircreated from vacuum
“white” proton(confined quarks)
“white” 0
(confined quarks)
Quantum Chromodynamics Quantum Chromodynamics QCDQCD
distance
energy density, temperature
rel
ativ
e st
ren
gth
asymptotic freedomSimilar to QED … Similar to QED … except the gauge field except the gauge field
carries the chargecarries the charge
Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation
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• First observation of Scaling Violations SLAC -Higher Twist or QCD ? **E. M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., TESTS OF SCALING OF THE PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Phys.Lett.B52:249,1974.&
and A. Bodek et al.,. Phys.Rev.D20:1471-1552,1979 &
**Note: years later we show Higher Twist come from both binding and NNLO QCD – see
U. K. Yang, A. Bodek, STUDIES OF HIGHER TWIST AND HIGHER ORDER EFFECTS IN NLO AND NNLO QCD ANALYSIS OF LEPTON NUCLEON SCATTERING DATA ON F2 AND R L/T . Eur. Phys. J. C13 (2000) 241 245.
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QCD and quark-parton model
Proton uud (Valence) bound with colored gluons and a sea of quark-antiquark pairs which increase with Q2. All ar bound together by the color force.
Neutron ddu (Valence) bound with colored gluons and a sea of quark-antiquark pairs which increase with Q2.
Charge Symmetry Neutron is the same as a Proton, with each u quark replaced with a d quark and each d quark replace with a u quark.
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"Physics is generally paced by technology and not by the physical laws. We always seem to ask more questions than we have tools to answer.”
Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
•Questions in 1980-2004 LO QCD, anti-quarks, strange and charm quarks (hadronic charm production), individual PDFs , longitudinal structure function, quarks in nuclei , high statistics electron, muon and neutrino scattering experiments, NLO and NNLO QCD, origin of higher twist corrections, proton-antiproton collisions, W Asymmetry and d/u, Drell-Yan and Z rapidity distributions, application to neutrino oscillations, -
A Detailed understanding of Nucleon Structure Required 35 additional years of Experiments at Different
Laboratories, New Detectors, Analysis Techniques and Theoretical Tools - AND also sorting out which
experiments are right and which experiments are wrong
•A. Bodek Panofsky Prize 2004
•"For broad, sustained, and insightful contributions to elucidating the structure of the nucleon, using a wide variety of probes, tools and methods at many laboratories."
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1974: Fermilab and CERN, muon and neutrino beams up to 250 GeV
Because of parity violation, comparisons of neutrino and antineutrino scattering are different for scattering from quarks versus scattering from antiquarks - use it to measure the antiquark distributions in the nucleon
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μ-
W+
d -1/3u +2/3
μ-
W+
u -2/3d +1/3
μ-
W+
u +2/3Not possible
+5/3
μ-
W+
d +1/3+4/3 Not possible
NEUTRINOS only scatter from (-1/3) charge quarks (e.g. d, s quarks)
And -2/3 charge anti-quarks (e.g. u, c)
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μ+
W-
d -1/3u +2/3
W-
μ+
W-
u -2/3
Not possible
-5/3
μ+
W-
d +1/3
-4/3 not possible
Anti-NEUTRINOS only scatter from (+2/3) charge quarks (e.g. u,c quarks)
And +1/3 charge anti-quarks (e.g. d, s)
μ+
u -2/3
d -1/3
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Neutrinos on quarks
Neutrinos on antiquarks
weak
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By taking sum and difference
F2 (x, Q2) = x [ q (x, Q2) + q (x, Q2) ] (all quarks)
xF3 (x, Q2) = x [ q (x, Q2) - q (x, Q2) ] (Valence quarks only)
Low Q2
What is the composition at High Q2
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Neutral current
charged current
Scattering from strange quarksCCFR - Chicago-Columbia-Fermilab-Rochester
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neutrino
muon
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C: Strange Quarks in the Nucleon - Caltech-Fermilab -Later- CCFR (Columbia -Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and -Later- NuTeV Neutrino Collaborations at Fermilab LAB E.
Dimuon event
The Strange Sea Anti-quarks are about 1/2 of the average of u and d sea - Sea is not SU3 Symmetric.
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Strange Quarks in the Nucleon - (Caltech-Fermilab, later CCFR Columbia -Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and NuTeV Neutrino Collaborations at Fermilab
Karol Lang, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIMUONS PRODUCED IN HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS. UR-908 (1985) Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester)Now Professor at UT Austin
K. Lang et al.(CCFR-Rochester PhD), NEUTRINO PRODUCTION OF DIMUONS. Z.Phys.C33:483,1987 (leading order analysis)
The Strange Sea Anti-quarks are about 1/2 of the average of u and d sea - not SU3 Symmetric.
