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_QC _grvgr
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Orgatmdn Hatalasgs Hatalasgs arg usuaccy orgatgh gmtbgr ly wrmtmdn adh gxgoutmdn X_QC okhg# kr tbrkunb tbg
nrapbmoac mdtgriaog$
O\GAXG HAXALA_G _a`pcgHL
Gxgoutmdn tbms Xradsaot_QC wmcc oausg _QC _grvgr tk orgatg a smdncg hatalasg hata imcg adh kdg
tradsaotmkd ckn imcg$
O:SVrknra` ImcgsS@morkskit _QC_grvgrS@__QC$1S@__QCSHataS_a`pcgHL$`hi
O:SVrknra` ImcgsS@morkskit _QC _grvgrS@__QC$1S@__QCSHataS_a`pcgHL[ckn$chi
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Md tbg Hatalasg da`g imgch# gdtgr tbg da`g ki tbg dgw hatalasg$
A hatalasg da`g oad lg a `axm`u` ki 1
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Md tbg Kwdgr imgch yku sbkuch typmoaccy spgomiy _A# wbmob ms tbg lumctmd _QC _grvgr
_ystg` Ah`mdmstratkr aookudt$
Xbg hgiauct kwdgr ms tbg cknmd aookudt tbat pgrikr`s tbg hatalasg orgatmkd$
Xbg kwdgr ki tbg hatalasg namds ok`pcgtg okdtrkc ki tbg hatalasg$
Hatalasg kwdgrsbmp oad lg `khmimgh ly gxgoutmdn tbg sp[obadnghlkwdgrstkrgh prkoghurg
adh spgomiymdn ady vacmh cknmd$
W_G 3hatalasg[da`g4
NK
sp[obadnghlkwdgr _A
Xk rgtrmgvg mdikr`atmkd alkut hatalasgs# tbg sp[bgcphl stkrgh prkoghurg oad lg usgh$
W_G @astgr
NK
GRGO sp[bgcphl 3hatalasg[da`g4
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Xbg rgsucts ki tbg stkrgh prkoghurg wbgd gxgoutgh wmtb tbg hatalasg da`g arg sbkwd:
Xk rgtrmgvg lasmo mdikr`atmkd alkut acc hatalasgs tbg sp[bgcphl stkrgh prkoghurg oad lg
gxgoutgh ackdg$
W_G @astgr
NKGRGO sp[bgcphl
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Cgavg tbg Wsg iucc-tgxt mdhgxmdn lkx udobgoegh$ Iucctgxt mdhgxmdn oad lg gdalcgh at ady
tm`g# dkt just at hatalasg orgatmkd$
Iucctgxt mdhgxmdn acckws ikr tbg usg ki `krg icgxmlcg strmdn`atobmdn qugrmgs tbad Xradsaot
_QC strmotcy acckws# adh ms `adangh tbrkunb tbg @morkskit IuccXgxt Gdnmdg ikr _QC
_grvgr "@_IXG_QC- sgrvmog$
Xbkunb iucctgxt mdhgxmdn kiigrs sk`g vgry icgxmlcg adh usgiuc tkkcs# mt ms dkt acways
dgogssary# adh sbkuch kdcy lg turdgh kd wbgd dgghgh$
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Hatalasg Imcgs:
Md tbg Hatalasgimcgs sgotmkd ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn# tbg Cknmoac Da`g ki tbg imrst
hata imcg# as wgcc as tbg Cknmoac Da`g ikr tbg imrst ckn imcg# bavg lggd nmvgd da`gs
autk`atmoaccy$
Xbg imrst hata imcg ms da`gh tbg sa`g as tbg hatalasg adh tbg ckn imcg ms nmvgd tbg da`g ki tbg
hatalasg wmtb [ckn appgdhgh tk tbg gdh$
Xbg cknmoac da`gs arg tbg da`gs tbg imcgs oad lg rgigrrgh tk prknra``atmoaccy$
@uctmpcg imcgs oad lg spgomimgh md tbg orgatmkd prkogss$ Gvgry imcg okdtamds mts kwd
okdimnuratmkd sgttmdns "suob as ikr mdmtmac smzg adh nrkwtb lgbavmkr-$
Xbg imcg typg ms autk`atmoaccy pkpucatgh adh oaddkt lg obadngh kdog tbg imcg bas lggd ahhgh
tk tbg hatalasg$
Ocmoe tbg Ahh luttkd at tbg lkttk` ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn$ A dgw rkw ikr ad
