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Spinal Cord and Nerves
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Collect sensory input2. Integrate sensory
input3. Motor output
Functions of Nervous System
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Organization of Nervous System• Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = nerves
CNS PNS
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Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)• Each pair of nerves located in particular
segment (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc.)
• Each nerve pair is numbered for the vertebra sitting above it (i.e. nerves exit below vertebrae)– 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves; C1-C8
– 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves; T1-T12
– 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves; L1-L5
– 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves; S1-S5
– 1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves; C0
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Meninges of Brain and Spinal Cord• Pia mater (deep)
– delicate– highly vascular
• Arachnoid mater (middle)– impermeable layer = barrier
• Spinal Dura Mater (most superficial)– single dural sheath
• Subarachnoid Space– between arachnoid and pia mater– contains CSF
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Spinal Cord (sp cd)
• Passes inferiorly through foramen magnum into vertebral canal
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch off spinal cord through intervertebral foramen
• Spinal cord made of a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter
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Types of Nerve Fibers• Sensory = Afferent Nerve fibers =
picked up by sensory receptors throughout body (PNS) and carried TOWARDS spinal cord + brain (CNS)
• Motor = Efferent Nerve fibers = carried AWAY from CNS by nerves of PNS to innervate body’s muscles and glands
• Remember: SAME
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4 Kinds of Nerve Fibers• Somatic Sensory – “body senses”
– touch, pressure, temperature, vibration of body, muscles stretching, balance
• Visceral Sensory – “organ senses”– Stretch, pain, temperature in organs– (eg) nausea, hunger, cramps
• Somatic Motor – “body movement”– Voluntary contraction of skeletal
muscles• Visceral Motor – “organ movement”
– Contraction of smooth muscle, glands– = Autonomic Nervous System
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Cross Section of Spinal Cord • Gray Matter
– “H” shaped Inner core
– Posterior/Dorsal horns
– Anterior/Ventral horns
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Gray Matter• Posterior Horns = Bring information into
the spinal cord.• Anterior Horns = Send information to
muscles and glands
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White Matter• Fxn: Allows communication between parts of
spinal cord, and between brain + spinal cord
• Two main types of nerve fibers– Ascending: carry SENSORY info from body to
brain• (eg) touch, pressure, pain, temperature,
– Descending: carry MOTOR info from brain to sp cd• (eg) control precise, skilled movement = writing,
maintain balance, create movement
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Quiz1. What are the three functions of the
nervous system?2. How many pairs of nerves come out of
the spinal cord?3. What are the three layers of meninges?4. Which structure contains the CSF?5. What is the shape of the gray matter in
the spinal cord?6. What is the difference between ascending
nerve fibers and descending nerve fibers?7. What is the function of white matter?
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Quiz Answers1. Collect sensory input, integrate sensory input,
produces motor output.2. 313. Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater4. Central Canal5. H6. Ascending fibers bring information to the CNS.
Descending fibers take the information away from CNS
7. Allows communication between parts of spinal cord, and between brain + spinal cord