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Stacking Statics Residual statics in combination with the
velocity analysis Muting
Approximated zero offset section
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Delay-Time
GRM (“generalised reciprocal method”)
DRM (“diminishing residual matrices”)
Methods to determine the residual statics:
Statics (done before velocity analysis)
•Topographic Correction (elevation statics)
•“Uphole”-correction using shots in borehole
•Refraction statics: corrections for weathered layer
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CMP Gathers with field statics applied
1. Velocity analysis
NMO-Correction
Compute Residual statics
NMO-Correction with new Velocities
Stacking
Apply Residual statics
2. Velocity analysis
Residual statics
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NMO corrected data before and after residual corrections
Yilmaz, 1987
188297
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Velocity spectra before (a) and after (b) residual stacking
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CMP stacks without and with residual stacking
Yilmaz, 1987
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Mean stack
Weighted Stack
Diversity Stack/Min-Max-exclude
Certain traces are muted and not included in the stacking procedure
n
itimeant w
ns
1,,
1
n
itiiedmeanweightt w
ns
1,,
1
Methods to Stack
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stacked section
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Velocity model
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Velocity model
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Stacking velocity field
Yilmaz, 1987
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CMP stack
Yilmaz, 1987
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CMP stack using gain function
Yilmaz, 1987
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Migrated CMP stack