Download - Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
1/98
Soils contamination and
Remediation
PM3EPM3E
F. CHAZARENCEMN, 2012
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
2/98
Part 1: Introduction/context (45 min)Part 1: Introduction/context (45 min)
Part 2: Methodolo 45 minPart 2: Methodolo 45 min
2
Part 3: Soils remediation (1.5 h)Part 3: Soils remediation (1.5 h)
Part 4: Project (3Part 4: Project (3 6 hours)6 hours)
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
3/98
Part 1
Introduction / contextIntroduction / context
I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?
3
II.II. at s a so : o 's compoun sat s a so : o 's compoun sIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
4/98
Basias sites in 2006 Basol sites in 2006
Old industrial sitesrecorded in 2007
potentially
I. Interest in soil pollution?
4
400 000 sites(66 dep.)
sites3 717 sites
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
5/98
I. Interest in soil pollution?
Buffer zoneBuffer zone Filter
Interface between atmosphere/ground water~ Atmosphere/ground water/vegetation
Wildlife habitatWildlife habitat
Soils = Natural resources
5
ResourceResource Farm and timber production
Nutritive substrate, provide biomass production
Raw materiel source~ Clay reservoir, sand, gravel, minerals
Water reservoirWater reservoir Underground systems, ground water
Role of foundations for infrastructures, buildingsRole of foundations for infrastructures, buildings
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
6/98
Effects of sols pollution
Soils pollution : impacts soil capacitiesSoils pollution : impacts soil capacities Degradation of physic, chemical or biological properties
Limits soil uses (resources / construction etc.)
6
A given pollutant or cocktail pollutants in soil can impact :
Vegetation
Primary producer Accu. in plant tissues
Animals Impact animals health Accu in food chain
Humans
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
7/98
Example: Mercury cycle (Hg)
7Source: http://www.chelationhealthproducts.com/heavy_metal_mercury.php
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
8/98
I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?II.II. What is a soil : Soils compoundsWhat is a soil : Soils compoundsIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification
8
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
9/98
Soils are made of :- Solid organic and mineral compounds- Liquids and gaseous compounds (stored in pore volumes)
II. Soil constitutions
9
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
10/98
Desegregation and alteration of rock (Bedrock)Desegregation and alteration of rock (Bedrock)
Physical desegregationPhysical desegregation Fragmentation gravels, stones, sand
~ Dynamic desegregation : water effect, wind, materials
~ Static desegregation : Teffect, humidity, frost
1/3 Solid compounds
10
Chemical alterationChemical alteration Transformation of mineral part of rock
Formation of alteration complexes~ Clay, silica, iron oxides, salts
Dissolution : water or CO2 action on soluble rocks Hydrolyze : water, acids or bases action on crystalline rocks
Biological desegregation : roots, wormsBiological desegregation : roots, worms
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
11/98
Solid compounds: mineral fraction
Granulometry classification
Granulometric Analyses
* Allow to know soil structure : % of compounds- sand soil
- silt soil
- clay soil
11
- clay-sand soil
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
12/98
Soil organic compounds :
~
Vegetables and living animals(bacteria, mushrooms, )
~ Animals excrements and vegetabledetritus, dead animals
Solid compounds: organic fraction
12
Source: www.wikipidia.org
~
intermediate organic compound~ Stabilized organic compound: humic
substances (Humus= colloidalfraction) to find as different varieties
Humic acids
Fulvic acids
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
13/98
Liquid fraction:
- Rain- Human contribution- Decomposition of rock and organic matter
2/3. Pores
13
Compound are: water, soluble elements, organics substances(alcohols, organic acids), minerals substances (acids, bases,salts)
Gaseous fraction:- Air- Biogas from living organisms- Decomposition of organic matter
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
14/98
Definition and soil humidity parametersDefinition and soil humidity parameters
100Ms
Ms)-(Mh=H
Pores: liquid compounds
14
: um y r
Mh : humid soil mass
Ms : dry soil mass
Water storedWater stored Salty or fresh
Moving or static
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
15/98
Water availabilitiesWater availabilities
According to Soil texture, for the same amountof water :~ Available water is large with fine particles
15
~ v w r w y
Water movementWater movement Water can stream and/or seep in and reach
ground water~ Percolation
~ Diffusion
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
16/98
Soil Permeability
PercolationPercolation
Function of soil porosity and permeability~ Coarse elements (rocks, gravels)
~ Favour water percolation and movement
16
~ Thin elements
~ (thin sand, silt, clay)
Impermeable
Compact soils
Soil compositionSoil composition Impacts permeability
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
17/98
Main sourcesMain sources
Air~ N2, O2, CO2
Biogas
Pores: gaseous compounds
17
~ 2, 4, 2
Air in soilAir in soil
Enable life (vegetals, animals etc.)
