Software Development Lessons Learned
from Industrial Failures in the 1980s
CHARLOTTE CHANG / @pushorpull
CHARLOTTE CHANG / @pushorpull
Why Automotive, Aerospace &
Software?
invention
influence
adventure
Photo:
20th century
Photo: US Library of Congree, id ppprs.00626
Leo Baekeland
Photo: 20th Century Fox
Photo: Associated Press
Photo: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
IMAGE CREDIT: LIBRARY.UPENN.EDU
IMAGE CREDIT: THEHISTORYBLOG.COM
IMAGE CREDIT: codex99.com
IMAGE CREDIT: s300.photobucket.com/user/etmassey
Photo: BIGFOOT®
Photo: @thepandorasociety.com
William Durant
Alfred Sloan
"Any colour you like as long as it's black." [Ford]
"A car for every purse and purpose." [Sloan]
Fremont Assembly Plant1961-1982
Photo: Rain, Belinda, Photographer (NARA record: 8464467) - U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
1,072 vehicles daily
“It was considered the worst workforce in the automobile industry in the United States.”
- Bruce Lee, UAW leader
Photo:Frank Langfitt/NPR
Photo: Marc Soller
“Sex, Drugs and The Assembly Line”
1982
CAFE standards
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards are
regulations in the United States, first enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1975,[1] in the wake of the Arab Oil Embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and
sport utility vehicles) produced for sale in the United States.
Voluntary Restraint Agreement
Photo:toyota-global.com
HELL FREEZES OVER!-Car and Driver
Photo: http://liker.engin.umich.edu/
Mannering and Winston (1991, Brooking papers)
AP Photo/Str
photo: Taj MuttHall Dog Diary
“I believed it was the system that made it bad, not the people.”
- Bruce Lee
Photo:Frank Langfitt/NPR
photo: fendygaze/deviantart
Kaizen
“Never stop the line”
the andon cord
AP photo/Paul Sakuma
Photo: Historic Images Outlet
Other GM Plants?
The Flint sit-down strike against General Motors, Feb. 11, 1937
UAW/FACEBOOK
workers
management
$743mil
$2.5mil
$5.2mil
$35mil
$5mil
$7mil
Jack SmithCEO 1992-2000
Second Round of Changes:
PEOPLE● some team concepts, put together a book
on how each factory should run and why
● a team that went to each factory to implement these changes
● Lots of people in GM still didn't see the need to change. By the late 1990s, the company was posting huge profits selling trucks and SUVs, which made the loss in market share seem less urgent.
First Round of Changes:
PROCESS● Andon cords and inventory control
● No change in culture
● Workers and managers continued their old antagonistic ways. In some of the factories where they installed the andon cord, workers got yelled at when they pulled it. A few plants even cut the cords down.
During Jack Smith’s tenure
reduced duplicity in
organization
invested in Asia/Pacific
1993turned a profit of $2.5 billion
1994earned $4.9
billion
terminated Oldsmobile
brand
Toyota Celebrates 10-Millionth Vehicle Made in Kentucky; First Camry Rolled Off Line at Georgetown Plant in 1988
2015 Consumer
ReportsMost Reliable
Cars
so what?
Conway’s Law
organizations which design
systems ... are constrained
to produce designs which
are copies of the
communication structures
of these organizations
Fourteen Points for Management
Seven Deadly Diseases of Management
Seven Wastes of Software Development
5 Why’s
Two Pillars of the Toyota Production System
how successful are we?
The Machine that Changed the World (James Womack, Daniel Jones, Daniel Roos)
NUMMI, NUMMI 2015 (This American Life, NPR)
...and the internet.
Thank you!
Charlotte Changpushorpull