Social and Economic Impact Assessment Report SolAfrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant
Prepared for SolAfrica
February 2016
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DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Client:
Solafrica Photovoltaic Energy Limited Report Name:
Social and Economic Impact Assessment - Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant
Royal HaskoningDHV Reference Number:
T01.JNB.000565
Authority Reference Number:
-
Compiled by:
Kim Moonsamy
Date:
February 2016
Location:
Durban
Reviewed by:
Approval
__________________________ Signature
© Royal HaskoningDHV
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission from Royal HaskoningDHV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
1 DETAILS OF THE SPECIALIST AND EXPERTISE TO COMPILE A SPECIALIST REPORT 6
2 SPECIALIST DECLARATION 7
3 PROJECT SCOPE 7 3.1 PROJECT CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 8 3.1.1 CENTRAL RECEIVER POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY 9 3.1.2 POWER LINE OPTIONS 10 3.1.3 WATER PIPELINE OPTIONS 11 3.1.4 ROAD USE OPTIONS 12
4 DETAILS OF THE SITE INVESTIGATION 13
5 METHODOLOGY 13 5.1 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION 13 5.2 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION 14
6 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT 15 6.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 15 6.2 THE NORTHERN CAPE’S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES 15 6.2.1 THE PROVINCIAL ECONOMY 16 6.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE !KHEIS LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 21 6.3.1 BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHICS 21 6.3.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN AFFECTED WARD 3 25 6.4 LABOUR SOURCES AREAS 36 6.5 PRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE DATA 47 6.5.1 RESULTS OF THE SEPTEMBER TO OCTOBER ENGAGEMENT EXERCISE 47 6.5.2 RESULTS OF THE HERITAGE SPECIALIST STUDY 54 6.5.3 RESULTS OF THE NOISE SPECIALIST STUDY 54 6.5.4 RESULTS OF THE AIR QUALITY SPECIALIST STUDY 55 6.5.5 RESULTS OF THE ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL SPECIALIST ENGAGEMENT EXERCISES 55 6.6 WORKER ACCOMMODATION 56 6.7 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 56 6.7.1 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 57
7 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT 59
8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 63 8.1 IMPACT METHOD 63 8.2 SANDRAAI’S RESOURCES 64
9 CONCLUSIONS 78 9.1 POWERLINE OPTIONS 78 9.2 PIPELINE OPTIONS 78 9.3 ROAD OPTIONS 78 9.4 CONCLUSION 78 9.5 KEY ACTIONS MOVING FORWARD 79
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10 LITERATURE CITED 80
List of Figures
FIGURE 3-1 : PROPOSED CENTRAL RECEIVER PLANT LOCATIONS 8 FIGURE 3-2 : SITE MAP 9 FIGURE 3-3: OVERVIEW OF CENTRAL RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY 10 FIGURE 3-4: PROPOSED POWERLINE ALTERNATIVES 11 FIGURE 3-5: PROPOSED WATER PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES 12 FIGURE 3-6: ROAD USE OPTIONS 13 FIGURE 6-1: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE NORTHERN CAPE GDP IN 2013 16 FIGURE 6-2 : SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINING’S CONTRIBUTION GVA IN 2009 17 FIGURE 6-3: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 18 FIGURE 6-4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 20 FIGURE 6-5: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SERVICE SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 21 FIGURE 6-6: AGE DISTRIBUTION IN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 23 FIGURE 6-7: DISTRIBUTION OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 23 FIGURE 6-8: TENURE STATUS WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 24 FIGURE 6-9: TYPE OF AGRICULTURE BY HOUSEHOLD WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 25 FIGURE 6-10: LOCATION OF WARD 3 WITHIN !KHEIS LM 26 FIGURE 6-11: POPULATION GROUP IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 27 FIGURE 6-12: POPULATION AGE CATEGORY AND SEX IN WARD 3 27 FIGURE 6-13: GENDER PROFILE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 28 FIGURE 6-14: HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP STATISTICS IN WARD 3 28 FIGURE 6-15: HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 29 FIGURE 6-16: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN 2011 FOR !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 30 FIGURE 6-17: EMPLOYMENT BY STATUS IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 30 FIGURE 6-18: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN WARD 3 31 FIGURE 6-19: ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 32 FIGURE 6-20: ENERGY USED FOR COOKING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 32 FIGURE 6-21: ENERGY USED FOR HEATING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 33 FIGURE 6-22: ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 34 FIGURE 6-23: TOILET FACILITIES IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 35 FIGURE 6-24: WATER SOURCE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 36 FIGURE 6-25: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS 37 FIGURE 6-26: EXTENT AND LOCATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS 38 FIGURE 6-27: LOCAL AREAS GENDER AND POPULATION SIZE 39 FIGURE 6-28: LOCAL AREAS INDIVIDUAL POPULATION GROUP 40 FIGURE 6-29: LOCAL AREAS AGE CATEGORIES 41 FIGURE 6-30: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT BY FORMAL/ INFORMAL SECTOR 41 FIGURE 6-31: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT STATUS 42 FIGURE 6-32: LOCAL AREAS MIGRATION 43 FIGURE 6-33: LOCAL AREAS BIRTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION 44 FIGURE 6-34: LOCAL AREAS CITIZENSHIP CHARACTERISTICS 44 FIGURE 6-35: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR COOKING 45 FIGURE 6-36: : LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING 46 FIGURE 6-37: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR HEATING 46
