SOIL REMEDIATION AND INTEGRATED
TECHNOLOGY MONITORING
Mónika Molnár1, Éva Ujaczki1, Viktória Feigl1, Orsolya Klebercz1, Ildikó Fekete-Kertész1, Nikolett Uzinger2, Éva Fenyvesi3 and Katalin Gruiz1
1 Budapest University of Technology and Economics 2 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research
3 CycloLab , Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT -ENGINEERING TOOLS
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
ENVIRONMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK REDUCTION
MONITORING
Technology monitoring
Risk based monitoring
INT
EG
RA
TE
D M
ET
HO
DO
LO
GY
S
OIl
TE
ST
ING
TR
IAD
ST
T
Physico-chemical methods
Ecotoxicity tests
Biological, ecological methods
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
STT
INTEGRATED MONITORING for SOIL
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
INTEGRATED MONITORING-
SOIL TESTING TRIAD
Ecotoxi- cological
tests
Physico-chemical methods
Biological, ecological methods
Integrated monitoring gives information • on the characteristics of the soil: the
biological status, the activity and adaptive behaviour of the biota
• on the quality and quantity of contaminant (or waste)
• about the effects, mobility, bioavailability, biodegradability of the contaminants (or waste)…
PH
YS
ICO
-CH
EM
ICA
L M
ET
HO
DS
ST
T
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Physico-chemical methods
Physico-chemical characteristics of soil (three phases)
• pH, temperature, redox potential, water holding capacity, nutrient supply…
Contaminant analyses (quality, quantity)
Physical and chemical form of the contaminants
Mobility of contaminants
…
BIO
LO
GIC
AL
AN
D E
CO
LO
GIC
AL
M
ET
HO
DS
ST
T
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Biological, ecological methods
• Information on the physiological state, flexibility and the activity of the soil microflora
• Response of soil's ecosystem on the adverse effects
• Concentrations of aerob heterotrophic bacteria, fungal species, anaerobic or facultative anaerobic colony forming cells…
• Microbial substrate utilization
• Diversity of microflora
• Respiration, dehydrogenase activity, nitrification, ammonification…
EC
OT
OX
ICIT
Y T
EST
S
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Ecotoxicity testing • Integrates interactions between
toxicants, between toxicant and matrix
• Measures bioavailable ratio of the contamination
• Measures chemically not measurable toxicants by their effect
• Measures the effects of chemicals not included into the analytical programme
Testorganisms from different
trophic levels
SO
IL M
ICR
OC
OS
MS
Microcosms multispecies systems complex
procedures and interactions
• To predict transport and fate of contaminants under controlled conditions
• Modelling ex situ and in situ soil remediation
• Investigation the effect of technological parameter
• Planning remediation/ bioremediation
• Monitoring remediation
• Monitoring waste utilization on soil
• …
…
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Physico-chemical methods
Biological, and ecological methods
Ecotoxi-city testing
Physico-
chemical
methods
Biological
and ,
ecological
methods
Ecotoxicity
testing
Assessment of a contaminated natural site or planning bioremediation the biological, ecological assessment may have dominance.
Inherited, long-term contaminated industrial sites ecotoxicity testing has dominate importance presence of not identified chemicals, mixtures of chemicals
Detailed site assessment and planning an in situ remediation the three elements of the Triad have equal importance.
