Download - Social changes of_20s
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■Essential Question:
– What led to the economic, social, & urban changes of the “Roaring 20s”?
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The Second Industrial Revolution
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America in the 1920s■America was changed by the
industrialism of the Gilded Age & the economic boom of WW I
■During the 1920s:–The USA was the richest & most
developed country in the world–Wages rose, hours declined, &
Americans had access to new, innovative consumer goods
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The Second Industrial Revolution ■From 1922 to 1929, the U.S. had
a 2nd industrial boom:–Mostly in consumer durable
goods like appliances, cars, radios, furniture, & clothing
–Electricity replaced steam power–Corporations used salaried
executives, plant managers, & engineers to increase efficiency
The increase of national name brands (rather than locally produced goods)
linked Americans more than ever
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The Second Industrial Revolution■ To stop the growth of labor unions
companies used welfare capitalism–Offered employees stock, house-
purchase, & insurance options–Used an “open shop” & offered non-
union workers the same rights that unions gained
–After WW I, the federal government & Supreme Court reverted back to a pro-business stance
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Henry Ford’s River Rouge plant emphasized uniformity, speed, precision, & coordination
The consumer goods revolution was best seen in the auto industry
Henry Ford revolutionized the assembly line, the “$5-day,” new marketing & advertising
techniques, & annual model changes
“The work moves and the men stand still”
The auto industry stimulated the steel, sheet metal, rubber, glass, petroleum industries
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The auto industry led to the construction of roads & new filling stations…
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…and new suburban shopping centers: Kansas City’s Country Club Plaza was the 1st
U.S. shopping mall (built in 1924)
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Glenwood Stove Ad
1920s consumerism led to luxury living: New appliances like refrigerators, washing
machines, & vacuums
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1920s advertising
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NBC was the 1st successful radio network
1920s consumerism led to luxury living: Radios & movies boomed
100 million Americans went to the movies in 1929 per week The first “talkie”
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Economic Weaknesses■The “Roaring 20s” was not as
prosperous as it appeared:–RR, cotton textile, coal industries
suffered due to new competition–Farming boomed during WW I
but a decline in demand after the war deflated farm prices
Farm per capita income was $273 per year vs. the U.S. average of $681 per year
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Economic Weaknesses–Union membership dropped due
to improved conditions & links to Debs’ “radical socialism”
–Northern migration of blacks grew but workers gained menial jobs & faced racism
–Growth in income was unequal with middle-class managers, bankers, engineers benefiting the most from the new affluence
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Social Changes in the “Jazz Age”
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Women and the Family■Change (& continuity) for women:
–Female workers after WW I were limited to teachers, nurses, & other low-paying jobs
–The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote but few women voted
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Alice Paul’s National Women’s Party (NWP) failed to pass an Equal Rights Amendment
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Women and the Family–“Flappers” rebelled against
Victorian customs –Divorce rates doubled
But…most women looked forward to lives as a mother and a wife“The creation and fulfillment of a successful home…compares favorably
with building a beautiful cathedral.”—Ladies Home Journal
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Women and the Family■Families became smaller due to
greater access to birth control■Children were no longer need to
work to support their families■Teens began to “discover” their
adolescence & revolt against their parents by drinking, having premarital sex, & searching for new forms of excitement
“I have been kissed by dozens of men. I suppose I’ll kiss dozens more.”
—character in F. Scott Fitzgerald novel
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The Flowering of the Arts■The Harlem Renaissance reflected
the explosion of black culture & the “New Negro”:–Jazz & Blues expressed the social
realities of blacks; Louis Armstrong became very popular
–Langston Hughes’ poetry, novels, & plays promoted equality, condemned racism, & celebrated black culture
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“You could be black & proud, politically assertive & economically independent,
creative & disciplined—or so it seemed”
Josephine Baker, internationally
renowned singer/dancer
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■Marcus Garvey was the preeminent civil rights activist of the 1920s
■Oppression in the U.S. necessitated strict segregation & black nationalism
■He formed the United Negro Improvement Assoc & advocated a return to Africa
Marcus Garvey
“The most dangerous enemy of the Negro race”
—W.E.B. DuBois
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“The Lost Generation”■The 1920s gave rise to a new
class of intellectuals who condemned the new American industrial society & materialism:–Pessimistic Literature: TS Eliot,
Ezra Pound, Sinclair Lewis, F Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway
–Playwrights: Eugene O’Neill–Music: Gershwin & Copeland
“The Waste Land” focused on a sterile U.S. society
Poetry discussed a “botched wasteland”
“Main Street”–narrow-minded small towns“Great Gatsby”—human emptiness
Romantic individualism & violence
Plays of tragic pipedreams
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■Essential Questions:–To what extent did the new
economic, social, & urban changes of the “Roaring 20s” conflict with the traditional values of rural America?
