Download - Social problem
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Social problemsDefinition: A social problem is any deviant
behaviour in a disapproved direction of such a degree that it exceeds the tolerance limit of the community
Social problem: Criteria
Types of Social
problems
EconomicPoverty
UnemploymentDependency
BiologicalDiseases
Disabilities
Psychological
Neurosis PsychosisSuicide
AlcoholismEpilepsy
Cultural Problems of Aged
Homelessness
Crime Juvenile
delinquency
POVERTYPoverty – The insufficient supply of those
things which are requisite for an individual to maintain himself and those dependent upon him in health &vigour(Goddard JG)
Man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, the conveniences & amusements of life
-Adam Smith
Types & CausesTypes-Urban & RuralRural poverty- high population growth, unequal
distribution of wealth, large families, caste system
Urban poverty-improper training, slow job growthOther causes- illiteracy, epidemics, laziness,
physical health problemsBy Gillin- incapacity of individual, unfavorable
physical conditions, unequal distribution of wealth & income
By Marx-Exploitation of workers by capitalistsBy Henry George- personal ownership, monopoly
of the individual
Steps to control povertySteps taken by Government:For Rural:1. Small farmers development programme2. Drought area development programme3. Minimum needs programme4. National Rural employment programme5. Assurance on employmentFor Urban:6. Nehru Rozgar Yojna7. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna8. Urban Basic Services For The Poor Programme9. National Social Assistance ProgrammeEmphasis should be on educating the people related to causes
of poverty, how to improvise and eradicate habits which hinder growth
Housing Building where people livePhysical structure which provides protection
against storm, lightning, snowfall, rain, etcHousing standards vary by area, country, due
to factors such as culture, traditions, & climate
Other factors- income of family, size of family, living standards & education of individual and family
Family health survey (2001)carried out by Indian Government found that only 19% of rural live in pucca houses , remaining live in semi-pucca, kacha house with mud walls & thatched roofs
Interventions under National Housing policyPromoting savings & investments in housingCreating an environment conducive to
investment in housing for rental purposeMaking available standardised building
materials and component at reasonable pricesImproving & upgrading construction skills
LITERACY Literacy in India is key for socio-economic progress
India’s effective literacy rate has recorded a 9.2 per cent rise to reach 74.04 per cent in 2011
Literacy rate improved among females as compared to males. Males is 82.14 %(rise of 6.9%), females is 65.46%, (rise of11.8 %)
Kerala is the most literate state in India, with 93.9% literacy, followed closely by Lakshadweep at 92.28%.
Bihar is the least literate state in India with 63.82% literacy, followed by Arunachal Pradesh at 66.95.
Haryana has the lowest female literacy rate in India.
Illiteracy Illiteracy means the inability to read and
write Leads to the problem of child labour, female
foeticide, & growth of populationIgnorance –person loses opportunity to know
about the various schemes of governmentCauses – poverty, unemployment, lack of
awareness about means of education
Measures to eradicate illiteracyUniversity Education Commission-1948-49- use of mother tongue as
the medium of instructionEducation policy-1968-uniform pattern: 10+2+3 education all over
the country1991- Professor Dave’s Education Commission- minimum level of
learning(MLL) to improve primary educationNational education policy-1992 –Op Blackboard to provide basic
facilities in schoolsNational education policy-1986- compulsory primary education to
reduce dropoutsNational literacy mission-importance to adult educationSSA-2003 elementary education by community ownership of schools1990- UNO – International Literacy year, 8th Sep world literacy day
Prostitution Serious problem in IndiaCauses – poverty, unemployment, lack of
proper reintegration services, lack of options, stigma & adverse social attitudes, family expectations & pressure, acclimation to lifestyle
Due to necessity-after breakup of marriage, being disowned or thrown out of homes by their families
Elimination of prostitutionChanging social set-up- which would respect
women’s identity as human beingEducation Economic independenceLaws dealing with status of sex workers-
“The Immoral Traffic (Suppression) Act-1956 –SITA- law forbids a sex worker to carry on her profession
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act-PITA
Rights of Women & ChildrenIntroduction Both are linked to each otherGovernment is committed to children’s and
women’s rights according to constitutionSituation of India’s women and children-
marked by persistent disparities, two centuries of colonialisation, centuries of rigid caste system
Rights of children Declaration of Geneva-given by League of Nations-19241. Child must be given means needed for its normal
development, both materially & spiritually2. Hungry child should be fed, sick child should be helped,
erring child should be reclaimed(win back from vice), orphans & homeless child should be sheltered
3. Child must be first to receive relief in times of distress4. Child must be put in a position to earn a livelihood &
must be protected against every form of exploitation5. Child must be brought up in the consciousness that its
best qualities are to be used in the service of its fellowmen
Constitutional provisions-January 1950Fundamental rights1. Article 21 A-shall provide free & compulsory education to all the children
aged 6-14 years2. Article 23- Human trafficking and forced labour prohibited3. Article 24- No child below 14 years shall be employed to
work in any factory or mine, hazardous employmentDirective principles of state policy4. Article 39- tender age of children not abused & not forced
by economic necessity, protected against exploitation 5. Article 45-provides early childhood care & education for all
children till six years6. Article 47- raising level of nutrition and standard of living
of its people & improvement of public health7. Article 51 A- parent/guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child/ward between 6-14 years
UN Declaration of the rights of children –
1. Non discrimination among the children2. Special protection, opportunities & Facilities to develop
physically, Mentally, Morally, Spiritually in a healthy & Normal manner & in conditions of freedom and dignity
3. The rights to a name & a Nationality4. The rights to social security, adequate nutrition, housing &
medical facilities5. Disabled child to be given special treatment, education & care6. The need for love & understanding so that the child grows in
the care & responsibility of his parents in a atmosphere of affection & moral & material security
7. Entitlement to education which should be free & compulsory8. Be the first to receive protection & relief in all circumstances9. Protection against all forms of neglect cruelty & exploitation10. Protection from Practices that may foster racial religious &
other forms of discrimination
Govt. Health ProgramsFirst Five year Plan ( 1951 – 1956 )Health, nutrition, & education were considered
special areas of concernSecond Five year Plan-1956-61In 1956-SITA, schemes & programmes for
destitutes and delinquents under the Childrens act 1960.
Third Five Year plan 1961 to 1966- increased emphasis on intersectoral co-ordination of services for children
Fourth five year plan- 1964-74- focussed on development of a package of basic minimum services for children
1974- National policy for children adopted, Mother & Child health programme.
1970-71 special Nutrition programme, Balwadi nutrition Programme, vitamin A prophylaxis
Fifth Five year Plan –(1974 to 1979)- integration and coordination of services, introduction of new schemes or children
2nd Oct 1975-ICDS-under this scheme angawadi centres at community level were implemented
Sixth Five year plan(1980 to 1985)- Integration & strengthening of child welfare & development programmes was started,
1981 – central child labour advisory Board set up to review implementation of existing laws concerning child labour
1982 – early childhood education to reduce dropouts, national health policy was formulated
Seventh Five year plan 1985-90Sep 1985-separate dept of women & child
development was setup in Ministry of Human Resource Development,
2006-independent Ministry of Women & Child Development
1986 –Juvenile justice act was implemented, GOI enacted the Child labour(prohibition and regulation Act 1986
1987 – National Policy on child labour announced
Eighth Five Year Plan 1992 – 1997 – Emphasis on Survival & development of Children
1993 – 1994 – National Creche Fund was set up to meet the growing demand for creches
Efforts towards tackling the problems of social deviance, juvenile delinquency, & juvenile crime through preventive, correctional, & rehabilitated services
1992-Child survival & Safe Motherhood Program(CSSM)
1993 – National Nutrition Policy to combat malnutrition
1995- Pulse Polio immunisation program, emphasis on development of girl child
Ninth Five year plan 1997 to 2002 – 1997- Balika Samridhi Yojana was launched to
ensure all female children go to schools living below poverty line.
1998 – GOI-Plan of action to combat trafficking & commercial sexual exploitation of women & children
2001 – National commission for children to safeguard the rights of children,
2001-2002- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan with aim of providing elementary education to all children of 6-14 yrs by 2010
Tenth five year plan-2002-20071994- Prenatal Diagnostic Technique Act2002-National Nutrition Mission was set up to reduce
/eliminate macro & micro nutrient deficiencies in the country
2003- (Prohibition of sex selection) Preconception & prenatal diagnostic technique act,
Focus on health education & Nutrition of deprived groupsNew approach –goal of universalisation of elementary
education
Welfare for Children & Women1954- creation of Balwadis & Mahila mandals
in rural areas to reach women & childrenSpecial programmes to meet needs of
delinquents, destitutes, handicapped & other groups of children
1983- Central Social Welfare Board-assisting voluntary
Agencies in organising welfare programmes for children, women, & handicapped
Vulnerable groups