ROLE AND DOMINANCE OF TRIAD ELEMENTS
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
SOIL REMEDIATION AND INTEGRATED
TECHNOLOGY MONITORING
Cyclodextrin enhanced bioremediation
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
MONITORING OF SOIL BIOREMEDIATION –
technology development for transformer oil contaminated site
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Development of the
technology
30 m3 , 50 t of contaminated
soil
Field application
In situ CycloDextrin Technology –
47 weeks Pilot-scale laboratory
technological
experiments
42 weeks Technological
experiments in
microcosms
4–10 weeks Biodegradation
experiments
1–3 weeks
40 kg
250 g – 500 g
50 g – 250
g
Application of CDT
Experimental
Integrated methodology
PLANNING BIOREMEDIATION - DETAILED SITE ASSESSMENT
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
INTEGRATED MONITORING
Physical-chemical methods
Soil physical properties
Mechnaical composition
Soil chemistry
pH
Electrical conductivity
Salt content
Organic matter content
Nutrient content (N, P, K)
Soil contaminants
Separation
Hexane-acetone (2:1) extraction
of soil
Analyses
Gravimetry
Gaschromatography with flame-
ionization detection (GC FID)
Biological methods
Soil aerobic heterotrophic cell concentration
Contaminant -degrading cell concentration (MPN)
Soil dehydrogenase
enzyme activity
Soil respiration in
„closed bottle
Soil respiration in dynamic system
Ecotoxicological methods
Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence
inhibition test
Sinapis alba root and shoot growth
iinhibition test
Folsomia candida mortality test
RESULTS OF TECHNOLOGY MONITORING
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1 week 1 month 4 months 8 months 10 months
CO
2 [m
mo
l/h
ou
r]
Control soil RAMEB 0%
Transf. oil cont. soil RAMEB 0%
Transf. oil cont. soil RAMEB 0.5%
Soil sampling EPH-content in the soil [mg/kg]
Depth [m] Start 24. weeks 47. weeks (end)
0.1 m – 0.3 m 20,000-30,000 1 600 210
0.8 m – 0.9 m 20,000-30,000 800 260 0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0 58 73 82 93 114 145 155
Time [day]
CO
2 [
%]
16,5
17
17,5
18
18,5
19
19,5
20
20,5
21
21,5
O2
[%
]
CO2 [% ] O2 [% ]
1st
addition
2nd
addition
3rd
addition
SOIL IMPROVEMENT by WASTE UTILIZATION
INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY MONITORING
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
SOIL IMPROVEMENT – UTILIZATION OF RED MUD-SOIL MIXTURE
Field demonstration for the utilization of
red mud-soil mixture to cover landfills
To study the beneficial effect of the red
mud-soil mixture (red mud contaminated
soil) when applied in soil substitute
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
• Red mud catastrophe in Ajka, Hungary
• After the disaster the thick (>5 cm) red
mud layer from soil surfaces was
removed
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
Integrated monitoring
Soil improvement by utilization of red mud-soil mixture
Environment
Meteorological data
Photo documentation
Soil
Physical properties
Soil texture
Dry matter content
Water holding capacity
Chemical properties
pH
Humus content
Macronutrient content (N, P, K, Ca)
Soluble toxic element content
Carbonate content
Biological and ecotoxicological
properties
Soil microflora activity
Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria count
and fungi count
Substrate utilization (BIOLOG EcoPlate)
Soil respiration
Toxicity
Aliivibrio fischeri
(bacteria)
Sinapis alba (plant)
Triticum aestivum (plant)
Folsomia candida (animal)
Plants
Biomass
Chlorophyll content
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
control 5% RMSM
10% RMSM
20% RMSM
50% RMSM
RMSM
AW
CD
Average Well Color Development Values 120 h
1. month
5. month
10. month
0
10
20
30
40
control 5% RMSM
10% RMSM
20% RMSM
50% RMSM
RMSM
WH
C [
%]
Water holding capacity change
1. month
10. month
Aliivibrio fischeri (bacteria) No toxic effect
Sinapis alba (plant) No toxic effect
Folsomia candida (animal) No toxic effect
Red mud contaminated soil used for soil improvement up to 20% has positive effects on the subsoil and no harmful effect on the environment.
UTILIZATION OF RED MUD-SOIL MIXTURE - RESULTS
Thank you for your attention!
Terra Preta Project Opening Workshop, Budapest, 1st September 2014
The experiments were carried out in the framework of the NATO Science for Piece (SfP 973720) and the SOILUTIL
(TECH_09-A4-2009-0129) Hungarian R&D projects