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FIGURE 6-38: FULL RESPONSES FROM SURVEY CHECKLIST 48 FIGURE 6-39: FULL RESPONSES EMAIL / TELEPHONE COMMENTS 51 FIGURE 6-40: BREAKDOWN OF SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES 53 FIGURE 6-41: BREAKDOWN OF LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES 54 FIGURE 6-38: BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT LEVEL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 57 FIGURE 1: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS INDICATING AFFECTED AREAS 59
List of Tables
TABLE 6-1: STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS 37 TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES TO SURVEY CHECKLIST 47 TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES VIA EMAIL/ TELEPHONE 49 TABLE 6-4: SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES 51 TABLE 6-5: LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES 53 TABLE 7-1 SOCIAL SENSITIVITY TABULATION 60 TABLE 8-1 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE RATING TABLE 63 TABLE 8-2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION 65
ACRONYMS
ASGISA: Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative – South Africa
EA: Environmental Authorisation
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EIR: Environmental Impact Report
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy
GVA Gross Value Added
IFC: International Finance Corporation
ISRDP Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Programme
JIPSA Joint Initiative on Priority Skills Acquisition
MDGs: Millennium Development Goals
MTSF: Medium Term Strategic Framework
NDP National Development Plan
NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGP: New Growth Path
NU Non-Urban
RDP Reconstruction and Development Plan
SIA: Social Impact Assessment
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Social and Economic Impact Assessment Report is compiled for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power
(CSP), a 150MW Concentrated Solar Power plant based on Parabolic Trough technology. The facility will also
include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power plant including: water abstraction systems, power lines,
roads, storage facilities, administration and operation buildings, construction laydown areas and temporary
housing facilities. The proposed development is planned within the !Kheis Local Municipality, within the Siyanda
District Municipality in the Northern Cape Province. The SEIA is part of the Specialist input towards an overall
current Environmental Impact Assessment process.
This report culminates in the gathering and interrogation of data from the Social, Economic and Agricultural
Specialists. Primary data gathered includes quantitative statistics from Census 2011 and the use of qualitative
data from respondent focus group discussions. Secondary data in the form of literary works, were also consulted.
A short summary of the results is encompassed below.
Construction Phase
Potential loss of cultivated areas due to pipeline and road routing Neg
Restricted access (residents and workers) to currently utilised roads Neg
Sourcing of equipment and machinery locally Pos
Local Gross Geographic Product (GDP) Increase Pos
Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development new access roads through the development site
Neg
Perceived preferential access to a finite number of jobs Neg
Local job creation opportunities Pos
Increased social ills in Groblershoop and surrounding small villages Neg
Potential increase in criminal activity in the development footprint and nearby surrounding villages Neg
Additional pressure on basic services provision (education, housing and healthcare) Neg
Increase in HIV/AIDS cases and associated vulnerabilities Neg
Chance Find of Heritage Items/ Sites Neg
Impact on agricultural yields along Gariep Road Neg
Impact on farm values of neighbouring farms Neg
Impact on farm values of Gariep Road Farms Neg
Grievance Channel Development Pos
Operation Phase
Difference in water flow in the Orange River affecting downstream farmers and potentially causing economic displacement Neg
Potential loss of farm labourer jobs on neighbouring farms affected by differential water flow Neg
Potential tourist appeal Pos
Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours Neg
Increase in South Africa's power producing independence Pos
Grievance Channel Continuation Pos
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1 DETAILS OF THE SPECIALIST AND EXPERTISE TO COMPILE A SPECIALIST REPORT
Kementhree (Kim) Moonsamy is a Social Specialist within RHDHV’s Transport and Planning Department, based
in Durban, South Africa. She has a postgraduate degree in Anthropology, and has been a consultant in the social
assessment field for over 18 years. Kim has wide-ranging experience in a variety of qualitative and quantitative
research methods in the fields of social anthropology, human resources, business and social impact assessments
in both South Africa and internationally.
