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Southern inundation area of Lake Fertő/Neusiedl in the later Middle Ages and the
Early Modern Period
Connection between water-level conditions,
shoreline and the landscapeKiss, Andrea
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Overview• Study area
• Historical sources: the southern inundation area
• Historical water-level conditions and water-level changes
• The landscape and its development: different water levels
• Main directions and the intensity of wetland landscape exploitation
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Study area
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• Maps (18th-19th c.): military – rather schematic; cadaster (map+survey)-good; other small and large scale maps – schematic or refer to small area
• Legal documentation: medieval charters, early modern (16-19th c.) land-ownership or borderline debates – refer to small areas
• Other documentary: – Narrative (written evidence): e.g. Sopron citizens– Economic (written evidence) – taxation surveys– Domain surveys: Eszterházy, Széchényi
• Archaeological surveys (not many yet… - but important)
Historical sources: the southern inundation area
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Water level and landscape: the modern situation Any
historical applications?Fixed water level – 20th century Transformation of basin – human impact (Kopf)
BUT: How present processes can be applied in detecting historical (e.g. medieval conditions)?(and vica verse?)
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What and how to apply from present?
E.g. connecting medieval with modern; early modern with modern: shoreline and environment in the Inundation area
Modern inundation model
versus
medievalreambulation charters? 1281, 13351362, 1434-1435
115.5 mwaterlevel
S-Fertő
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Historical water-level fluctuations: models and problems
The Kopf-reconstruction (1963); ext.: Zorkóczy (1976)
Water-level reconstructions or data-collections (e.g.):Nagy (1869), Kövér (1940), Károlyi (1957), Balsay et al. 1975 stb.
Sometimes only based on ‘beliefs’ – e.g. Fertő river, 1568 human impact….
Common problems:1. No information on primary/original sources applied by F. Kopf (or others)2. Continous information?3. Only for last 400 years (medieval: spotted – e.g. 1281, 1335, 1362, 1434)4. Complete desiccation???
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What original sources tell us?
1585
1587
1594
?
1595
?
1597
1616
1645
1646
1660
1676
?
1677
?
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1693
1694
?
1695
?
1700
?
magas vízszint
alacsony vízszint
High water
Low water
-2
-1
0
1
2
1616
1660
1683
1686
1689
1695?
1707
1727
1730
1735
1738
1742
1760
1776
1783
1790
1813
1835
1859
1862
1865
1868
1871
1874
1877
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Fixing medium water level – when it means what?
For fixing (approximately the) medium water level: historical cadaster survey (1854), Eszterházy domain map (+ Sarród cooperative map)
Edge of lake basinOpen surface of water Sarród area (today)
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Transforming landscape into simple model: medium water level (for land use/exploitation model)
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Land exploitation – different water levels –
flexible reaction of societyHigh water level (e.g. 1740s)
Intensity of exploitation special emphasis: Middle Ages
Low water level (1710s-1730s)
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Conclusions
• New, documentary (and map) based water level reconstruction is needed – also to landscape reco-s
• Some aspects concerning medieval water levels and land exploitation can be as well detected
• Land use and exploitation show strong flexibility towards predominant water level conditions
• Intensities of land exploitation were very diifferent in certain period (e.g. Middle Ages)
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Thank you for your attention