ahhmtmkdac imcg ms ahhgh tk tbg Hatalasgimcgs sgotmkd$ Xbg dgw rkw hgiaucts tk a hata typg
imcg# lut mt oad lg obadngh$
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Xypg md a Cknmoac Da`g ikr tbg dgw hata imcg adh tbgd md tbg Imcgnrkup okcu`d# ocmoe tbg hrkp
hkwd cmst adh obkksg 3dgw imcgnrkup4$ Xbg Dgw Imcgnrkup hmackn hmspcays$
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Imcg Nrkups:
Hatalasgs arg orgatgh kd imcgs tbat arg krnadmzgh mdimcgnrkups$
Xbg kdcy rgqumrgh imcgnrkup ms tbg kdgoaccghVrm`ary$
Imcgnrkups arg a cknmoac nrkupmdn ki hata imcgs tbat wmcc bkch tbg hatalasg kljgots hgimdgh ikr
tbg hatalasg$
XbgVrm`ary imcgnrkup okdtamds acc tbg systg` rgigrgdogs ikr tbg hatalasg$ Xbms ms wbgrg tbg
kljgots hgimdgh md tbg \gskurog hatalasg arg prgsgdtgh ikr usgr hatalasgs# as wgcc as ady
systg` orgatgh kljgots$
Xbg Vrm`ary imcgnrkup acsk okdtamds acc tbg kljgot hgimdmtmkds ikr usgrhgimdgh kljgots$
Md ahhmtmkd tk tbg Vrm`ary imcgnrkup# `krg usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups oad lg orgatgh as dgghgh$
kdg ki tbg lmnngst ahvadtangs ki usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups : okdtrkc$
^mtb usgr-hgimdgh imcgnrkups# tbg hatalasg ah`mdmstratkr bas ok`pcgtg okdtrkc kvgr wbat
hata ms md wbat ckoatmkd$
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^mtbkut usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups# acc hata ms stkrgh md tbg Vrm`ary imcgnrkup# sk tbg icgxmlmcmty adh
soacalmcmty ki tbg hatalasg ms rghuogh$
Xbms `ay lg pgrigotcy aoogptalcg ikr s`accgr hatalasgs# kdog tbg hatalasg nrkws tk a carng smzg# mt
wmcc lgok`g mdorgasmdncy udaoogptalcg tk bavg acc tbg usgr adh systg` hata nrkupgh mdtk tbg sa`g
imcgnrkup$
Xypg md a da`g ikr tbg dgw imcgnrkup# sgcgot tbg Hgiauct obgoelkx# adh ocmoe KE$ Xbms sgts tbg dgw
usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkup as tbg hgiauct$
Acc usgr kljgots orgatgh wmcc lg orgatgh ly hgiauct md tbg dgw imcgnrkup$
Xbms sgnrgnatgs systg` hata irk` usgr hata# adh acckws ikr `krg okdtrkc ki tbg hatalasg struoturg$
Xbg \gahkdcy obgoelkx sgts tbg imcgnrkup as rgahkdcy$ Xbms oad lg vgry ahvadtangkus wbgd
krnadmzmdn tbg hmiigrgdt kljgots md a hatalasg$
Xbg kljgots tbat obadng oad lg pcaogh md ad uphatalcg imcgnrkup# wbgrgas tbksg tbat dgvgr "kr
sgchk`- obadng oad lg pcaogh md a rgahkdcy imcgnrkup$
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@amdtgdadog kr Vgrikr`adog:
Imcg nrkups prkvmhg tbg almcmty tk m`prkvg lktb tbg pgrikr`adog adh tbg `amdtamdalmcmty ki a
hatalasg ly sgparatmdn hata aorkss `uctmpcg pbysmoac imcgs md nrkups ki talcgs$
Xbg `amdtgdadog ahvadtang ok`gs irk` tbg almcmty tk laoe up adh rgstkrg mdhmvmhuac imcgs adh
imcgnrkups$
Vgrikr`adog ahvadtangs:
paraccgc rgah adh wrmtg kpgratmkds tbat arg `ahg pkssmlcg ly sgparatmdn tbg hata imcgs aorkss `uctmpcg
pbysmoac hgvmogs$