A number of social and risk assessment exercises have been conducted for renewable energy facilities in the
Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Northern Cape province in South Africa, as well as in Mozambique and Brazil. See a
complete curriculum vitae of the Specialist in Annexure A.
Additionally, Kim has international exposure in the mining field, having undertaken social impact assessment and
social auditing projects in countries such as Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Kenya,
Botswana, Mozambique, Brazil and Australia. In the past eight years she has partaken in projects requiring that
World Bank, and specifically International Finance Corporation (IFC) compliance measures, be fulfilled. In this
context she has also acted as the Social specialist for the socio-economic impact studies and the development of
subsequent management plans in the form of a Sustainable Development plans, Community Development plans
and Human Resources Development plans.
In the South African context, Kim has undertaken many Social and Labour Plans (SLPs) for mines. SLPs is a
Government regulated compliance requirement. SLP projects were conducted for mines involved in diamond,
chrome, manganese, copper, platinum and coal mining.
In addition to social specialist skills lent toward International compliance work, Kim has also undertaken a variety
of Environmental and Social due diligence projects in the power, agricultural, mining and textile industries
(particularly in Nigeria, Mozambique, Kenya, Namibia, DRC, Zambia and Brazil). All due diligence exercises
included the strict conformance review of a company’s environmental and social practices in accordance to
international guidelines and best practice (particularly IFC, WB OPs and EP2). Kim, in her capacity as social
specialist managed the auditing of labour and community social aspects including:
Social and environmental assessment and Management system;
Labour and working conditions;
Community health, safety and security;
Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement;
Indigenous people; and
Cultural heritage
In summary, key competencies in the social assessment domain include:
Social Impact Assessments;
Social Baseline Assessments;
Socio-Economic Impact Assessments (renewable energy, power, housing, mining, oil and gas sectors);
Social Risk Assessments (water, infrastructure, mining, oil and gas sectors);
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Social Auditing and Due Diligence Assessments (water, agri-industry, mining and textile);
Stakeholder Needs Analysis;
Social and Labour Plans;
Resettlement Planning (including the establishment of grievance management structures, consultation
forums, inventories and full Resettlement Action Plans);
International Finance Corporation (IFC) related Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plans
(ESIA) such as :
- Public consultation and Disclosure Plans,
- Land Acquisition and Compensation Plans,
- Community Development Plans,
- Community Health and Safety Plans,
- Labour and Human Resource Plans, and
Public and Customer Perception Surveys.
2 SPECIALIST DECLARATION See attached the Specialist Declaration attached in Annexure B.
3 PROJECT SCOPE The proposed project is located within the !Kheis Local Municipality in the Groblershoop area of the Northern
Cape Province of South Africa. This report constitutes RHDHV’s research findings with respect to key socio-
economic strengths and weaknesses at national, provincial, district, local municipal level as well as the status quo
of the key directly affected people in the proposed development area.
Royal HaskoningDHV (RHDHV) were commissioned to undertake a Social and Economic Impact Assessment
Study for the installation of a solar energy project, which incorporates the following technology and components:
A solar collection field of heliostats;
A heat transfer fluid system with thermal storage option; and
A power block (incl. steam cycle, steam generator, cooling system).
The map below shows the two designated areas that are potential locations of the Parabolic Trough Technology
Plant. This report will critically look at the socio-economic contexts of both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2,
conclusively advising on the preferred plant location (if any).
