![Page 1: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solutions Solutions
Physical ScienceMrs. Baker
![Page 2: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definitions Definitions
Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture
Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount
Solute Solute - substance being dissolved
![Page 3: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definitions Definitions
Solute Solute - KMnO4 Solvent Solvent - H2O
![Page 4: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of SolutionsTypes of Solutions
Based on state of solvent. All solid-liquid-gas combos are
possible. EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver,
mercury, etc.)• liquid solute, solid solvent• solid solution
![Page 5: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DissolvingDissolving
SolvationSolvation
• occurs at the surface of the solute
• solvent particles surround solute particles (+/- attraction)
• solute particles are pulled into solution
![Page 6: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dissolving Dissolving
NaCl dissolving in waterNaCl dissolving in water
![Page 7: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rate of Solution Rate of Solution
Solids dissolve faster...Solids dissolve faster...
• more stirring
• small particle size(increased surface area)
• high temperature
![Page 8: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rate of SolutionRate of Solution
Gases dissolve faster…Gases dissolve faster…
• high pressure
• low temperature
![Page 9: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“Like Dissolves Like”“Like Dissolves Like”
NONPOLAR
NONPOLAR
POLAR
POLAR
DetergentsDetergents• polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”• can dissolve both types
![Page 10: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electrolytes Electrolytes
ElectrolyteNon-
Electrolyte
solute exists asions only
- +
salt
- +
sugar
solute exists asmolecules
only
- +
acetic acid
WeakElectrolyte
solute exists asions and
molecules
![Page 11: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
B. ElectrolytesB. Electrolytes
DissociationDissociation• separation of +/-
ions when an ionic compound dissolves in water
![Page 12: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ElectrolytesElectrolytes
IonizationIonization• breaking apart of
polar covalent molecules into ions when dissolving in water
![Page 13: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
properties of solutions that depend only on solute concentration
Freezing Point DepressionFreezing Point Depression• solutes lower the f.p. of a solvent
Boiling Point ElevationBoiling Point Elevation• solutes raise the b.p. of a solvent
![Page 14: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
View Flash animation.
Freezing Point Depression
![Page 15: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Solute particles “get in the way.”
Boiling Point Elevation
![Page 16: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Effect increases as the solute concentration increases.
Uses:Uses:• antifreeze• making ice cream• salting icy roads
![Page 17: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ConcentrationConcentration
Concentrated solutionConcentrated solution • large amount of solute
Dilute solutionDilute solution • small amount of solute
![Page 18: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ConcentrationConcentration
% by Volume% by Volume• usu. liquid in liquid• EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water
% by Mass% by Mass• usu. solid in liquid• EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water
![Page 19: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ConcentrationConcentration
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
concentration
![Page 20: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Concentration Concentration
Percent by mass is grams of solute per total grams of solution.
Molarity is number of moles (how we count chemical substances) per Liter of solution.
![Page 21: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SolubilitySolubility
SolubilitySolubility• maximum grams of solute that will
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
• varies with temperature• based on a saturated solution
![Page 22: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SolubilitySolubility
Solubility CurveSolubility Curve• shows the
dependence of solubility on temperature
![Page 23: Solutions Physical Science Mrs. Baker. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c0241a28abf838cd4831/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SolubilitySolubility
Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...• high temperatures.
Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...• low temperatures.• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).