© 2011 IBM Corporation
IBM Power Systems
Solid State Drives Where do these new drives fit in
© 2011 IBM Corporation2
IBM Power Systems
Solid State Drive (Flash Technology)
Processors Memory DiskSSD
Very, very, very, very, very fast
Very, very, very fast
Very, very slow comparatively
Fast
Access Speed
1,000,000 -8,000,000 ns
~200,000 ns~100 ns< 10’s ns
There is a huge gap between memory and disk speed
© 2011 IBM Corporation3
IBM Power Systems
New Solid State Drive (Flash Technology)
Processors Memory DiskSSD
Very, very, very, very, very fast
Very, very, very fast
Very, very slow comparatively
Fast
Access Speed
1,000,000 -8,000,000 ns
~200,000 ns~100 ns< 10’s ns
Human Time Context
~ 12.5 hours
~33 minutes
~1 second
© 2011 IBM Corporation4
IBM Power Systems
Basic Problem --- Disk “Slowing” Down (Relatively)
Capacity growing ok (35% per year), but Read/Seek -1% & Data Rate only 15% per year
While processors & memory speed up and add threads and cacheNet … a growing imbalanced between disk and processor/memory
Seagate 15k RPM/3.5" Drive Specifications
73
450
171
75
3.43.6
2002 2008
Capacity (GB)
Max Sustained
DR (MB/s)
Read Seek (ms)
+35%
+15%
-1%
© 2011 IBM Corporation5
IBM Power Systems
SSD Performance versus HDDDrive to Drive comparisons
SSD offers up to 33x – 125x more I/O Operations Per
Second (IOPS)
HDD SSD
HDD is much slower access -- typically 5X to
40X access time* 125X
33X
HDD SSD
Access time is drive-to-drive, ignoring any caching by SAS controller
5X
40X
1X1X
© 2011 IBM Corporation6
IBM Power Systems
Power Solid State Drive
Sweet spots1. Batch window reduction for disk bound applications
You can cut up to 40-50% off window2. Response time - transaction/data base for disk bound applications
Internal drives or perhaps even SAN drives
Key points-- A modest quantity of SSD can make a big difference -- Both write-heavy and read-heavy work is fine for today’s SSD –
biggest performance boost for random read workload
Processors Memory DiskSSD
Very, very, very, very, very fast
Very, very, very fast
Very, very slow comparatively
Fast
Access Speed
1,000,000 -8,000,000 ns
~200,000 ns~100 ns< 10’s ns
© 2011 IBM Corporation7
IBM Power Systems
SSD Client - Batch Window Reduction Example 1
Associated Bank needed to reduce month end batch run time from 4+ hours to under 3 hours
SSDs cut 1.5 hours from batch run time �Plus a 16% reduction in # of disk drives
Placed eight DB2 Objects (table, index, view) on SSD
Batch Performance Runs
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ho
urs
72 HDD 72 HDD + 8 SSD 60 HDD + 4 SSD
SSD run 2
SSD run 1
Base run
2:48460
2:43872
4:22072
Batch
Run Time
# of
SSDs
# of SAS
Disk Drives
40% Reduction
Source: IBM Power Systems Performance and Benchmark Center 5-23-09
© 2011 IBM Corporation8
IBM Power Systems
SSD Client - Batch Window Reduction Example 2
Customer in health care industry needed to reduce batch windows significantly
�Daily batch running 10+ hours
�Monthly batch running 30+ hours
Added 12 SSDs to 168 HDDs
�Cut 50% from daily run time
�Cut 50% from monthly run time
.H
ou
rs
50% Reduction with SSD
Monthly Daily
Batch Windows
© 2011 IBM Corporation9
IBM Power Systems
SSD Client – Data Warehouse Example
SAP Customer using Business Intelligence Warehouse (BW 7.0) installed an all-SSD configuration of about 800GB.
�Huge improvement in aggregate builds / compression
�Significant reductions in queries
60-87% reductions with SSD
Sample query 1 Sample query 2 Sample build/compression
7 min
5 min
65%
reduction
60%
reduction
20 min
2 min
4 days
1/2 day
HDD HDDSSD SSD
87%
reduction
HDD SSD
© 2011 IBM Corporation10
IBM Power Systems
SSD Client Example – IPL Reduction
IBM Development has projected modest improvement for IBM i and for AIX, but …..
A USA IBM i POWER6 520 client with 16 drives (4 SSD and 12 HDD) �Client put load source on SSD�Now reporting 3 minute IPLs
A European IBM i client also reporting 3 minute IPLs
Less downtime
What is your cost per minute or cost per hour for down time? How long is your typical IPL?
