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Spring 2011Tutor Training
Modern Learning Theories and TutoringDesigned and Presented by
Tem Fuller
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Define Learning
• Learning is an instinct• Learning is an art• Learning is related to epistemology?
• e·pis·te·mol·o·gy• /ɪˌpɪstəˈmɒlədʒi/• –noun a branch of philosophy that investigates
the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.
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Epistemology
• From Greek ἐπιστήμη – epistēmē, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge.
It addresses the questions:– What is knowledge?– How is knowledge acquired?– How do we know what we know?
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Learning and Intelligent Learning Systems
Learning is the increase in the amount of response rules and concepts in the memory of an IS.
Response rules are the knowledge that permits an IS to respond to a stimulus, and thus, to act in a given way to a given situation
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Inductive and Deductive Reasoninghttp://www.viaveritas.fr/IMG/png/Inductive_Deductive_Reasoning.png
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Learning Architecture versus Learning Method
Receptive Directive Guided Discovery
Exploratory
Absorbing Lecture and demonstration
Programmed Learning
Discussion Reading
Doing Exercises Role Modeling Simulation, Case Study
ExperimentingBrainstorming
Interacting Role playing Apprenticeship Team TrainingTeam Training Action Learning
Reflecting Metaphors Open-ended questions
Reframing Problems
Combining concepts
Adopted: Learning Theories Retrieved 7 January 2011 from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/learning/learning.html
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Issues of Learning and Cognition as Complex Systems
Jeff BloomDepartment of Teaching & Learning
College of EducationNorthern Arizona University
Flagstaff, AZ [email protected]
• Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association
• San Diego• April 14, 2009
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Activity Theory
Learning is based on tool mediated activity in contexts and through cycles of transformation and creation of objective knowledge of reality.
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Act > Reflect > Generalize > Test Implication
• Tutors construct knowledge about best tutoring practices
• Tutors negotiate knowledge• Tutors create new forms of tutoring
Please, give examples of using tutoring experiences in few consecutive tutoring sessions.
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ACT
• We use existing theories as a starting point• Scaffolding in the Zone of Proximal
Development (The Social Theory of Learning) is an important step of the Tutoring Cycle
• Acting upon existing theories is the art of tutoring
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Reflect• The Supervised Tutor Training Form is
a simple organizer of reflection– Focus on a specific tutoring strategy– Act and Reflect– Record your concerns and
accomplishments• Did you ask the tutee to locate learning
resources suggested by the Instructor?• Did you create some new learning materials?• Did you ask the tutee to design learning
materials?
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Generalize
Example: Math 121, Word ProblemsLet’s work together to generalize the method for
solving word problems
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Social Learning
Social learning provides a common environment in which learners communicate ideas, methods, strategies, materials and learn by observing one another.
For example: Learners learn from common experience on discussion boards or other forms of social media.
Social learning and tutoring ….
a) Help students to retrieve tutoring materials online and to share these materials through the discussion board b) Help tutees to learn how to work on the discussion board c) Design small tutorials that are missing in our collection
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The Art and Science of TutoringHow do we know that we are good tutors?
• End of the semester survey• Tutoring Surveys• Analysis and reflection of tutoring surveys• Analysis and reflection of Supervised Tutor
Training form• Re-fine actions > Evaluation
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Learning Theories and Tutoring Practices
• The Theory of Constructivism was developed to change the architecture of learning - from teacher-centered classroom to learner-centered experiences.
• Designing learning environment for constructive learning is difficult in classroom, but learning environments for constructive learning in any tutoring session are possible and desirable.
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From Theory to Practice
• Problem-based Learning• Inquiry• Constructivism• Adaptive Learning Services
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Assimilation Theory
• Learning is based on prior knowledge• Assess tutee’s prior knowledge• Record your observations• Connect prior knowledge with new learning
challenges
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Behaviorist Theories
• Learning as change in behavior through: stimulus-response, automatic and reflexive
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Brain-based Theory
Discover and make sense through the patterns of observations (inductive reasoning).Parallel processing explains why the brain is recognizing long and short words (for example) with the same speed.Learning is mediated through culturesLearning is limited by the architecture of our brain.
www.g2conline.orgAttention
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Bateson’s Cybernetic & Deutero-Learning
• Learning as transformations through cybernetic feedback loops with mind extending beyond body.
• Holistic• Meta-cognitive• Mutli-contextual• Emotions—important• Meta-patterns• Contextual• Adaptive• Learning also occurs at the level of genetics, where• information is passed on to other generations; and this• information is adaptive (re: Bateson, et al.)
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Constructivist Theories
• Learning as the construction of meaning through connections to prior knowledge.
• Learners are exposed to supportive learning environment.
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Social Constructivist Theories
• Learning as the construction of meaning through social interaction.
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Information Processing Theories
• Learning as computational processing of information into various types of memory.
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Neo-Schema Theories
• Learning as active, transactional, and embodied processes of representation at various levels of abstraction.
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Situated Learning
• Learning as (unintentional) induction into the practices of particular communities, such as
apprenticeships, cultures, etc.
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Distributed Cognition
• Learning is a system that is distributed among people, tools, internal & external environments, artifacts, and time.
• Goals of learning tend to involve solving problems and acquiring expertise.
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From Theory to Practice
• Please, open your Supervised Tutor Training Form
• Identify places in which your new knowledge about different theories of learning may be helpful