A.O. Bazarko et al., (CCFR-Columbia PhD) DETERMINATION OF THE STRANGE QUARK CONTENT OF THE NUCLEON FROM A NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER QCD ANALYSIS OF NEUTRINO CHARM PRODUCTION. Z.Phys.C65:189-198,1995
M. Goncharov et al. (NuTeV K.State PhD). PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF DIMUON PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTIONS IN MUON NEUTRINO FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO FE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT THE TEVATRON. Phys.Rev.D64:112006,2001
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Precision Neutrino Experiments REQUIRE good Hadron Calorimetry and Muon Energy calibration (~0.3%)
10 cm Fe Sampling, simultaneous neutrino running and hadron and muon test beams
D.A. Harris, J. Yu et al( NuTeV-Rochester-FNAL) PRECISION CALIBRATION OF THE NUTEV CALORIMETER. UR-1561 Nucl. Inst. Meth. A447 (2000)
W.K. Sakumoto et al. (CCFR-Rochester), CALIBRATION OF THE CCFR TARGET CALORIMETER. Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A294:179-192,1990.
Developed Fe-scintillator compensating calorimeter. 3mx3m large counters with wavelength shifting readout
44W.G. Seligman et al. (CCFR Columbia PhD), IMPROVED DETERMINATION OF S FROM NEUTRINO NUCLEON SCATTERING. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79
(1997) 1213-1216.
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H. Kim (Columbia PhD) et al. D.Harris et. al., (CCFR) MEASUREMENT OF S (Q2) FROM THE GROSS- LLEWELLYN SMITH SUM RULE. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3595-3598
Valence quarks
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Why go for more precision ?
To within 15%, the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics was confirmed ---> Nobel Prize 2004 (Gross- Politzer -Wilczek)
The various quark, anti-quark and gluon distributions were measured to 10%-15% precision (not in all regions) ---> Why do better?
It turns out, we really needed to do better at high energies
We also needed to do better at low energies.
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Beamline
Proton-Antiproton Collisions at very
high energies
High Energy- Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons). All searches for new physics require a detailed understanding of the parton structure of the proton.
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High Energy- Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons) All experiment in hadron
colliders are limited by the knowledge of parton distribution functions (PDF’s)
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Precision Neutrino ExperimentsCCFR/NuTeVUn Ki Yang UR-1583,2000 Ph.D. Thesis, (Rochester) Lobkowicz Prize, U of R; URA Best Thesis Award Fermilab 2001 (now at Univ. of Chicago)Un-Ki Yang et al.. MEASUREMENTS OF F2 AND XF3 FROM CCFR MUON NEUTRINO-FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO-FE DATA IN A PHYSICS MODEL INDEPENDENT WAY. By CCFR/NuTeV Phys.Rev.Lett.86:2742-2745,2001
Comparing muon and neutrinos
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• Quark Distributions in Nuclei A. Bodek et al Phys.Rev.Lett.51:534, 1983 (SLAC Expt. E49, E87 empty tgt data 1970,1972)
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Back to SLAC using High Energy Beam and the Nuclear Physics Injector NPAS - SLAC E139, E140, E140x, E141, NE8
R.G. Arnold et al., MEASUREMENTS OF THE A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM NUCLEI Phys. Rev. Lett.52:727,1984;
J. Gomez et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D49:4348-4372,1994.
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Sridhara Rao Dasu, PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF X, Q2 AND A-DEPENDENCE OF R = L/T AND F2 IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING. UR-1059 (Apr 1988) . Ph.D. Thesis. (Rochester) SLAC E140 - winner of the Dexter Prize U of Rochester 1988(now Professor a U. Wisconsin, Madison)
S. Dasu (Rochester PhD )et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFERENCE IN R = L/T, and A/D IN DEEP INELASTIC ed, eFE AND eAuSCATTERING. Phys.Rev.Lett.60:2591,1988;
S. Dasu et al., PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R = L/T AND F2 IN DEEP-INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.Lett.61:1061,1988;
Anchor all high energy experiment to new very precise measurements at SLAC
S. Dasu et al., MEASUREMENT OF KINEMATIC AND NUCLEAR DEPENDENCE OF R = L//T IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D49:5641-5670,1994.
L.H. Tao (American U PhD) et al., PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R = L/T ON HYDROGEN, DEUTERIUM AND BERYLLIUM TARGETS IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Z.Phys.C70:387,1996
L.W. Whitlow (Stanford PhD), et al. , A PRECISE EXTRACTION OF R = L/T FROM A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP INELASTIC ep AND ed SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Lett.B250:193-198,1990.
L.W. Whitlow, et. al., PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE PROTON AND DEUTERON STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS FROM A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Lett.B282:475-482,1992.