© 2011 IBM Corporation11
IBM Power Systems
Many Systems Buy “Extra” Disk Arms for Performance
HDD % utilization of capacity is held low to help ensure higher I/O performance and more consistent response time - arm movement, spinning platter an issue
Write cache and read cache attempt to buffer the impact
SSD % utilization of capacity not restricted
Often less than 30-50% full for performance sensitive workloads
Can run much closer to 100% full
© 2011 IBM Corporation12
IBM Power Systems
Mixed SSD + HDD Can be Great Solution
Cold
Hot
Hot data may be only 10-20% capacity, but represent 80-90% activity
SSD offers best price performance when focused on “hot” data HDD offers best storage cost, so focus it on “cold” data …. a hierarchical approach
It is typical for data bases to have a large percentage of data which is infrequently used (“cold”) and a small percentage of data which is frequently used (“hot”)
May be able to use larger HDD and/or a larger % capacity used
Can run SSD closer to 100% capacity
© 2011 IBM Corporation13
IBM Power Systems
Save Space/Energy/Cooling
A few SSD can often replace many HDD
Fewer total drivesMaybe fewer controllers
Fewer I/O drawersFewer cables
I/O drawer maintenance reduction can offset SSD maintenance
© 2011 IBM Corporation14
IBM Power Systems
Should You Use SAN/SVC SSD or Internal SSD?
yesyes
yesyes
Pro’s Con’s
Use Internal
SSD
Use SAN/SVC
SSD
“Internal” = drives located in a system unit, in an I/O drawer with PCI slots or in a disk-only I/O drawer.
© 2011 IBM Corporation15
IBM Power Systems
SSD - SAN/SVC or Internal …. Or Mixed?
Pro’s Con’s
Use Internal
SSD
Use SAN/SVC
SSD
1. Lower latency - internal is about
0.3 milliseconds faster (per access .. it can add up) (can be larger)
2. If don’t already have SAN/SVC, lower cost & less learning
3. Multiple Config options4. Handle just like other internal
storage
1. If already have SAN/SVC, adds complexity of having internal
PLUS SAN/SVC2. Reduces value of SAN/SVC high
function capabilities – Flash
Copy, MetroMirror, HA, partition mobility, etc
1. Leverage SAN/SVC well-known value proposition of
manageability, control, functionality, performance, etc
2. If already have SAN/SVC, less learning, reduced cost to add
3. DS8000 & V7000 EasyTier
1. If don’t have SAN/SVC, need initial SAN/SVC investment in
hardware, software, skills2. Many medium/entry SAN/SVC
don’t offer SSD
MIXED: If using a SAN/SVC which doesn’t have SSD, OR if not using the higher
function capability of a SAN/SVC (for example you do backup/restore functions just like it was an internal drive); THEN combining internal Power Systems SSD with SAN/SVC storage can be a good thing.
“Internal” = drives located in a system unit, in an I/O drawer with PCI slots or in a disk-only I/O drawer.
© 2011 IBM Corporation16
IBM Power Systems
SSD Technology “Myth”
“Beware SSD as they wear out as they have a limited number of writes”
Key facts to correct myth …. this is not a concern for IBM Power Systems SSD
�IBM Power Systems SSD are industrial/enterprise drives designed to handle this. Design points are many years of 24x7x365 heavy write
workloads. These are not “PC-grade” or “consumer-grade” flash drives.
�Even if you do somehow “use up all the writes”, the SSD reports status prior to it being a real problem to the server and server sends a message to the operator or to IBM for a future scheduled repair action. This is just like a disk drive reporting a weakening status. Replacement SSD is covered
under IBM Maintenance.