Increases humus production and other bio-processes
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
18/98
Soil full of lifeSoil full of life
Ex. Meadow soilEx. Meadow soil 4% Organic matter
~ 20% living organisms
In or anic soils avera eIn or anic soils avera e
3/3. Biological activity in soils
18
10 tons/hamushrooms/fungi/algae
10 tons/ha bacteria
2 tons/ha earthworms
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
19/98
I.I. Interest in soil pollution?Interest in soil pollution?II.II. What is a soil : Soils compoundsWhat is a soil : Soils compoundsIII.III. Contaminated soils and classificationContaminated soils and classification
19
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
20/98
III. Contaminated soil and classification
What is a naturallyWhat is a naturally
contaminated soil ?contaminated soil ? Due to geological
activities
20
~ H2S, TSS, MeS~ Radioactive compounds
(ex. Radon Rn intoGranites)
~ Volcanic activities
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
21/98
What is soil contamination? What is a contaminated soil ?What is a contaminated soil ?
Anthropic activities~ Waste, Industrial activities~ Soil, above soil, ground water
Origin ofOrigin of Soil contaminationSoil contamination Caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or
other alteration in the natural soil environment
21
Rupture of underground storage tanks Application of pesticides Percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata Oil and fuel dumping Leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial
wastes to the soil
Most common chemicals involvedMost common chemicals involved Petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy
metals~ Correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical
usage.
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
22/98
22
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
23/98
Health effects
Health risks includeHealth risks include From direct contact with the contaminated soil
~ Vapours from the contaminants~ Secondary contamination of water supplies within and
underlying the soil
Mapping / treatment of contaminated soil sites
23
~ ~ Requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology,
chemistry and computer modeling skills
North America and Western EuropeNorth America and Western Europe Extent of contaminated land is most well known
Developing countriesDeveloping countries Very likely to be the next generation of new soil
contamination cases
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
24/98
Ecosystems effect Significant deleterious consequences for ecosystemsSignificant deleterious consequences for ecosystems
Involves radical soil chemistry changes~
Alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms andarthropods Eradication of some of the primary food chain Major consequences for predator or consumer species
~ Accumulation of pollutant in the food chain
24
~
E.g. concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers
Effects occur to agricultural landsEffects occur to agricultural lands Certain types of soil contamination Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism
~ Most commonly to reduce crop yields Secondary effect upon soil conservation
~ Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives Derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil
contaminants.
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
25/98
Legislative aspects : Who is responsible?
Europeans and French laws (July 1992)Europeans and French laws (July 1992) Responsibility of pollueur-payeur "polluter pays
principle"
25
applicableapplicable For olds activities : Identification of a responsible
impossible
Owner not able to pay
Orphan "black point"
Collective responsibilityCollective responsibility
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
26/98
Pollutant dispersion modes Diffuse pollutionDiffuse pollution
Coming from 1 single site~ Low amount of pollutants regularly discarded
~ Chronically pollutant discards detected after a given
26
Punctual or Mass PollutionPunctual or Mass Pollution Mostly by accident
Pollutant source is a classification criteria~ Large source
~ Punctual source
~ Linear, horizontal, vertical source
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
27/98
Pollutant dispersion modes
27
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
28/98
Plan
Part 1: IntroductionPart 1: Introduction
28
Part 3: Sols remediationPart 3: Sols remediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
29/98
What is soil remediation/soil cleanup?