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FIGURE 3-1 : PROPOSED PARABOLIC TROUGH PLANT LOCATIONS
3.1 Project Context and Background The proposed project will include the installation of a Parabolic Trough Technology CSP Plant and its associated
electricity and bulk water infrastructure. The footprint of the proposed development area (Figure 3-2) is
approximately 5200 hectares in extent, although it must be noted that only a small portion of this area will be
developed. The proposed plant is located approximately 14 km northwest of the town of Groblershoop, within the
Siyanda District Municipality, and the !Kheis Local Municipality of the Northern Cape province (Figure 3-2). The
proposed development area also falls within the jurisdiction of Ward 3 of the !Kheis Local Municipality.
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FIGURE 3-2 : SITE MAP
Sections Error! Reference source not found. to 3.1.3 below provide detailed summaries of the relevant solar
echnology and its ancillary infrastructure.
3.1.1 Central Receiver Power Plant Technology
In parabolic trough technology, glass mirrors are most commonly shaped into the curved parabolic reflectors
(troughs) (Figure 10). Parabolic troughs are usually designed to track the sun along one axis. An absorber
tube containing Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) is situated along the focal line of the parabolic trough (Figure 3-3).
The configuration of a parabolic trough CSP plant with storage is shown in (Figure 3-3) as an example. The oil is
heated to approximately 390°C in the solar field and then circulated through a series of heat exchangers to
produce steam. The steam is converted to electrical energy in the power block, which consists of a conventional
steam turbine generator and its associated cooling mechanism.
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FIGURE 3-3: OVERVIEW OF PARABOLIC TROUGH TECHNOLOGY
3.1.2 Power line Options
The exact dimensions of the proposed water pipeline are unknown at this stage. Two alignment alternatives are
proposed, those being Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 (Figure 3-4). Alternative 01 follows the eastern boundary of
the development area in a south westerly direction before branching to the northeast towards the Bokpoort
substation (Garona substation). Conversely, Alternative 2 follows the western boundary of the development area,
also in a south westerly direction before branching off to the northeast and bisecting the development area before
joining with the proposed alignment of Alternative 1 (Figure 3-4).
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FIGURE 3-4: PROPOSED POWERLINE ALTERNATIVES
3.1.3 Water Pipeline Options
The exact location of the proposed water pipelines are illustrated in Figure 3-5.
Alternative 1: On the western edge of the proposed site. It shares the same routing with proposed roads.
Alternative 2: Primarily on the eastern edge of the proposed site. It shares the same routing with
proposed roads.
Water pipeline Alternative 01 hugs the western boundary of the development area in a south-westerly direction
towards the Orange River. Approximately 1km before reaching the river, proposed Alternative 01 deviates to the
west in order to avoid existing cultivated areas for approximately 1.7 km before resuming its original south
westerly bearing to the proposed water abstraction point (WAP) at the Orange River. Alternative 02 traverses the
eastern development areas boundary towards the Orange River. Almost at the railway line, it deviates towards
the west, joining with the routing proposed for Alternative 1, towards the water abstraction point.
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FIGURE 3-5: PROPOSED WATER PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES
3.1.4 Road Use Options
The preferred road use is illustrated in the map below. The expectation is that the N10 and N8 roads would be
more widely used (particularly during the construction period) as opposed to any of the farm roads (located on the
east bank of the Orange river). The road currently utilised stretches between the site and the N14. While it may
be a somewhat shorter route, the impact on current farming activities along the east bank of the Orange river is
that which may affect commercial crop production. For this reason, the preferred routing remains on the opposite
side of the Orange river (west bank). The two identified structures along the N8, towards the Transnet Bridge are
water pump stations. Therefore, the preferred routing remains as per the illustration below. Note: the illustration
also contains a consolidated view of the proposed Solar developments (photo voltaic, central receiver and trough
technologies).
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FIGURE 3-6: ROAD USE OPTIONS
4 DETAILS OF THE SITE INVESTIGATION The on-site investigations were undertaken
1 during the course of the 21
st, 22
nd, and 23
rd September 2015, and
again in November 2015, when the Economic and Agricultural Specialists went to site.
The purpose of the on-site visit was to, firstly put into context the visual verification related to potentially affected
individuals and households, and secondly to pursue a face-to-face discussion relating to their perceptions of the
social and economic impact such a development may have on their lifestyles and livelihoods.
