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Splanchnology
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
Splanchnology
Composition: Alimentary system Respiratory system Urinary system Reproductive system
Characters of viscera Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic,
abdominal and pelvis cavities All of then communicate with external
environment through some orifices or channels
Reference lines of thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
★ Reference lines of thorax
Anteriorlary line
Midaxillary line
Posterior axillary line
Posterior median line
Scapular line
The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
Composition Respiratory tract
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi
Lungs : paired organs of respiration
Function of respiratory system : supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
The Nose
External nose Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by nasal septum.
The septum is made up of the septal cartilage, the vertical plate of the ethmoid, and the vomer.
Each nasal cavity extends from the nostril in front to the choanae behind.
Nasal septum
Nasal cavityTwo parts: Divided by limen nasi Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity
Boundaries of nasal cavity Roof - cribriform plate of ethmoid Floor - hard palate Medial wall - nasal septum Lateral wall ★
Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
Superior, middle and inferior nasal meatus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Nasal cavity
Remove the middle nasal conchae
Ethmoidal bulla Semilunar hiatus Ethmoidal infundibulum
Nasal cavityMucous membrane of nasal cavity The vestibule is lined by modified skin. Olfactory region : the area above superior nasal conchae is lined
with olfactory mucous membrane which contains olfactory cells Respiratory region : the lower part of the nasal cavity is lined with
respiratory mucous membrane. Its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air.
★The paranasal sinuses
Name of sinus Site of drainage
Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group
Middle meatusMiddle meatus Superior nasal meatus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
The Larynx
★ Position - situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6
The framework of the larynx is made up of cartilages, which connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles. It is lines by mucous membrane.
★ Layngeal cartilages
Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence Superior thyroid notch Superior and inferior cornua
Cricoid cartilage Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like
a signet ring) Arch of cricoid cartilage - at level of
C6 Larnina of cricoid cartilage
★ Layngeal cartilages
Arytenoid cartilage Paired, pyramid shaped,
articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold
Muscular process Epiglottic cartilage
Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage Attached by its stalk to the
thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal joints
Cricothyroid joint Cricoarytenoid joint
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Thyrohyroid membrane - extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Quadrangular membrane Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid
cartilages Lower free border forms vestibular
ligament Conus elasticus
Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages
Upper free border forms vocal ligament Median cricothyroid ligment may be site
of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Conus elasticus
Vocal ligament
Quadrangular membrane
Vestibular ligament
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Cricotracheal ligament
- between cricoid
cartilage and first ring of
trachea
Muscles of larynx
Tensing the vocal ligament - cricothyroid
Cricothyroid
Muscles of larynx
Relaxing the vocal ligament - thyroarytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Muscles of larynx Opening the glottis - posterior cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Muscles of larynx
Closing the glottis - lateral cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Laryngeal cavity
★ Aperture of larynx -bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch
★ Laryngeal cavity
Two pairs of shelf like folds : Vestibular folds
Fixed fold on each side of the larynx Formed by mucous membrane covering
the vestibular ligament and is pink in color
Vocal folds Mobile fold on each side of the larynx. Formed by mucous membrane covering
the vocal ligament and is white in color
★ Laryngeal cavity
Two fissures Rima vestibuli Fissure of glottis
The narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity
Inter membranous part - anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds
Intercartilaginous part -posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages
★ Laryngeal cavityThree parts Laryngeal vestibule
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
Tubercle of epiglottis Intermedial cavity of larynx
Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis
Ventricle of larynx a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Infraglottic cavity extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
★ The Trachea Position Extends from the lower border of
cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4 - T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi
Structure features Consists of about 14 - 17 C-
shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages
Bifurcation of trachea Carina of trachea — ridge of
cartilage at bifurcation
★ Bronchi Right principal bronchus Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the
left About 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line
of the middle line of trachea at 22 ~ 25o angle
Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches
Left principal bronchus Narrower, longer, and more horizontal
than the right About 5cm long, leaves the extend line of
the middle line o trachea at about 35 ~36o angle
★ The Lungs Position: Located in the thoracic cavity by
both sides of mediastinum
General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is
shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower
Apex of lung - projects upward into the neck for approximately 2.5 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck
Base - concave, sits on the diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface
Costal surface - large, convex, related to thoracic wall
★ The Lungs Medial surface - concave, related to medias
tinum Hilum of lung middle of medial surface, wh
ich is a depression where the bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter the lung to form the root
Root of lung Contents
Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatic vessels
Surrounded by connective tissue Order of structures in the root of lung
From before backward: V.A. B. From above downward:
L. - A. B. V. R. - B. A. V.
★ The Lungs
Borders Anterior - sharp
Cardiac notch Lingual in left lung
Posterior - blunt Inferior - sharp
★ The Lungs Lobes and Fissure
Right lung Two fissures : horizontal and
oblique Three lobes : superior,
middle, inferior Left lung
One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and
inferior
Bronchial tree
Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.
Bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchopulmonary segments are the anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs.
It is pyramidal in shape, with its apex toward the lung root, ten in each lung
It has a segmental bronchus, a segmental artery, lymph vessels, and nerves.
The segmental veins lie in the connective tissue between bronchopulmonary segments
Because it is a structural unit, a diseased segment can be removed surgically.
Bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchogram showing the branching pattern of the trachea and bronchi of the right lung, in a slightly oblique anteroposterior view. In this procedure, a radiopaque contrast medium has been introduced into the respiratory tract to coat the walls of the respiratory passages
★ The Pleura
General features Serous membranes forming
closed sacs Two layers
Visceral pleura -covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, and extends into the interlober fissures
Parietal pleura - lines the thoracic wall and coves the diaphragm and the lateral surface of the mediastinum
The Pleura
Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential space -pleural cavity Contains a small amount
of pleural fluid Subatmospheric
pressure in it
★ Named parts of parietal pleura Cupula of pleura -
extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2.5cm above the medial third of clavicle
Costal pleura - lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest
Mediastinal pleura Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament -
redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura -Lines diaphragm
Pleura recesses Potential spaces of pleural
cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration
Costodiaphragmatic recesse - are the slit-like space between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest area of pleural cavity into which the lungs expand during deep inspiration.
Costomediastinal recess - on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura
★ Surface markings of lower border of the lung and pleura
Lower border
Midclavicular lines
Midaxillary lines
Scapular line
Sides of the vertebral column
Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib T11
Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 11th rib T12
Thoracentesis