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CHAPTER 12Social and Personality Development in Adolescents
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Psychoanalytic PerspectivesPsychosocial Perspective: Erickson
Identity versus Role Confusion Stage
Primary developmental task: Achievement of personal identity
Reflects understanding of one’s unique traits and how they manifest across ages and social roles
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Marcia’s Theory of Identity AchievementIdentity Statuses
Statuses
Identity Achieveme
ntMoratorium Foreclosure Identity
Diffusion
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Self-Understanding
Components of self-understanding More abstract definition of psychological self
Academic self-concepts from internal comparisons and external comparisons
Social self-concepts predict behavior
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Mirror, Mirror on the Wall
Figure 12.2 Changes in Teens’ Self-Descriptions
As they grow older, children and adolescents define themselves less and less by what they look like and more and more by what they feel.
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Self-Concept and PersonalitySelf-Esteem
Self-esteem: Sense of global self-worth• Self-esteem patterns
• High self-esteem correlates
• Gender differences throughout adolescence
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Moral DevelopmentKohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional reasoning: Judgments based on positive or negative consequences to the child
Protocol response to moral dilemmas 3 levels with 2 substages each
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Moral DevelopmentKohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional• Stage 1• Stage 2
Conventional• Stage 3• Stage 4
Postconventional• Stage 5• Stage 6
Write a brief description of and example for each stage.
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Figure 12.4 Colby & Kohlberg’s Longitudinal Study of Moral Reasoning
Figure 12.5
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Causes and Consequences of Moral Development
Causes Progression in age and corresponding
cognitive development
Decline of egocentrism
Improvement in role-taking
Support from social environment
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Causes and Consequences of Moral Development
Fill in the blanks
Growth of moral reasoning associated with ______in adolescent prosocial behaviors and ______ in antisocial behavior.
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Criticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryMoral Reasoning and Emotions
Nancy Eisenberg
Empathy: Ability to identify with others’ emotions both cause and consequence of moral development Inability to control emotional triggers (antisocial
behaviors) Age-related and individual differences in ability to
regulate emotions
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Quantifying EQ
Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS:2)
2nd -8th grade, 9th-12th grade
Scales, Validity Inconsistent Responding Self criticism Faking good Response distribution
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Self Concept Scales Physical self concept Moral self concept Personal self concept Family self concept Social self concept Academic/work self concept Identity
Self concept correlated with self esteem
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BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (BarOn EQ-i: YV)
Ages 7-18 4th grade reading level 20-30 minutes to complete 7 classifications, markedly low to
markedly high
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Scales Total emotional intelligence Intrapersonal scale Interpersonal scale Adaptability scale Stress management scale
General Mood Scale Positive impressing (faking good) Inconsistency index
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Moral Development and Antisocial BehaviorOverview
Delinquency: Adolescent behavior that breaks laws
Two sub-variations by age of delinquency onset
Child onset is more serious and likely to present into adulthood
Adolescent onset is milder and more transitory; peer group influenced
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Moral Development and Antisocial BehaviorDelinquency
Deliquents: Lack empathy (for parents, victims) Behind peers in moral reasoning Deficits in role-taking skills
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Social RelationshipsParents
Adolescents have two contradictory tasks: establish autonomy and maintain relatedness
Conflicts with parents increase but attachment still high
• Individual traits and cultural factors affect degree and meaning of parent–teen conflict
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Relationships with ParentsAttachment
Strong attachment to parents matter!
Sense of well-being more strongly correlated with quality of parent than peer attachment
Strong attachments associated positive short-term and long-term outcomes
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Relationships with PeersOverview
Friendships Increasingly intimate More stable than those of younger children Shared interests and activities important
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Relationships with PeersPeer Group Structure
Clique
Crowds Reputation-based group
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Figure 12.6 Sources of Support for Adolescents
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Divorce
Where to live: Parents v. Friends v. Siblings
How much consideration to give an adolescent’s opinion?
EQ
Best Interest of the Child Factors
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QUESTIONS?