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Sound and Microphone
Prepared by:Shubhanshu Pathak
2015-2016 July Batch
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SoundSound is a vibration that propagates as a
typically audible mechanical wave.Sound travels at a speed of 334 m/s.
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Physics of Sound Sound travels in a Medium.Sound waves are generated by a sound source
such as vibrating diaphragm of a speaker.
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Components of Sound Wave
WavelengthAmplitude Velocity
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Components(contd.)EnvelopePhasingHarmonicsFrequency
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Types of Sound WavesLongitudinal wavesTransverse wavesStationary waves.
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OctaveRange of audible frequency is divided into
audio band.Octave is the interval between any 2
frequencies having tonal ratio of 2:1.There are 3 Octaves:
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Octave(contd.)Bass: Consists of 4 octaves and is divided into
2 groups.Mid: Consists of 4 octaves and is divided into
2 groups.Treble: Consists of 2 octaves.
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MicrophoneA microphone is a transducer that converts
sound into an electrical signal.First proper microphone was developed by
David Hughes, in the US in, 1877.
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ComponentsCapsule: The transducing element.Diaphragm: The moving film.Housing: Brings signal from element to other
equipments.
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Polar PatternThree prominent polar patterns are:1. Omnidirectional.
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Polar Pattern(contd.)2.Bidirectional(Figure of eight)3.Directional(Cardioid).
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TypesCondenser microphone: The were invented at bell labs.They work on the principle of variable
capacitance.
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Moving coil MicrophoneThey work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.The sound is produced by the motion of the
coil.
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Ribbon MicrophoneThey work on pressure difference.A thin aluminium foil motion produces voltage
which a transformer boosts.They are used for percussion instruments.
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PropertiesFrequency response.Overload limit.Maximum SPL.Sensitivity.Self Noise.Signal to Noise ratio.Proximity effect.
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Sennheiser MD421Glass composite housing and hardened
stainless steel basket.Frequency response 30Hz-17kHzEffective feedback rejectionClear sound reproduction.
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ConclusionMicrophone are of great importance for audio
industry.
Proper care is to be taken in selection and handling of a microphone.