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Sears Tower
Fazlur Kahn and the Bundled Tube SOM
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Watch seller to biggest retailer in 100 years
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Sears, the bundled
tube…with belt trusses
Ü 1969, Sears is largest retailer in the world
Ü 1969 Sam Walton incorporates as WalMart
Ü 2005 Sears bought by Kmart
Ü 1990 Trizec REIT buys Sears Tower
Sears Tower
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Lower floors for Sears, upper floors rental
Ü 11,250 s.f. per floor
Ü 28,125 s.f. per floor
Ü 39,375 s.f. per floor
Ü 50,625 s.f. per floor Ü Needed 279,000 s.f.
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No setbacks required
Ü 4.65 million square feet gross
Ü 3.81 million square feet net rentable
Ü 81/19 ratio of net to gross, very efficient
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What bonds the tubes together?
Ü 9 tubes, each 75’ square
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1974 Sears Tower
Ü 1,400 feet to roof
Ü 1,738 feet to antenna tip
Ü 4 belts, no suspenders
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Down 100’ to go up 1,400’
Ü 200 caissons down to bedrock below lowest sub-basement
Ü August 1970 excavation begins
Ü June 1971 Steel setting begins
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Digital Design 1969
Ü Build time August 1970 - May 1973
Ü 1,005 days, or 143 weeks to build 110 floors, 1.3 floors per week, 4,626 s.f./day!
Ü Steel set two floors per week
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Ü Tubes 75 feet on a side, 5,625 foot clear areas
Ü Columns 15 feet on center
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Trusses like WTC
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• Field connections in shear zone
• Shop welding for moment connections
• Reduced possible field welds by 95%
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Composite structure, truss floor
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Below centerline for beam / slab eccentricity
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Built up from plates
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Ü Field connections in shear zone
Ü Shop welding for moment connections
Ü Reduced possible field welds by 95%
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Belting Bundled Tubes
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Almost done
Ü Topped out May 3 1973
Ü Over 12,000 people signed the last beam, Ü Sears employees Ü Construction crew Ü Citizens
Ü All wanted to be part of history
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Kenmore?
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…meanwhile back in New
York… Ü 1966 WTC project planning
begins
Ü Construction completed 1973, just behind Sears
Ü Owner: Port Authority of NY & NJ
Ü Builder, Tishman Realty and Construction
Ü Architect, Minoru Yamasaki
Ü Structural: Leslie Robertson
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Skylobby elevator strategy
Ü Double deck elevators
Ü Three double decks in most shafts - 6 cabs per shaft
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A complicated excavation slows progress
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Holding back the street
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Billet and Grillage
Ü Like the Empire State Building the WTC columns sat upon a steel plate, steel beams on a concrete base
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Custom Columns
Ü Normal for super-tall building Ü Built up out of
5” thick steel plate
Ü Not “off the shelf”
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Triple Trees
Ü Sears columns 15’ o.c.
Ü WTC columns 3’4” o.c.
Ü Prefab as triples to reduce field connections
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Longspan trusses
Ü Sears span 75 feet
Ü WTC span 60 feet Ü Hard to cover with
spray on fire protection
Ü Bottom tab for viscoelastic damper, 10,000 used to keep sway between 6 and 15 milli-g’s, their tested threshold of human perception
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Trusses tied to slab
through top chord loops
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51 ton tree columns
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Trees adapt 3’4” spacing for entrance purposes
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Climbing Corner Cranes
Ü OA 207’ sq
Ü 42,849 s.f. per fl
Ü 87’ core
Ü 60’ spans each side
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Ü Kangaroo Cranes Ü Named for
jumping floors as steel was set
Ü 60 foot reach
Ü 50 ton capacity
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Ü Set three floors of triple tree wall every ten days
Ü 3,600 people per day onsite at peak
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All floor, little core
Ü 1999 publication cites design was engineered to resist impact of 707 and 747 marsden and whiteman, 1999 p231
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The family of supertalls Sears will be 6th