imcgnrkups gdalcg ms tbg almcmty tk pbysmoaccy partmtmkd carng talcgs aorkss uctmpcg imcgnrkups$
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Imcg _mzg:
Md tbg Mdmtmac _mzg "@L- okcu`d# a vacug sbkuch lg assmndgh lasgh kd bkw lmn tbg imcg ms gxpgotgh
tk lg wmtbmd tbg imrst igw tm`g ki kpgratmkd$
Autk Nrkwtb:
Ocmoe tbg gccmpsms luttkd kd tbg rmnbt ki tbg Autknrkwtb okcu`d ikr tbg prm`ary hata imcg$
Xbg Obadng Autknrkwtb hmackn hmspcays$
Xbg Obadng Autknrkwtb hmackn gdalcgs tbg okdimnuratmkd ki tbg `axm`u` smzg adh imcg nrkwtb
sgttmdn ikr gaob mdhmvmhuac imcg$
Gdsurg tbg Gdalcg Autknrkwtb obgoelkx ms obgoegh$
Ocgarmdn tbms obgoelkx sgts tbg imcgnrkwtb prkpgrty tk zgrk$
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Imcg nrkwtb oad lg sgt at a imxgh acckoatmkd smzg kr a pgrogdtang ki tbg gxmstmdn imcg smzg$
As a lgst praotmog tbg Autknrkwtb kptmkd sbkuch lg sgt tk a suiimomgdtcy carng gdkunb mdorg`gdt tk
`mdm`mzg tbg du`lgr ki imcgnrkwtbs rgqumrgh tk aook``khatg hata nrkwtb$
\gstrmot tbg smzg ki tbg imcg ly sgcgotmdn tbg \gstrmotgh Imcg Nrkwtb "@L- kptmkd luttkd adhspgomiymdn a `axm`u` smzg$ Xbms smzg oaddkt lg gxogghgh ly autk`atmo kr `aduac imcgnrkwtb
kpgratmkds$
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Vatb:
Gmtbgr ocmoe tbg gccmpsgs luttkd kd tbg rmnbt ki tbg Vatb okcu`d ki tbg
Dgw Hatalasg hmackn ikr gaob hata imcg adh sgcgot a hgstmdatmkd ikchgrikr gaob mdhmvmhuac imcg# kr sm`pcy typg md tbg okrrgot patb md tbg Vatb
okcu`d$
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Hatalasg Kptmkds:
Ocmoe Kptmkds md tbg _gcgot a pang sgotmkd md tbg uppgrcgit ki tbg Dgw
Hatalasg hmackn
Xbg Kptmkds wmdhkw hmspcays# gdalcmdn tbg sgttmdn ki sgvgrac hatalasg kptmkds$
Okccatmkd:
Ocmoe tbg Okccatmkd hrkphkwd cmst adh rgvmgw tbg hmiigrgdt okccatmkd sgttmdns tbat arg avamcalcg#
lut cgavg tbg sgttmdn sgt tk 3sgrvgr hgiauct4$
ad mdstadog ki _QC _grvgr ms assmndgh a hgiauct sgrvgr okccatmkd tbat hgtgr`mdgs wbat obaraotgrs
arg suppkrtgh kd tbg sgrvgr ly hgiauct# adh bkw tbksg obaraotgrs arg sgarobgh adh skrtgh$
Okccatmkd sgttmdns oad acsk lg assmndgh tk tbg hatalasg as wgcc$
\gokvgry @khgcs:
Ocmoe tbg \gokvgry `khgc hrkphkwd cmst adh rgvmgw tbg avamcalcg obkmogs$
Xbg avamcalcg `khgcs tbat oad lg sgt arg Iucc# LuceCknngh# adh _m`pcg$
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W tb m c h c mi tb i cc m cc t
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Wsg tbg sm`pcg rgokvgry `khgcmi tbg ikcckwmdn arg acc trug:
Mi tbg hatalasg ms ckst kr ha`angh# yku arg wmccmdn tk cksg acc tbg uphatgs
]ku arg wmccmdn tk rmse cksmdn sk`g hata md tbg ckn$
]ku hk dkt wadt tk laoe up adh rgstkrg tbg tradsaotmkd ckn#
Xbg tradsaotmkd ckn ms kdcy usgh ikr tradsaotmkdac okdsmstgdoy# lut dk ckdntgr` stkrang ki
tradsaotmkdac bmstkry ms ok`pcgtgh$
Wsg tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgcmi ady kdg ki tbg ikcckwmdn ms trug:
]ku `ust lg alcg tk rgokvgr acc tbg hata$
Mi tbg hatalasg okdtamds `uctmpcg imcgnrkups# yku wadt pmgog`gac rgstkrg$
]ku `ust lg alcg tk rgokvgr tk tbg pkmdt ki iamcurg$
]ku wadt tk lg alcg tk rgstkrg mdhmvmhuac pangs$
]ku arg wmccmdn tk mdour tbg ah`mdmstratmvg oksts ki tradsaotmkd ckn laoeups$
Ikr acc mdtgdts adh purpksgs# tbgrg arg rgaccy kdcy twk rgokvgry `khgcs# Iucc adh _m`pcg$
Xbg LuceCknngh `khgc ms `gadt kdcy as ad aoogsskry tk tbg Iucc rgokvgry `khgc ikr usg
hurmdn luce kpgratmkds$
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Luce cknngh rgokvgry sbkuch lg usgh kdcy hurmdn pgrmkhs md wbmob yku arg ruddmdn carng soacg
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Lucecknngh rgokvgry sbkuch lg usgh kdcy hurmdn pgrmkhs md wbmob yku arg ruddmdn carngsoacg
luce kpgratmkds#
Mi yku usg tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgc# yku oad swmtob tg`pkrarmcy tk tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry
`khgc lgikrg yku pgrikr` luce kpgratmkds$
tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry `khgc rgsg`lcgs tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgc# gxogpt tbat mt `mdm`accy
ckns `kst luce kpgratmkds$
tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry `khgc ms mdtgdhgh kdcy ikr usg hurmdn luce kpgratmkds tbat acckw ikr
`mdm`ac cknnmdn$
Ok`patmlmcmty Cgvgc:
Wdcgss yku bavg spgomimo rgaskds tk obadng tbg ok`patmlmcmty cgvgc# mt sbkuch lg sgt tk _QC
_grvgr
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ACXG\ HAXALA_G alo
_GX OK@VAXMLMCMX][CGYGC 0 265
NK
K b m
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Ktbgr kptmkds:
Autk Ocksg:
^bgd a hatalasg ms imrst aoogssgh# mt ms kpgdgh$ ^bgd Autk Ocksg ms Xrug# tbg hatalasg wmcc lg ocksgh wbgd
tbg cast usgr okddgotgh tk mt ocksgs tbg okddgotmkd$ Xbms sgttmdn ms kii ly hgiauct lgoausg tbg aot ki kpgdmdn
adh ocksmdn tbg hatalasg kd a sgrvgr pcatikr` ms uddgogssary# adh prkhuogs uddgghgh kvgrbgah$ Xbg
gxogptmkd tk tbms rucg ms _QC _grvgr Gxprgss Ghmtmkd# lgoausg _QC Gxprgss ms hgsmndgh tk rud kd a hgsetkp
systg` wbgrg rgskurogs arg `krg rgstrmotgh adh ad kpgd hatalasg okdsu`gs rgskurogs$ Mi dk usgr ms
okddgotgh# tbksg rgskurogs oad lg rgturdgh tk tbg systg`$
Autk _brmde:
^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc pgrmkhmoaccy gxa`mdg tbg tktac smzg ki acc hatalasg imcgs adh
ok`parg mt tk tbg a`kudt ki hata lgmdn stkrgh$ tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc pgrikr` imcgsbrmde kpgratmkds kd
hatalasg imcgs$
ACXG\ HAXALA_G alo
_GX autk[sbrmde kii5
NK
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AD_M DWCC Hgiauct
spgomimgs wbgtbgr kr dkt tbg hgiauct ikr okcu`ds ahhgh tk a talcg hurmdn a O\GAXG
XALCG kr ACXG\ XALCG kpgratmkd ms tk acckw duccs$
Hatalasg Kptmkds
ACXG\ HAXALA_G Ahvgdturg^kres _GX AD_M[DWCC[HGIAWCX KII
ACXG\ HAXALA_G Ahvgdturg^kres _GX AD_M[DWCC[HGIAWCX KD
AD_M ^ardmdns Gdalcgh