Soil remediationSoil remediation is the collective term for variousis the collective term for variousstrategies that are used to purify and revitalize soilstrategies that are used to purify and revitalize soil
29
This process of soil cleanup is part of a broader effortThis process of soil cleanup is part of a broader effortknown as environmental remediation, which can alsoknown as environmental remediation, which can also
include efforts to purify the air and other wise repairinclude efforts to purify the air and other wise repair
damage done to the ecological balance of the planetdamage done to the ecological balance of the planet
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
30/98
Part 2: methodology
1.Supervision and preventive measures2.Soils investigation3.Pollution dia nostic
30
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
31/98
1. Supervision and prevention
Aiming at detecting contamination through a survey?Aiming at detecting contamination through a survey?
A. Supervision
31
Sol are often buffer zones with long answer time~ (more than 10 years)
In known industrial or landfill sitesIn known industrial or landfill sites
Manage a controlling system (mostly through
piezzometer survey)~ Control of target pollutant or specific parameter
(conductivity)
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
32/98
32
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
33/98
B. Preventive measures
Preventive measures have to be taken when design aPreventive measures have to be taken when design a
new industrial sites such as :new industrial sites such as :
On new equipments: e.g. manage retention ponds in case
33
o mass ve re ease : examp e pon s e ow me ower
On fabrication processes: e.g. recycling and treating waterafter use (ex cutting fluids)
On fluid/material transport: prevent leak from occurring
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
34/98
Preventive measures can also be taken as goodPreventive measures can also be taken as goodmanagement practice or best managementmanagement practice or best management
practice:practice:
On new products: use less dangerous product on the
34
market, reduce doses (pesticides, manure, phytosanitaryproducts)
Use advanced waste management procedures: advancedrecylcing with industrial waste
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
35/98
1.Supervision and prevention2.Soils study stages
Part 2: Methodology
35
.
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
36/98
Preliminary diagnostic
The site is (maybe) contaminated :
Contamination is not well defined
Have to be more accurately measured
Deeper diagnostic
Diagnostic
The site is not contaminated
The site is contaminated
Contamination is well known
How to perform a pollution diagnostic?
36
Selected the most suitable treatment technology to be employed
Selection of operators
Workshop
Solutions
Site is clean
Problems identificationList of possible actions to be done to
solve problems
Select companies for de-pollution
Beginning of workshops
Quality control
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
37/98
1.Supervision and prevention2.Soils study stages
Part 2: Methodology
37
.
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
38/98
3. Pollution diagnostic
ActionsActions
Prevention
Characterisation of thepollution (nature and origin),
38
Depollution
Soil volume need treatment
investigationinvestigation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
39/98
History of the site, list of hostedactivities
Step 1:Enquiry
Investigation Steps for soil clean-up
39
- -
study of pollutants
Lab investigations different clean-up
processes
Step 2: Fieldinvestigation
Conclusion and clean-up strategy accroding
to next site function
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
40/98
Step 1: Site history (documented analysis)Gather all available data concerning the site:Gather all available data concerning the site:
Past industrial activities:~ Chemical used, nature and amount
Raw material, intermediary products, final products, waste(advanced characterisation, e.g. solids, liquids, gas etc.)
40
~
Knowledge of the site:~ Hydrogeology
~ Visit of the site soil surface aspects, storage facilities, pipesand water network
~ Climate, proximate environment (rivers, ponds forests etc.)