�Just like disk drives, you want to protect contents using system mirroring or RAID protection
© 2011 IBM Corporation17
IBM Power Systems
eMLC – Enterprise Multi-Level Cell - Technology
enterprise class performance and reliability PLUS more cost effective MLC Flash technology
Compared to the 2009 69GB SSD offering from Power Systems�Better cost on a per GB basis, �More dense physical packaging on a per GB basis �About 50% less energy consumption and heat per drive�Comparable performance
eMLCIBM is the first server vendor to have offered
© 2011 IBM Corporation18
IBM Power Systems
Implementing “Hot” and “Cold” Data
IBM i#1 Best integrated, automated capability available in the industry today�“Trace and Balance” function part of
IBM i – automated in i 7.1�Monitors by partition or ASP (Aux
Storage Pool) to determine hot/cold�Upon request, automatically moves hot
data to SSD, cold to HDD�Can re-monitor & rebalance any time
A few key OS files can automatically be placed on SSD Can specify specific data base objects to be placed on SSDSee white paper for additional insightsAdditional enhancements being developed
AIXAbility to granularly/flexibly select and locate hot files on SSD�Key AIX performance tools are filemon
& iostat. �Database vendors provide hot data
analysis tools, example: DB2 Snapshot. Migrating hot data�Migratepv is often useful�Softek Migration Tool provides a nice
suite of functions and can be combined with IBM Services
�See Total Storage Productivity CenterSSD white paper for additional insightsNew/enhanced tools being developed
© 2011 IBM Corporation19
IBM Power Systems
IBM i Load Balancer
Industry leading automated capability
Monitors partition/ASP using “trace”
�User turns trace on during a peak time
�User turns trace off after reasonable
sample time
�Negligible performance impact expected
�Tool monitors “reads” to identify hot data
�Looks at 1MB stripes of data
Upon command, automatically moves hot
data to SSD, cold data to HDD
�Minimal performance impact, done in
background
Can remonitor and rebalance any time
�Probably a weekly or monthly activity
�Perhaps less often if data not volatile
IBM i intelligent hot/cold placement makes a big difference vs normal IBM striping / scattering of data across all drives.
This example 72 HDD + 16 SSD
Trans/min
Ap
pli
cati
on
Resp
on
se t
ime
72 HDD + 16 SSD No Balance
72 HDD + 16 SSD Data Balanced
Predicting/analyzing what % of data is hot for presale analysis to help size the number of SSD required:
• Use PEX tool/output • Output from monitor (will need technical person to interpret)
© 2011 IBM Corporation20
IBM Power Systems
IBM i SSD Balancing One of 5 ASP Balancing Types
Balance data between busy units and idle units (STRASPBAL
TYPE(*USAGE))
Make all of the units in the ASP have the same percent full (STRASPBAL TYPE(*CAPACITY))
Drain the data from a disk, to prepare unit it to be removed from the configuration (STRASPBAL TYPE(*MOVDTA))
(Almost obsolete) move hot data off of a compressed disk, and move cold data to the compressed disk (STRASPBAL
TYPE(*HSM)) Requires specific disk controllers with compression
capability – feats #2741/2748/2778. Compression only allowed in user ASPs
Move cold data to HDDs and movehot data to SSDs (STRASPBAL TYPE(*HSM))
© 2011 IBM Corporation21
IBM Power Systems
Using TRCASPBAL to place hot data on SSDs – IBM i
Trace ASP balance counts the read operations based
on 1MB stripes�TRCASPBAL SET(*ON) ASP(1) TIMLMT(*NOMAX)
Start ASP balance moves the data �STRASPBAL TYPE(*HSM) ASP(1) TIMLMT(*NOMAX)�Target is 50% of read operations to be on SSD�Cold data is moved (multiple threads) to HDDs, hot data is
moved (single thread) to SSD
HDD3 HDD4 SSDHDD2HDD1
100 500 100 2000 6000
10000 1200 6000 3000 100
300 800 500 900 900
0 4000 300 400 300
200 600 700 1000 100
100
300
900100
100
300
900100 10000
6000
4000
10000
6000
4000
© 2011 IBM Corporation22
IBM Power Systems
How to Find Hot Tables and Indexes - IBM i
Performance Explorer�BY FAR the best solution
�Perform analysis based on read complete and write
complete events
DB2 maintains statistics about the number of operations on a table or index �Statistics are zeroed on each IPL�Statistics only identify candidates (logical operations include
both random and sequential operations)�Available via:� Display file description (DSPFD)� Application programming interface (API) QUSRMBRD� System i Navigator Health Center (V6R1 only)� SQL catalog queries
© 2011 IBM Corporation23
IBM Power Systems
Power Systems SSD Configuration Options
SAS-bay-based�Option introduced 2009 & 1H 2011
PCIe-based�Introduction 2H 2010
PCI SAS controller
SAS Bays
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
PCIe SAS controller S
SD
SS
DS
SD
SS
D
69 GB SSD & 177 GB SSD
177 GB SSD
Can include imbedded SAS controller SS
D
© 2011 IBM Corporation24
IBM Power Systems
Configuring SAS-Bay-Based SSD
SSD leverages SAS HDD infrastructure
�Located in a SAS drive bay – same as SAS HDD would use
�Run by SAS adapter/controller – same as HDD would use
�Contents can be protected by RAID or mirroring same as HDD
� RAID-5, RAID-6, RAID-10, mirroring, hot spare
�Drives can use hot swap capability of SAS bay
© 2011 IBM Corporation25
IBM Power Systems
PCIe-Based SSD
�PCIe SAS Adapter / Double-wide card
�4 SSD bays on card / 1, 2 or 4* SSD modules per adapter
�177 GB per SSD module / Up to 708 GB per card
�Supported OS: AIX 5.3 or later, IBM i 7.1, REHL 5.5 or later, SLES 10 or later
�Supported servers: 710/720/730/740/750/770/780 (not 795)
177GBSSD
SASCntrl
177GBSSD
177GBSSD
177GBSSD
* A maximum of two SSD bays used when installed in Power 710 or 730
© 2011 IBM Corporation26
IBM Power Systems
Power Systems SSD Statements of DirectionProvided August 2010
IBM plans to enhance its Power Systems Enterprise Class
SSD solutions with technology designed to continue to
provide significant improvements in performance and
storage density over time. IBM plans for these IBM Power
Systems enhancements to include both SAS-bay-based
and PCIe-based SSD product offerings that will leverage
IBM's investments in its SSD optimized Enterprise Class
RAID Storage Controllers.