^bgd sgt tk Xrug# wardmdns wmcc lg ramsgh ly tbg hatalasg gdnmdg wbgdgvgr ad annrgnatg
iudotmkd gdokudtgrs a ducc$ ^bgd sgt tk Iacsg# dk wardmdns arg ramsgh$
Autk Orgatg _tatmstmos
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Autk Orgatg _tatmstmos
^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc ngdgratg statmstmos ikr okcu`ds$
Autk Wphatg _tatmstmos
^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc autk`atmoaccy uphatg statmstmoac
mdikr`atmkd kd okcu`ds tk `amdtamd tbg `kst giimomgdt qugry pcads pkssmlcg$
Hatalasg \gah Kdcy
Xbms kptmkd spgomimgs tbat dk `khmimoatmkds arg acckwgh tk tbg hatalasg wbgd sgt
tk Xrug$
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Ngdgrat mdn Hatalasg Orgatmkd _ormp ts :
Dkw tbat yku bavg nkdg tbrkunb acc tbg stgps adh kptmkds
ki orgatmdn a hatalasg# taeg a ckke at bkw yku oad sormpttbms prkogss sk tbat yku hkdt bavg tk nk tbrkunb tbg
prkogss anamd$
At tbg tkp ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn ms a luttkd oaccgh
_ormpt#
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ocmoemdn ady ki tbg _ormpt Aotmkd kptmkds wmcc ngdgratg a
sormpt tbat wmcc hupcmoatg acc tbg sgttmdns yku spgomimgh md
tbg nrapbmoac mdtgriaog$ Xbms sormpt oad tbgd lg usgh tk orgatg dgw hatalasgs
wmtb tbg sa`g kptmkds sm`pcy ly obadnmdn tbg cknmoac
adh pbysmoac da`gs ki tbg hatalasg adh asskomatgh
imcgs$
_obg`as
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_obg`as
A hatalasg sobg`a ms a way tk cknmoaccy nrkup kljgots suob as talcgs# vmgws#
stkrgh prkoghurgs gto$ Xbmde ki a sobg`a as a okdtamdgr ki kljgots$
Gvgry kljgot md _QC _grvgr
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Orgatmdn a Hatalasg _obg`a
Xk orgatg a hatalasg sobg`a md _QC _grvgr
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Hatalasg kljgots iacc wmtbmd tbg sokpg ki sobg`a ) arg gssgdtmaccy kwdgh ly tbg sobg`a$
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j p y y
Md _QC _grvgr
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_obg`a Orgatmkd:
Xk orgatg a sobg`a# tbg kdcy rgqumrgh mdikr`atmkd ms tbg da`g ki tbg sobg`a$
Xbg kwdgrsbmp ki tbg sobg`a hgiaucts tk tbg usgr tbat ruds tbg orgatmkd sormpt# lut ady
vacmh hatalasg usgr oad lg spgomimgh as tbg kwdgr$
Xbg sm`pcgst apprkaob ms tk hgsmndatg hlk as tbg kwdgr ki tbg sobg`a#
Xbg sydtax adh ad gxa`pcg ki tbg O\GAXG _OBG@A statg`gdt arg:
O\GAXG _OBG@A _obg`a[Da`g U AWXBK\MZAXMKD kwdgr P
W_G Ahvgdturg^kres
NK
O\GAXG _OBG@A Kpgratmkds AWXBK\MZAXMKD hlk
W_G Ahvgdturg^kres
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_obg`a @amdtgdadog:
Mi a sobg`a okdtamds kljgots mt oaddkt lg hrkppgh:
H\KV _OBG@A Kpgratmkds
@sn ?>
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Xbms gxa`pcg actgrs tbg sobg`a Vrkhuotmkd ly `kvmdn tbg talcg
LrkdtkHrmvgr irk` tbg Kpgratmkds sobg`a tk tbg Vrkhuotmkd sobg`a$
Lgoausg tbat was tbg cast kljgot md tbg sobg`a# mt oad dkw lg hrkppgh$