Main outcomes~ Potential dangers onsite
Define risk analysis for further investigations
~ Orient sampling strategy to better characterise site
St p 2
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
41/98
Step 2:
A/ Field investigationObjectives:Objectives:
Confirm presence of suspected pollutantsConfirm presence of suspected pollutants
To make an estimation of soil volumes and contaminatedTo make an estimation of soil volumes and contaminatedzoneszones
To estimate potential pollutant migration zonesTo estimate potential pollutant migration zones
41
MethodsMethods
Field measurement: geophysics, hydrology, physicoField measurement: geophysics, hydrology, physico--chemicalchemical
investigation..investigation.. Sampling and lab analysis (cores and water fromSampling and lab analysis (cores and water from
piezzometers)piezzometers)
S 2
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
42/98
Step 2:
B/ Onsite measurements
With simple technologiesWith simple technologies
For parameters including chemical, physical or biological
42
systems, water/soil kitsystems, water/soil kitanalysis)analysis)
Enable to get in a very shortEnable to get in a very shorttime qualitative datatime qualitative data
about :about : Presence of a pollutant
Detection of a group of product
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
43/98
Possible onsite analsysisTechnology Pollutant measured Application
Colorimetric test kits Specific element (metal,anions, cations). Group ofpollutants (Phenols,hydrocarbons etc.)
Water, sometimes sludgeand solids.
Immunoenzymatic test Persistent organic pollutants Water(PAH, PCB)
Gas chromatography (GC) Group or organic molecules Gas in soil, water
PhotonIonization Detector Volatile organic compoundsand other gases (ppm, ppb)
Gas in soil
pH meter, conductivity,temperature probes Physico-chemical parameter Water
Level probes Depth of the water table,amount of floattingpollutants
In depth water
UV lamps Petrochemical pollutants Water, solids43
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
44/98
Investigation on hydrodynamic of water table:Investigation on hydrodynamic of water table:
Evolution of pizomtric level (water depth in a well)
Soil hydraulic conductivity
44
A piezometer is a smallA piezometer is a small--diameter observation well used todiameter observation well used tomeasure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifersmeasure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifers
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
45/98
45Source:http://acces.inrp.fr/eduterre-usages/ressources/nappe/html/Ressources/piezo/piezo1.htm
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
46/98
Soil sampling
After having made a sampling protocolAfter having made a sampling protocol
Different sampling strategy availableDifferent sampling strategy available Systematic sampling
46
~ Using a grid and samplig according to it
Target sampling~ sampling only in the worse part of the site in terms of
pollutant concentration
Random sampling~ Samples are taken randomly in all the site
In average 3 kind of sampling areIn average 3 kind of sampling aresimultaneously appliedsimultaneously applied
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
47/98
Soil sampling methodsSoil sampling methods
Using a mechanicalUsing a mechanical
shovelshovel 3-5 m Pit or hole
Usin mechanical coreUsin mechanical core
47
sampling gadget or asampling gadget or amanual onemanual one Hole 0,2 up to 1m
Using a mechanicalUsing a mechanical
drilling systemdrilling system Hole up to several times
10 m
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
48/98
Water samplingWater sampling
48
Using sampling pipes Syringes
pumps
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
49/98
Prleveur deau (A)et de seringue (B)
49Source: les sites pollus. P. LecomteSource: les sites pollus. P. Lecomte
Types de mesure sur site
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
50/98
yp
50Source: les sites pollus. P. LecomteSource: les sites pollus. P. Lecomte
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
51/98
Sampling conditioning Soil samplesSoil samples
Glass bottle (organic conpounds Plastic bags (metals and minerals)
~ Caution: soil cores have to be managed in hermetic
51
con oners o preven rom evapora ng
Water samplesWater samples Glass bottle for hydrocarbon (possible to add
sulphuric acid)
Minerals plastic (polypropylene) bottles
Step 2:
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
52/98
Step 2:
B/ sample analysis Chemical analysisChemical analysis
Soils~ Per group of products (from organics to minerals)
~ List of most common product if generally investigatedfirst
52
Water~ pH
~ Conductivity, hardness
~ TSS, turbidity
~ COD, BOD5 and ultimate BOD
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
53/98
Group of
53
pro uc s mos y
investigated
Source: sols pollus, P. LecomteSource: sols pollus, P. Lecomte
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
54/98
Plan
Part 1: IntroductionPart 1: Introduction
54
Part 3: Soils remediationPart 3: Soils remediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
55/98
Part 3: soil remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure
2.Soils treatment methods
55
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vaporExtraction of groundwater or soil vapor6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
56/98
should reach a good balance between
After diagnostic, and risk analysis choice of action tobe implemented
56
,
Population life quality, Ecosystem quality,
Technico-economical constrains
State objectives
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
57/98
Clean-up options for contaminated soils Cleanup or remediation is analyzed by environmental scientistsCleanup or remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists
Based on field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computermodels for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals.