–How did the 1920s change Americans’ lives?
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The Rural Counter-Attack
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City Life in the Jazz Age■The 1920 census revealed for the
1st time that more Americans lived in cities than the countryside
The New York City skyline in 1930: Skyscrapers gave cities a unique architectural style
The shift in focus from the countryside revealed that urban life was different; traditional ties of
home, church, schools were absent
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The Rural Counter-Attack
■Rural Americans identified cities with saloons, whore houses, communist cells, & immorality
■The 1920s saw an attempt to restore a “Protestant” culture in America & an attack on any “un-American” behavior like drinking, illiteracy, & immigration
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Prohibition■In Jan 1920, Congress passed
the Volstead Act to enforce the 18th Amendment (1917)
■26 states had already banned alcohol, but the real conflict came when prohibition was applied to urban ethnic groups
■Rural America became dry & urban consumption dropped but was severely resisted
A rural, Protestant attack on the “social disease of drunkenness”
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Per capita consumption of alcohol (1910-1929)
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The Ku Klux Klan■The rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan in
1915 (Stone Mt, GA) was aimed at blacks, immigrants, Jews, Catholics, & prostitutes
■The “Invisible Empire” sought to ease rural anxieties in the face of changing cultural attitudes
■Used violence, kidnapping, murder, & politics to affect change
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The KKK provided a sense of identity to its members: “Women’s Order, Junior Order for
boys, Tri-K Klub for girls, Krusaders for assimilated immigrants
Klan violence met resistance & membership declined by 1925
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The Fear of Radicalism■The most dramatic rural reaction
was the Red Scare (1919-1920):–A general workers’ strike in
Seattle, police strike in Boston, & series of mail bombs led to fears of anarchy & socialism
–Deportation without due process, searches without warrants, & imprisonment of innocent people was initially backed by the American people
Including the bombing of Attorney General Palmer’s house in 1919
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Palmer’s “Soviet Ark”
“Stand them up before the firing squad and save space on our ships”
“Place the Bolsheviks on ships of stone with sails of lead”
The solution is simple: “S.O.S.—ship or shoot”
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Italian immigrants
Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo
Vanzetti were executed for
armed robbery & murder without
evidence
The judge in the case even referred to Sacco & Vanzetti as “those anarchist bastards”
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Immigration Restriction■Many feared mass immigration to
the U.S. among Europeans escaping post-war rebuilding:–The Immigration Act (1921)
placed a cap on European immigration to 3% of each ethnic group’s U.S. population
–The National Origins Quota Act (1924) limited U.S. immigration to 150,000 total; Allocated most spots to British, Irish, Germans
This act still allowed over 500,000 immigrants mostly from South & East Europe
Immigration restrictions (unlike the Red Scare, Prohibition, or the KKK) lasted beyond the 1920s (into 1960s)
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The Fundamentalist Challenge■The most long-lasting reaction of
rural America was a retreat to Christian beliefs –Aggressive fundamentalist
churches provided a haven for rural American values
–The Scopes “Monkey Trial” revealed the rural attack on evolution in schools
Pentecostals, Church of Christ, Jehovah’s Witnesses all grew in membership
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Conclusions■Urban America came to define all
of the United States in the 1920s:–Radio, movies, advertising
reflected urban culture–Consumer goods were made in
American cities –Small-town whites, blacks, &
immigrants moved to cities■But, conservative rural Americans
(religious fundamentalists & KKK) attacked these new, urban ideas