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NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENTSNON CONTACT MEASUREMENTSTEMPERATURE, GAS & SURFACE PROPERTIES
SONNIK CLAUSENsenior scientist, Dr.
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RISØ DTUØ
• 1956 Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy
• 1976 Nuclear energy and other energy sourcessources
• 1986 Energy research in general
• 1990 R&D with energy • 1990 R&D with energy as the primary area
• 1994 State-owned enterpriseenterprise
• 2000 The last nuclear reactor is decom-missioned
• 2007 Merger with DTU
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods2 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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Activities at RISØActivities at RISØApplied Optical Diagnostics
• National reference Laboratory (-80ºC to 1600ºC) non-contact temperature• Special temperature, heat flux measurements, emissivity
EU j t H l M l A fil TRIRAT E ith• EU-projects: Hercules, Menelas, Aeroprofile, TRIRAT, Evitherm• Combustion research, flame measurements (v, T, φ, d, ci,…)• Process: insulation, oxy-fuel, steel, …y• Consultancy
• Close cooperation with industry
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Applications IRApplications IR
• Temperature: Food, medicine, transport…• Errors: electrical installations, engines, components• Process: metal temperature furnace flue gas• Process: metal temperature, furnace, flue gas,…• Buildings: heat loose, insulation, …• Technical: approvement fireplaces, cars…• Security: road temperature, surveillance,…• Life: horse leg, research, medical,…• R&D: development of new products, optimisation,R&D: development of new products, optimisation,…• Safety: gas leak, hot spots,…
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods4 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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Properties of LightProperties of Light
t + r + a + s = 1
100 %
4 %92 %4 %
.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods5 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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Defects in Silicon
0.8
0.9
1
RISØ15. juni 2005, sqcl
0.5
0.6
0.7
nsm
issi
on
%
100% transmission/100Base line (kontrol)Prøve nr 1Prøve nr 2Prøve nr 3Prøve nr 4
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tran
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000Bølgetal cm-1
0
0.1
g
IR-camera sensitive at 2 0 6 7 μm is best
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods6 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IR-camera sensitive at 2.0 – 6.7 μm is best
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REFLECTIONREFLECTION
.
⎛ ⎞2
Reflection from 1 surface: R nn
=−+
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
11
2
Glass (n = 1.5): R = 0.040Water (n = 1.33): R = 0.020
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods7 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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ABSORPTIONABSORPTION
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Color and TemperatureColor and Temperature
Temperature (°C) Colorp ( )────────────────────────650 - 750 red violet750 780 d k k i d750 - 780 dark karminred780 - 800 karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred830 - 880 dark orange880 - 1050 orangeg1050 - 1150 gellowl/orange1150 - 1250 gellow1250 1320 hit / ll1250 - 1320 white/gellow────────────────────────
h h d l h 6 0°C
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods9 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
The human eye detects light at temperatures over ca. 650°C
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Visible versus IRRed painted alu plate
CCD IR-camera IR-camera
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods10 Risø DTU, Technical University of DenmarkColors?
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DESIGN of OPTICAL IR THERMOMETER
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B M C bili RISØBest Measurement Capability RISØ
6
INTERCOMPARISONS5
6BEDSTE MÅLEEVNE RISØ (k=2) i området fra -80 oC - 1600 oC
Th9: 600 - 1300oC; 1-2oC deviationTRIRAT: -50 - 300oC; typical within 0.3oCTRIRAT: 300 - 800oC; within uncertainty
4
vne
oC
y
2
3
edst
e m
ålee
BM
C
1
2Be
.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600o
0
2006, sqclData fil: "måleevne_DANAK2006.xls"
T
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Temperatur oCTemperature
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European comparison(TRIRAT)(TRIRAT)
1
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION (RISØ)
Preliminary result
0.6
0.8
Preliminary result
0.2
0.4
atio
n o
C
-0.2
0
erat
ure
devi
-0.6
-0.4Tem
pe
Risø - VSLRisø - PTBRisø - RaytekRisø - SP
-1
-0.8
Risø - CMARisø - NPLRisø - LNERisø - INM0.5% error on emissivity .
