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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Cleavage
• rapid cell division into a larger number of
smaller cells
– no overall increase in size of the embryo
• ball of cells = the morula
• pattern is dependent on the amount of yolk
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Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo
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Figure 47.8x Cleavage in a frog embryo
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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Formation of Blastula
• A hollow ball of cells
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Figure 47.8d Cross section of a frog blastula
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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Gastrulation
– One wall of blastula pushes inward
– First opening to central gut = blastopore
• Three germ layers form
– endoderm (become internal organs)
– mesoderm (form bones, blood vessels, muscles,
connective tissue)
– ectoderm (skin and nervous system)
• Pattern dependent on yolk distribution
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 1)
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 2)
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 3)
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Figure 47.10 Gastrulation in a frog embryo
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Figure 47.12 Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo
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Figure 47.15 Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic
membranes
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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Neurulation
• the cells above the notochord roll into a
tube that pinches off
= the neural tube (becomes the spinal cord)
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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Cell Migration
• Cells migrate to different parts of the
embryo to form distant tissues
– Ex: cells of neural crest form sense organs
• the basic vertebrate body plan is formed
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Stages of Vertebrate
Development
Organogenesis
• Tissues develop into organs
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Table 47.1 Derivatives of the Three Embryonic Germ Layers in Vertebrates
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Biogenic Law
• Ernst Haeckel
• Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
• Developmental patterns of more recently
evolved groups are built on more primitive
patterns
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Polar nuclei
Egg
Micropyle
Sperm
Pollen tube
3n endosperm 2n zygote
Angiosperm Embryo Development
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Stages of Plant Development
• Asymetric Early Cell Division
– Embryo
– Suspensor – transfers food to embryo
– Cells near suspensor become root
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First cell
division
Endosperm Suspensor
Basal cell
Cotyledon
Procambium Ground
meristem
Protoderm
Root apex
(radicle)
Globular
proembryo
Hypocotyl
Root apical
meristem
Cotyledons
Shoot
apical
meristem
Shoot apical meristem
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Angiosperm Embryo Development
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Stages of Plant Development
• Tissue formation
– Protoderm…Epidermal – external surface of
plant
– Ground Meristem…Ground tissue –food &
water storage
– Procambium…Vascular tissue –xylem &
phloem
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Stages of Plant Development
• Seed formation
– One or two seed leaves (cotyledons) form
• May absorb food from endosperm
– Seed coat forms
– May exist in dormant state (hundreds of years)
– resistant to harsh conditions
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Figure 38.11 Seed structure
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Shoot apical meristem
Seed coat
(integuments)
Cotyledons
Root cap
Root apical
meristem
Procambium
Endosperm
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Fruits
Fruits are most simply defined as mature ovaries
(carpels)
-During seed formation, the flower ovary begins
to develop into fruit
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Split along two carpel edges (sutures) with seeds attached
to edges; peas, beans. Unlike fleshy fruits, the three tissue
layers of the ovary do not thicken extensively. The entire
pericarp is dry at maturity.
The entire pericarp
is fleshy, although
there may be a thin
skin. Berries have
multiple seeds in
either one or more
ovaries. The
tomato flower had
four carpels that
fused. Each carpel
contains multiple
ovules that develop
into seeds.
Legumes
Stigma
Style Seed
Outer pericarp
Seed
Fused
carpels
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Pericarp
True Berries
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Seed
Single
seed
enclosed
in a hard
pit; peaches,
plums, cherries.
Each layer of the
pericarp has a
different structure
and function, with
the endocarp forming
the pit.
Not split and
with a wing
formed from the
outer tissues;
maples, elms,
ashes.
Pericarp Exocarp (skin)
Drupes
Seed
Pericarp
Endocarp (pit)
Mesocarp
Samaras
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Ovary
Sepals of a
single flower Derived from
many ovaries of
a single flower;
strawberries,
blackberries.
Unlike tomato,
these ovaries
are not fused
and covered by
a continuous
pericarp.
Individual flowers
form fruits around
a single stem. The
fruits fuse as seen
with pineapple.
Seed
Aggregate Fruits
Main stem
Pericarp of
individual flower
Multiple Fruits
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Fruits made for Dispersal
Occurs through a wide array of methods
-Ingestion and transportation by birds or other
vertebrates
-Hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds
and mammals
-Blowing in the wind
-Floating and drifting on water
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Stages of Plant Development
• Germination
– Seed absorbs water & metabolism resumes
– Need environmental cue (light, temp)
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a. b.
Hypocotyl
Secondary roots Primary roots
Seed coat
Cotyledon
Withered
cotyledons Hypocotyl
Plumule
Scutellum
Primary root
Adventi-
tious root
Radicle
Coleorhiza
First leaf
Coleoptile
Epicotyl
First leaves
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Stages of Plant Development
• Meristematic Development
– Hormones influence meristematic activity
• allow development to adjust to the environment
– Body form determined by plane of cell
division, cell shape & size
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PLANT DEVELOPMENT
• Flexibility
• Plant bodies do not have a fixed size
– Number & size of parts is influenced by
environment