There are several main strategies for remediationThere are several main strategies for remediation Soil excavation and take it to a disposal/treatment site
~ Away from human or sensitive ecosystem contact~ This technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins
57
~ Increase pollutant biodegradation (with attendant risk of creating air
pollution) Thermal remediation by introduction of heat
~ To volatize chemical contaminants out of the soil for vapour extraction
Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organicchemicals.
~ Techniques used in bioremediation include landfarming, biostimulation and
bioaugmentating soil biota with commercially available microflora Extraction of groundwater or soil vapor with an active
electromechanical system~ With subsequent stripping of the contaminants from the extract.
Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or pavingover in place).
Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavymetals
How to choose a remediation strategy
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
58/98
Technical criteriaTechnical criteria
Adapted technologyAdapted technology
Already developed by professional companies Has to be chosen according to :Has to be chosen according to :
Pollutant to be treated
How to choose a remediation strategy
58
~ , ,
Amount of pollutant and concentration Surface to be treated and site specificity (country field, urban zone)
Site nature (presence of water, soil composition etc.)
Has to consider if the site is still having industrial activityHas to consider if the site is still having industrial activity
Has to fulfill legislative requirementsHas to fulfill legislative requirements
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
59/98
Economical criteriaEconomical criteria Cost estimations
Has to take into account~ Dcontamination
~ - -
59
~
Final depollution control and remediation efficiency Very difficult to have a good cost estimation
before depollution process is launched
Cost are then evaluatedCost are then evaluated Per time units (month, semester) Per volume units (amount of soil treated)
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
60/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure
2.Soils treatment methods
60
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vaporExtraction of groundwater or soil vapor6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
61/98
There are 3 ways for soil treatmentThere are 3 ways for soil treatment
Out site treatment (excavation)Out site treatment (excavation)
61
In situ treatmentIn situ treatment
Out siteOut site Treatment in situTreatment in situ
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
62/98
Soil excavationSoil excavation Soil transported toSoil transported to-- Specialised treatmentSpecialised treatment
centerscenters-- Specialized landfillSpecialized landfill
In situ treatmentIn situ treatmentusing a mobileusing a mobiletreatment systemtreatment system
62
Treatment onTreatment on--sitesite
Soil excavationSoil excavation
Sol treated onsiteSol treated onsite
and replacedand replaced
A li i h i
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
63/98
Application hors site
63
Application Application in situin situ
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
64/98
Application Application in situin situ
64
Application Application sur sitesur site
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
65/98
Application Application sur sitesur site
65
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
66/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure
2.Soils treatment methods
66
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vaporExtraction of groundwater or soil vapor6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
67/98
Soil excavation Principle : mechanical extractionPrinciple : mechanical extraction
Advantages :~ Fast removal of pollutant from site
Disadvantages
67
~ What to do with excavated soils
~ Costs
Mostly adapted to small volumes of highlyMostly adapted to small volumes of highlycontaminated soilscontaminated soils
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
68/98
68
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
69/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure
2.Soils treatment methods
69
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
70/98
in situin situ treatment treatment Principle
~ Injection of air and nutrients to enhance microbialdegradation of pollutants
70
Low cost, simultaneous treatment of soil andwater
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Low control on biological processes
Mostly adapted : sites in activity, organicMostly adapted : sites in activity, organicpollution under buldingspollution under buldings
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
71/98
71
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
72/98
72
bioventing (unsaturated )
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
73/98
and biosparging (saturated)
73
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
74/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods
74
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
75/98
Out site thermal treatment IncinrationIncinration
Principle~ Soil is first excavated then transported into
incineration plant
~ Burn organic compounds at high temp (900-
75
.