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-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature oC
-1
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Blackbody - Properties
PERFECT ABSORBER (α = 1)
PERFECT EMITTER ( 1)PERFECT EMITTER (ε =1)
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TRACEABILITY ITS-90
• T [K] = t [°C] +273,15
• C2 = 0.014388 m K
L T eC
T Xλ
λ( ) ( )90
2
90 1−⋅L TL T X
e
eC
T
λ
λ λ
( )[ ( )]
90
902
90
1
1=
−⋅e 1
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Plancks radiation lawPlancks radiation law
L TC
W m d( ) [ / ( )]λπ
λ=2 1 2L Te
W m dCT
( , )( )
[ / ( )]λλ
λλ
=−15
2
E T T W mBB ( ) [ / ]σ= 4 2
mλ
μ2896Tmaxλ =
Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant)Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant).Useful in heat transfer calculations, but not in non-contact temperature measurements
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Radiated Power from Surface
1000
1200
W/m
2 ]
Radiated Power from Surface
400
600
800
dstrå
let e
ffek
t [W
0
200
400To
tal u
d
273 293 313 333 353 373Overflade temperatur [K]
250
300
m2 ]
150
200
250
et e
ffek
t [k
W/m
50
100
Tota
l uds
tråle
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods17 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
273 523 773 1023 1273Overflade temperatur [K]
0
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Blackbody curvesTHEORYTHEORY
120000000
100000000 700oC200oC
80000000
m2 μ
m
200oC
60000000
dian
ce
W/m
20000000
40000000Rad
0
20000000
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods18 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Wavelength μm
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Blackbody curvesMeasuredMeasured
2 μm3.3 μm10 μm 5 μm
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods19 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
No gas absorption in 8 – 14 μm range (ambient)
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UNCERTAINTYUNCERTAINTY
ΔΔ
TTC
=εε
λ2
2
• Low temperature - low error
Cε 2
• Short wavelength – low error• Surface with high emissivity – low error
Valid for one-color pyrometer, and if reflections can be disregarded
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TRICKS & TIPS
I i t l k d i t h l i i• Ice point: look down into hole in ice• Object at room temperature: perfect blackbody• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Measure through opening in object• Compensation cable can be required
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Definition of Emissi itDefinition of Emissivity
EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY )EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY, ε) :
FRACTION OF RADIATED THERMAL RADIATION FROM SURFACE COMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY ATCOMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY AT SAME TEMPERATURE
ε =RADIATED ENERGY FROM SURFACE at T
RADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at TRADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at T
OR
Radiation SURFACE T Radiation BLACKBODY= ⋅ε λ( , )
Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods22 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength
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Geometry and emissivity
Table: Effective emissivity of grooved surfaceTable: Effective emissivity of grooved surface
L1/L3 v ε=0.1 ε =0.3 ε =0.5 ε =0.7 ε =0.9
0.5 180º 0.100 0.300 0.500 0.700 0.900 1 60º 0.182 0.462 0.667 0.824 0.947
1.46 40º 0.245 0.556 0.745 0.872 0.9632 29º 0 308 0 632 0 800 0 903 0 9732 29 0.308 0.632 0.800 0.903 0.973 3 19º 0.400 0.720 0.857 0.933 0.982 4 14º 0.471 0.744 0.889 0.949 0.9865 11º 0.526 0.811 0.909 0.959 0.989
v
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Emissi it of hole/ca itEmissivity of hole/cavity
TotalL/D F_1-2 ( Ta = 0 K, T3 = T1 )
Shape Surface Emissivityfactor Avg. Min. Max.
0,00 1,0000 0,9600 0,9000 0,97000,50 0,3820 0,9844 0,9597 0,98841,00 0,1716 0,9929 0,9810 0,9947
L
2,00 0,0557 0,9976 0,9932 0,99823,00 0,0263 0,9988 0,9965 0,99913,30 0,0220 0,9990 0,9970 0,99933,90 0,0159 0,9993 0,9977 0,99955,10 0,0094 0,9995 0,9985 0,99975,80 0,0073 0,9996 0,9988 0,9997
DHIGH EMISSIVITY, , , , ,
8,00 0,0039 0,9998 0,9993 0,9999HIGH EMISSIVITY
OF BOTTOM!
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Emissivity steelEmissivity steelEXAMPLE
1 0
0.8
1.0
Oxidized
0.6
0.8
vity
0.4Em
issiv
machined (grid fine)
0.2
M i l l (MA253) 500oC
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200.0
Material: steel (MA253) at 500oC.