ACXG\ AWXBK\MZAXMKD KD _OBG@A::Kpgratmkds XK Irgh
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Xalcgs
Xalcg A rob m tgotu rg: Xalcgs arg a okccgotmkd ki rkws adh arg stkrgh md
gmtbgr a bgap kr a ocustgrgh mdhgx$
Ly hgiauct# talcgs arg stkrgh md udkrnadmzgh
bgaps$
As tbg hata ms mdsgrtgh# mt ms ahhgh tk tbg dgxt
avamcalcg rkw kd a hata pang$
Xbgrg ms dk attg`pt tk eggp tbg hata krnadmzgh krskrtgh$
Actbkunb tbms arradng`gdt wkres nrgat ikr ahhmdn
hata tk a talcg# mt ms cgss tbad ad kptm`u` skcutmkd
wbgd trymdn tk imdh a partmoucar rkw kr sgt ki rkws
Xalcg Mdhgxgs
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As dktgh prgvmkuscy# _QC _grvgr talcgs arg stkrgh as
bgaps ly hgiauct$ A bgap ms a talcg tbat hkgs dkt
bavg a ocustgrgh mdhgx$ A talcg stkrgh as a bgap bas dkgdikrogh pbysmoac krhgr# lut a ocustgrgh mdhgx
hkgs$ As hata ms ahhgh tk a talcg stkrgh as a bgap# mt wmcc
lg md mdsgrtgh krhgr at imrst as hgsormlgh md tbg cmlrary
gxa`pcg$ Bgaps wkre vgry wgcc ikr stkrmdn hata# adh arg vgry
giimomgdt md badhcmdn dgw rgokrhs# lut tbgy arg dkt
sk nrgat wbgd mt ok`gs tk imdhmdn spgomimo hata md a talcg$
Xbms ms wbgrg mdhgxgs ok`g md$ _QC _grvgr suppkrts
twk lasmo typgs ki mdhgxgs: ocustgrgh adh dkd-ocustgrgh$ Mt
acsk suppkrts R@C mdhgxgs# wbmob arg hmsoussgh
catgr md tbms obaptgr# lut tbgy arg qumtg hmiigrgdt irk` tbgrg ucar rgcatmkdac mdhgxgs tbat wmcc lg
ACXG\DAXG EG]
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ACXG\DAXG EG]
\GNHD
K
DA@G _GOXMK
D
_OBKK
C
161 Ajay B1261 B
16< \aj L1>61 L
16? \abuc O1
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^by Wsg ad Mdhgx; Wsg ki_QCsgrvgrmdhgxgs prkvmhg `ady
iaomcmtmgs suob as:
\apmh aoogss ki mdikr`atmkd
Giimomgdt aoogss ki mdikr`atmkd
Gdikrog`gdt ki udmqugdgss okdstramdts
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Xypgs ki Mdhgxgs_QC_grvgrbas twk `ajkr typgs ki mdhgxgs:
Ocustgrgh
DkdOcustgrgh
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Ocustgrgh Ocustgrgh mdhgxgs skrt adh stkrg tbg hata rkws md
tbg talcg kr vmgw lasgh kd tbgmr egy vacugs$
Xbgsg arg tbg okcu`ds mdocuhgh md tbg mdhgx
hgimdmtmkd$ Xbgrg oad lg kdcy kdg ocustgrgh mdhgxpgr talcg# lgoausg tbg hata rkws tbg`sgcvgs oad
lg skrtgh md kdcy kdg krhgr$
Xbg kdcy tm`g tbg hata rkws md a talcg arg stkrgh
md skrtgh krhgr ms wbgd tbg talcg okdtamds aocustgrgh mdhgx$ ^bgd a talcg bas a ocustgrgh
mdhgx# tbg talcg ms oaccgh a ocustgrgh talcg$ Mi a
talcg bas dk ocustgrgh mdhgx# mts hata rkws arg
stkrgh md ad udkrhgrgh struoturg oaccgh a bgap$
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DkdOcustgrgh mdhgxgs bavg a struoturg sgparatgirk` tbg hata rkws$ A dkdocustgrgh mdhgx
okdtamds tbg dkdocustgrgh mdhgx egy vacugs adh
gaob egy vacug gdtry bas a pkmdtgr tk tbg hata
rkw tbat okdtamds tbg egy vacug$ Xbg pkmdtgr irk` ad mdhgx rkw md a dkdocustgrgh
mdhgx tk a hata rkw ms oaccgh a rkw ckoatkr$ Xbg