AdvantagesAdvantages Efficiency for a large range of pollutant
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Problem with a couple of heavy metals Very costly
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
76/98
On site thermal treatment Thermic desoprtionThermic desoprtion
Principle :
Excavated soils are heated into portative devices~ Rotative furnace, fluidised beds
AdvantageAdvantage
76
Extraction of VOC
Lower heating value, less impact on soils (250 650 C) Portable furnaces (on site treatment)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require a step to treat : gas, heavy metals
Mostly adapted to medium VOC contaminatedMostly adapted to medium VOC contaminatedsoilssoils
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
77/98
77
Exemple de procd de dsorbeurs chauffagedirecte et indirectSource: ADEME
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
78/98
In situ thermal treatment PrincipePrincipe
Heating in situ soils with probes generatingmicro-waves, electrical resistances
AdvantageAdvantage
78
Enable to desorbs gas with in situ treatment
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require gas treatment
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
79/98
79Example : thermic resitance treatment
Source: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section1/list-of-fig.html
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
80/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods
80
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
81/98
Bioremediation "in site" treatment PrinciplePrinciple
After excavation soil is treated in a bioreactor
possibility to add microorganisms
AdvantagesAdvantages
81
Ro ust systems, simp e
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Time for micro-organisms development, waste
production
Adapted for high concentration of organicAdapted for high concentration of organicpollutants (PAH, phenols)pollutants (PAH, phenols)
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
82/98
82
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
83/98
* Option : biopile
83
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
84/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods
84
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
85/98
Groundwater pumping PrincipePrincipe
Pump water in case groundwater is polluted
Water is treated onsite or directed to awastewater treatment plant
85
Advantage : simple to manageAdvantage : simple to manage
Disadvantages :Disadvantages : Can take a long time
Can treat only partially the problem
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
86/98
86
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
87/98
in situ air treatment PrinciplePrinciple
VOC and volatile compounds extraction :~ venting unsaturated
~ stripping, sparging saturated
87
A vantagesA vantages High outputs, low costs
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Requires air treatment step
Adapted to low hydrocarbon polluted sitesAdapted to low hydrocarbon polluted siteswith a permeable soilwith a permeable soil
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
88/98
88
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
89/98
89
P 3 S il di i
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
90/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods
90
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
91/98
PrinciplePrinciple build a wall unpermeable to contain water
AdvantagesAdvantages Simple workshops, can be low cost depending on the soil
com osition
91
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Required knowledge of hydrodynamics in the system
Need to pump and treat water
Mostly adapted in case pollutants are goingMostly adapted in case pollutants are going
outside the site (migration)outside the site (migration)
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
92/98
92
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
93/98
93
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
94/98
94
P rt 3: S il r m di ti n
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
95/98
Part 3: Soils remediation
1.Choice of remediation procedure2.Soils treatment methods
95
.
1.1. Soil excavationSoil excavation2.2. Aeration of soilsAeration of soils
3.3. Thermal remediationThermal remediation
4.4. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestionBioremediation, involving microbial digestion
5.5. Extraction of groundwater or soil vapourExtraction of groundwater or soil vapour6.6. Containment of the soil contaminantsContainment of the soil contaminants
7.7. PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
96/98
PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
Principle : accumulation ofpollutants in plant tissues
Advantage : low cost disadvantages : long term
treatment
96
apte or , meta s ot erchemicals compounds
Source:http://www.uga.edu/srel/Snapshots/phytoremediation.htm
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
97/98
97
Flowchart of soil remediation example
-
8/2/2019 Soil Depollution FC 30 04 2012
98/98
Flowchart of soil remediation example
98