All statements regarding IBM's future direction & intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represents goals & objectives only. Information regarding potential future products is intended to outline our general product direction and it should not be
relied on in making a purchase decision. The information mentioned regarding potential future products is not a commitment, promise, or
legal obligation to deliver any material, code or functionality. Information about potential future products may not be incorporated into any contract. The development, release, and timing of any future features or functionality described for our products remains at our sole
discretion.
© 2011 IBM Corporation27
IBM Power Systems
Roadmap: SSD Configuration 2011 Options
SAS-bay-based
PCIe-based
PCI SAS controller
SAS Bays
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
PCIe SAS controller SS
DS
SD
SS
DS
SD
Double-wide PCIe card(need pair for hot plug)
Up to 4 SSD modules
Larger capacity SSDContinue Hot plug SSDMore SSD modules / controller
New PCIe card(pair for redundancy)
Large cache, high performance
SS
D
SS
D
SS
D
See SODs made August 2010. All statements regarding IBM's future direction & intent are subject to change or withdrawal
without notice, and represents goals & objectives only.
© 2011 IBM Corporation28
IBM Power Systems
SSD Analyzer Tool for IBM i
SSD ANALYSIS TOOL (ANZSSDDTA)
Type choices, press Enter.
PERFORMANCE MEMBER . . . . . . . *DEFAULT__ Name, *DEFAULTLIBRARY . . . . . . . . . . . __________ Name
Additional Parameters
REPORT TYPE . . . . . . . . . . *SUMMARY *DETAIL, *SUMMARY, *BOTH TIME PERIOD:: START TIME AND DATE:: BEGINNING TIME . . . . . . . . *AVAIL__ Time, *AVAIL BEGINNING DATE . . . . . . . . *BEGIN__ Date, *BEGIN END TIME AND DATE:: ENDING TIME . . . . . . . . . *AVAIL__ Time, *AVAIL ENDING DATE . . . . . . . . . *END____ Date, *END
NUMBER OF RECORDS IN REPORT . . 50__ 0 - 9999
Bottom F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use this display F24=More keys
Available via www.ibm.com/support/techdocs in “Presentations & Tools”. Search using keyword SSD
• Quick, easy, no-charge analysis looks at standard performance report output• Provides “probably yes”, “probably no”, or “maybe
• Provides rough estimate of quantity of SSD to recommend
© 2011 IBM Corporation
IBM Power Systems
Solid State Drives Where do these new drives fit in
Thanks !
© 2011 IBM Corporation30
IBM Power Systems
Source: If applicable, describe source origin
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The customer examples described are presented as illustrations of how those customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics may vary by customer.
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from a supplier of these products, published announcement material, or other publicly available sources and does not constitute an endorsement of such products by IBM. Sources for non-IBM list prices and performance numbers are taken from publicly available information, including vendor announcements and vendor worldwide homepages. IBM has not tested these products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, capability, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capability of non-IBM products should be addressed to the supplier of those products.
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Prices are suggested U.S. list prices and are subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography.
© 2011 IBM Corporation31
IBM Power Systems
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All examples cited or described in this document are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some IBM products can be used and the results that may be achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual client configurations
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Any performance data contained in this document was determined in a controlled environment. Actual results may vary significantly and are
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Revised September 26, 2006
Special notices
© 2011 IBM Corporation32
IBM Power Systems
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