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Provided normalization and shape at lower Q2 for all DIS experiments
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F2, R comparison of NLO QCD+TM black (Q2>1)Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek Phys.Rev.Lett.82:2467-2470,1999 vs. NLO QCD+TM+HTgreen (use QCD Renormalons forHT)PDFs and QCD in NLO + TM + QCD Renormalon Model for Dynamic HTdescribe the F2 and R data very well, with only 2 parameters. Dynamic HT effects are there but small
NLO QCD + Target Mass + Renormalon HT works. ALSO a GREAT QCD TRIUMPH
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NNLO QCD+TM black Great Triumph of NNLO QCD Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek . Eur.Phys.J.C13:241-245,2000
Size of the higher twist effect with NNLO analysis is really small (but not 0) a2= -0.009 (in NNLO) versus –0.1( in NLO) - > factor of 10 smaller, a4 nonzero
NNLO QCD+Tgt Mass works very well for Q2>1 GeV2
For High Statitics Hardon Collider Physics (Tevatron, LHC), the next step is to extract NNLO PDFs. So declare victory PDF Professionals (MRST and CTEQ) make progress towards the next generation NNLO PDF fits for Tevatron and LHC
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Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons)
This is why it is important to know the nuclear corrections for PDFs extracted from nucleons bound in Fe (neutrino) or in D2 (d versus u), when the PDFs are used to extract information from collider data
In 1994 uncertainties in d/u from deuteron binding effects resulted in an error in the W mass extracted from CDF data of order 75 MeV.
By the introduction of new techniques, one can use HADRON COLLIDER data to provide independent constraints on free nucleon PDFs.
A. Bodek, CONSTRAINTS ON PDFS FROM W AND Z RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTIONS AT CDF. Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl. 79 (1999) 136-138. In *Zeuthen 1999, Deep inelastic scattering and QCD* 136-138.
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q=2/3
q=1/3
W Production at CDF
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Need to measure the W Asymmetry at high rapidity where there is no central tracking
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Qun Fan, Arie Bodek, A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING CHARGE AND MOMENTUM OF ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS USING CALORIMETRY AND SILICON TRACKING. In *Frascati 1996, Calorimetry in HEP*553- 560
Use silicon vertex detector to extrapolate electron track to the forward shower counters. Compare the extrapolated location to the centroid of the EM shower in a segmented shower counter.
Energy of electron determined by the shower counter, Sign is determined by investigating if the shower centeroid is to the left or right of the extrapolated track,
All hadron collider physics (Tevatron, LHC) with electrons and positrons can be done better without a central tracker . No Track misID Need Just silicon tracking and segmented EM +HAD
calorimetry
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The d/u ratio in standard PDFs found to be incorrect. Now all new PDF fits include CDF W Asymmetry as a constraint. PDF error on W mass reduced to 10 MeV by using current CDF data.
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Mark Dickson, THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. (1994) Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester). (now at MIT Lincoln Labs)
Abe et al. (CDF-article on Rochester PhD Thesis) THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV. Phys.Rev.Lett.74:850-854,1995
Qun Fan, A MEASUREMENT OF THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester) (now at KLA-Tenor)
Abe et al. (CDF article on Rochester PhD Thesis), A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEPTON CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.81:5754-5759,1998.
Proton-antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions-Measurement of d/u in the proton by using the W+- Asymmetry
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With this new technique, one can also significantly reduce the QCD background for very forward Z Bosons.
Jinbo Liu, Measurement of d /dy for Drell-Yan e+e Pairs in the Z Boson Region Produced in Proton Anti-proton Collisions at 1.8 TeV. UR-1606, 2000 - Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester). (now at Lucent Technologies)
T. Affolder et al. (CDF- article on Rochester PhD Thesis), MEASUREMENT OF d / dY FOR HIGH MASS DRELL-YAN E+ E- PAIRS FROM P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV. Phys.Rev.D63:011101,2001.
NLO QCD describes Z -y distributions better than LO QCD
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Knowledge of high x PDF is used as input to searches for new Z’ bosons in high-mass Drell-Yan cross sections and Forward-Backward Asymmetry (another use of forward tracking of electrons)
Arie Bodek and Ulrich Baur IMPLICATIONS OF A 300-GEV/C TO 500-GEV/C Z-PRIME BOSON ON P ANTIP COLLIDER DATA AT 1.8-TEV. Eur.Phys.J.C21:607-611,2001 .
T. Affolder et al.(CDF) Measurement of d / dM and forward backward charge asymmetry for high mass Drell-Yan e+ e- pairs from p anti-p collisions at 1.8-TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.87:131802,2001
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For TeV Hadron Colliders - The Triumph of NNLO QCD.Conclusion
Large Hadron Collider LHC, use a NNLO QCD analysis with Q2>1 GeV2 DIS dataGet better constraints on PDFs from W, Z and Drell Yan data at the Tevatron and LHC. Search for New Physics - Higgs, Supersymmetry, etc. LHC Turns on 2008.
The fact that the nucleon has a complicated structure is not longer a limitation on the search for new physics at very high energies - nucleon structure at very high energies is well understood and we have the technology to use LHC data to know it to the necessary level of precision.
* For very low energies - neutrino oscillations -we develop new and different technique - Subject of another talk (work done during 2000-2007)