struoturg ki tbg rkw ckoatkr hgpgdhs kd wbgtbgr
tbg hata pangs arg stkrgh md a bgap kr aocustgrgh talcg$ Ikr a bgap# a rkw ckoatkr ms a
pkmdtgr tk tbg rkw$ Ikr a ocustgrgh talcg# tbg rkw
ckoatkr ms tbg ocustgrgh mdhgx egy$
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O\GAXG MDHGR 3mdhgx[typg4 3mdhgx[da`g4KD 3talcg[da`g4 " 3okcu`d[da`g14
3mdhgx[krhgr4# 3okcu`d[da`g
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sydkdy`s
tk rgigr tk kljgots wmtb ikurpart mhgdtmimgrs:UUUsgrvgr$PUhatalasgP$PUsobg`a[da`gP$Pkljgot[da
`g
As tbg squarg lraoegts sbkw# hmiigrgdt parts ki
tbms sydtax oad lg k`mttgh# as ckdn as yku suppcygdkunb tk uda`lmnukuscy mhgdtmiy wbat yku.rg
tacemdn alkut$ Ikr gxa`pcg# acc ki tbgsg `mnbt
rgigr tk tbg sa`g kljgot:
_grvgr1$Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatg
nkry
Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatgnkry
Ahvgdturg^kres$$VrkhuotOatgnkry
_ydkdy`s arg a vgry nkkh tkkc usgh tk nmvg da`gs tk _QC
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_ydkdy`s arg a vgry nkkh tkkc usgh tk nmvg da`gs tk _QC
_grvgr hatalasg kljgots tbat oad lg usgh ly hatalasg
appcmoatmkds mdstgah ki tbgmr hgimdgh twkpart# tbrggpart# kr
ikurpart sobg`a sokpgh da`gs$ Ikr gxa`pcg# a hatalasg appcmoatmkd tbat rgigrgdogs a
talcg kd kdg sgrvgr adh a talcg kd adktbgr sgrvgr wkuch
typmoaccy dggh tk lg okdimnurgh tk aoogss tbg talcgs usmdn a
ikurpart da`g$ Hgimdmdn a sydkdy` gssgdtmaccy prgsgdts ad acmas tbat `aps
hmrgotcy tk tbg talcg wmtbkut bavmdn tk iuccy quacmiy tbg talcg$
W_G Ahvgdturg^kres
NK
_GCGOX VrkhuotEgy# GdncmsbVrkhuotDa`g# _tadharhOkst
I\K@ hlk$Vrkhuots
_ydkdy`s oad lg orgatgh tbat rgigrgdog vmgws# talcgs#
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O\GAXG _]DKD]@ U b P
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O\GAXG _]DKD]@ Usobg`a[da`g$Psydkdy`[da`g
IK\ kljgot[da`g
g$n$
O\GAXG _]DKD]@ VrkhOat IK\
Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatgnkry
_GCGOX * I\K@ VrkhOat
H\KV _]DKD]@ Usobg`a[da`g$Psydkdy`[da`g
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M`pkrtadt tk dktmog
Mi yku hkd.t spgomiy a sobg`a ikr tbg sydkdy`#tbgd _QC _grvgr usgs tbg ourrgdt usgr.s hgiauct
sobg`a$
Xbg kljgot hkgsd.t dggh tk gxmst wbgd yku orgatg
tbg sydkdy`# lgoausg sydkdy`s arg catg lkudh:_QC _grvgr kdcy obgoes tbg lasg kljgot wbgd
yku aotuaccy usg tbg sydkdy`$
Cm`mts kd hatalasg kljgots kd wbmob sydkdy`s oad lg
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Cm`mts kd hatalasg kljgots kd wbmob sydkdy`s oad lg
orgatgh: Xalcgs
Ymgws _tkrgh prkoghurgs
Iudotmkds
Xbgrg arg acsk cm`mts kd wbgrg yku oad usg sydkdy`s$
yku oad usg a sydkdy` md tbgsg X_QC statg`gdts: _GCGOX
WVHAXG
MD_G\X
HGCGXG
GRGOWXG
yku oaddktrgigrgdog a sydkdy` md a HHC statg`gdt$ Mi
yku wadt tk usg ACXG\ XALCG tk obadng sk`gtbmdn
alkut tbg VrkhuotOatgnkry talcg# ikrgxa`pcg# yku dggh
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