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods25 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Wavelength μm
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Emissivity paintEmissivity paint
1 11.1CO2
H2O
1
vite
t
0.9
Em
issi
v
0.8SuperthermPyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm
Aluminium coatet 3 gange,varmebehandlet ved 320oC
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000B l t l 1
0.7
SenothermSenotherm + Hot PaintRISØ, 26 + 28 June 2002, sqcl
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods26 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Bølgetal cm-1
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Emissivity Coating ThicknessEmissivity Coating ThicknessAl / Pyromark (VSL-4)
1.0 RISØ
0.9
1.0 RISØ
0.8
ssiv
ity
0.7Em
is
500 oC350 oC
0.6 250 oC150 oC50 oC
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Wavelength μm
0.550 C
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Wavelength μm
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Temperature Gradient
THERMALRADIATIONRADIATION
THERMAL HEATCONDUCTIONCONDUCTION
TσεΔT 4
=Example at 1000 K:
kΔX=Glass (k=1 W/m K): 57 K/mm
SS (k=17 W/m K): 3 K/mm
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods28 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
IR-Thermometer is the best method for poor conductors
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Reflection Paint
8
6
Pyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm
6
eksi
on %
Supertherm (1 x coat)
4
ekul
ær r
efl
2Spe
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30001
0
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Bølgetal cm-120 μm 10 μm
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Low Temperature & Errorsp
2.5 μm
4
Temperatur fejl ved 1% fejl på 1% emissivitet23oC i l t t
Temperature uncertainty at 1% uncertainty
3C
og 23oC omgivelsestemperatur
C
p y yon emissivity, and 23ºC ambient temperature
5 μm
2
tur
fejl
o CEr
ror
o C
10 μm
20 μm
1
Tem
pera
tpe
ratu
re
20 μm
2.5 μm0
TTe
mp
20 μm
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100-1
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods30 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Temperatur oC Temperature oC
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Other IR ApplicationsOther IR Applications
Welding errors in plastic
)• Find military targets• Find welding defects in plastic• Measure humidity
a)
• Measure humidity• Measure gas velocity• Control glass type/thickness
b)g yp /
• Security, ignition• …
Exhaust aircraft engine
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods31 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
Exhaust aircraft engine
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Gas AbsorptionGas Absorption
Gas leak from Gas BottleGas leak from Gas Bottle
Small hole in bottle Seal not tightSmall hole in bottle Seal not tight
Cold gas is seen using a hot background
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods32 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
g g g
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Model of vibrating water molecule
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DATA BASE (NIR)
0.8
0.9
1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Tran
smittan
ce
0
0.1
0.2
0.3 1% CH4
1% CO1% CO2
1% NO
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1
0 8
0.9
1
0 4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Tran
smittan
ce
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4T
1% H20
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods34 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1
0
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HOT GAS CELLQuartz Fiber
3-zone Furnace
Gas CellGas Cell
Heatedgas line Quartz Fiber
FTIRMB155
Power Supply
DataGas Mixer
Water injection
MB155
Computer
Gasbottles
LoggerGas Mixer
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods35 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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Gas reference data
1
.96
.98Measured 1% CO spectrum
in hot gas cell at 1500ºC (red)
.92
.94
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
Arbitrary / Arbitrary Overlay X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : FOLDET3 Res=None1
.6
.8
.2
.4
10% CO2 at 1500ºC. Red curve: Hitemp
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods36 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Blue: measured
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Calibration free (CH4)Calibration free (CH4)
1
0.96
ance
0.92
Tran
smitt
a
Hitran, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
Measured, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
0.88
4500 5000 5500 6000Wavenumbers cm-1
1
0.96
nce
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods37 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark0.92
Tran
smitt
a
Measured, 1073 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 2 cm-1
Measured, 673 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1
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Theory – principles
S40
] T=1273 K2.9 μm
T
S
FOVIR 20
30
nce
[W m
-2 c
m-1
]
μ
Tw
Tg
0 2000 4000 6000 8000Wavenumbers
0
10
Rad
ia
.
1
),(),,(),(),,()()1( wTLicgTgTL
icgTmL λλτλλελ +=
)()(
1~)2(),,,(),,()2(
TLL
bicgT
icgTa
λλ
λνλαλε ==
),(),(
),()(),()3(
wTLgTLwTLmL
gTλλ
λλλα
−
−=
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods38 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
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yHot gas cell: ε - τ
0.6ss
ivity Emission
Transmission
0.4 Em
is
0.5% CO2T = 1083 KRes = 4 cm-1vi
ty /
Res = 4 cm0.2
sorp
tiv
1900 2400 2900 3400 3900-0.0Ab
s
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods39 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
1900 2400 2900 3400 3900Wavenumbers cm-1
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Example CO2
1073 K3
m1
Sr-1 0.9
2
W m
-2 c
m
0.6
0.8
smitt
ance
873 K
673 K
1
Rad
ianc
e
0.2
0.4
Tran
s
673 K
1800 2800 3800 4800 5800Wavenumbers cm-1
-0
R
1800 2800 3800 4800 5800W b 1
-0.1.
Wavenumbers cm 1 Wavenumbers cm-1
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CO CO2 H2O sensoCO, CO2, H2O sensor
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(i) (ii)Kedelvæg
FTIR spectroscopy
(i) (ii)Kedelvæg
gas flowg
L
FTIR a b c d e
L
250PC
Blackbody
395
.
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IR gas analysisIR gas analysis
20
25
Emission spectrum:GB: 816.9ºC, ε=0.106
5
10
15
,Blackbody curve at 836.0ºC
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
1
.6
.8
1
Transmittance spectrumCO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …
.2
.4
CO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods43 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark
0
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
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Wood flame gas conc.
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OPTICAL METHODS
G t t d iti• Gas temperature and composition• Hot gas flow with dust• Fast respons time• Fast respons time• Large range• Fiber optics• 1 - ? process points• Non-intrusive
24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods45 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark