Download - Social-Cognitive Theories
AP Psychology
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORIES
Social-cognitive perspective emphasized the interaction of cognitive, behavioral, environmental and learning factors, which affect personality.How do your thoughts, behaviors & environment influence your personality?
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Perspective stating that understanding personality involves considering the situation and thoughts before, during, and after an event
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ALBERT BANDURA (1925- )
SOCIAL COGNITIVE DIFFERS FROM HUMANISTIC & PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES IN THREE WAYS:
1. It relies heavily on experimental findings
2. It emphasizes conscious, self-regulating behavior
3. It emphasizes that our sense of self (personality) can vary, depending on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation.
THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE: INTERACTING WITH OUR ENVIRONMENT
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism - explains personality is the result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factorsAccording to Bandura, personality is influenced by: Thoughts (cognition), The way a person acts
(behavior), The environment one grows
up in.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVEKEY TERMS
RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
Self-efficacy—the beliefs or opinions a person has about him or herself, also influence personality. The thought of “I think I can” would positively affect the way a person acts when performing a task or activity
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVEKEY TERMS
The sense that one can control the outcome of one’s environment
We develop this in childhood but it continues as a lifelong process.
SELF-EFFICACY-ACQUISITION
Performance Outcomes Self-Modeling
Verbal Encouragment
Emotional State
Development of Self-Efficacy
Behavior and Performance
We develop new behaviors and strengthen our self-efficacy by observing others and through mastery experiences.
Different from Self-Esteem which is more global – How you feel about yourself in overall.
SELF-EFFICACY-STRENGTHS
THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE:PERSONAL
CONTROL
Julian Rotter and Martin Seligman
Rotter believed that learning results in expectancies, which are our expectations of the outcome of a situation.
JULIAN ROTTER—EXPECTANCY THEORY
These expectancies guide behaviorExample: personal effort, through what we think is going to happen- this can also be influenced by our sense of control in a situation
The perception that chance, or forces beyond a person’s control, control one’s fateThe expectation to fail because you did not write the test, or don’t know what is going to be on the test
EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
The perception that we control our own fateYou control how long and how much you study, resulting in the expectation that you can pass the test
INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
Seligman believed that learned helplessness results when people who repeatedly attempt something and continuously fail will eventually give up
MARTIN SELIGMAN--LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE:EVALUATING THE
PERSPECTIVE
EVALUATION OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Well-grounded in empirical, laboratory researchHowever, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions
Ignores the influences of unconscious, emotions, conflicts instead placing responsibility of behavior firmly on ourselves.
Freud Human
aggression is a universal unconscious instinct controlled by the superego and restraints of society.
Bandura All behavior is
driven by conscious goals and motives.
Aggression is the result of a deliberate, rational choice in a particular situation.
FREUD VS. BANDURA ON HUMAN AGGRESSION