5 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Secondary Data Collection Secondary data is typically found in literary sources. A number of municipal related data sources were
interrogated in order to generate a fair understanding of the social and economic characteristics of the area in
which the development is sited. A detailed list of the literary sources is made in Section 10. The resulting data
gathered has been used to inform the baseline and impact assessment of this Report.
1 Mr Johan Blignaut undertook the field visit on behalf of Ms K Moonsamy.
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5.2 Primary Data Collection Primary data in the form of other Specialist’s reports, particularly that produced by the following Specialists, have
been used to inform this study:
Heritage Specialist,
Noise Specialist,
Air Quality Specialist, and
Economic and Agricultural Specialists
Census 2011 data was also accessed and presented for the relevant local municipality and ward. Results of the
data interrogation is found in Section 6.
Further data was collected in the form of a ‘checklist,’ which contained questions of a social and economic nature.
Responses to the request for additional respondent information was collected and analysed, the results of which
are presented in Section 6.5. A copy of the checklist is found in Annexure D. All Interested and Affected Parties
(I&APs) (including those that specifically voiced their concerns via the Issues Trail), were emailed the checklists.
Physical drop off (of the checklists) occurred in September 2015. Checklists were produced in both English and
Afrikaans and made available at the Groblershoop (Kheis) Local Municipality library between the 22nd
September
to the 19th October 2015.
I&APs were informed of a further extension of time for submission of input to the checklists, to the 27th
October.
On the 3 November, Andre Kruger via a telephonic conversation requested that the farmers from the
Groblershoop Farmers Association be allowed to make a submission to this social study by the 7 December,
following an Association meeting that will take place on the 21 November 2015. This was agreed by the Social
Specialist and André Kruger.
The consolidated number of responses received to support data gathering during the course of the SEIA, include:
Two responses to the checklist (LS van Eck and Maria Markus, received both by the 27 October);
Three emailed responses (Poppie Howell, 20 October), (Johannes Kotzé, 29 October) and the
Groblershoop Farmers Association, 7 December; and
One telephonic discussion (André Kruger, 3 November).
The Economic and Agricultural Specialists form an integral link to this social study. As such the results of the
“Alternative land Use Assessment” which contains their contributions, has been utilised in this social study. The
Economic and Agricultural Specialists consulted with RHDHV with respect to identifying immediately impacted
stakeholders, and drew up a list of stakeholders to engage. The list consists of 102 potentially affected
stakeholders, however the few directly impacted stakeholders, which were Mssrs Pieter Kotze, Louis and Juanita
Kotze, Wilco Fourie, Johan Fourie, and Fanus van Eck were consulted. The Specialists engaged with
stakeholders in two phases, the first being an initial scoping on-site interview session by Strategy4Good, and the
second accompanied by the agricultural specialist, being Lieb Venter from Farm Vision.
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6 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT
6.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
The project development area lies within the Northern Cape’s, !Kheis Local Municipality and Ward 3 respectively,
and thus relevant data to this local context is reflected within this section. Section Error! Reference source not
ound. delves even further into the identification of potentially affected communities by stratifying the geographical
area within a 25 kilometre range of the proposed project development site.
6.2 The Northern Cape’s Social and Economic Challenges
According to the Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (NCPGDS, Northern Cape
Provincial Government, 2011), the province’s share of South Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 2 % in
2002, the lowest contribution of the nine provinces. Although the Northern Cape has the smallest economy of the
nine provinces, gross domestic product of the region (GDPR) per capita is higher than the national average
(Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011). The economy of the province is heavily dependent on the primary
sectors of the economy, which in 2002 made up 31.0 % of the GDPR. Economic advantages which create a
positive environment for the province include:
Abundant mineral and natural resources;
Infrastructure;
Unique climate conditions;
Unique tourism destination;
Abundant land for economic growth planning; and
Manageable demographic proportions for economic growth planning.
The most significant challenge that the NCPGDS recognises is that of the reduction of poverty. The strategy notes
that most of the other challenges faced by the province emanates largely from the effects of poverty. While
addressing poverty, attention needs to be given to a range of societal problems that includes:
Reducing the backlog of basic needs such as water, sanitation and housing;
Improving and increasing access to health, education and social services;
Decreasing the prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS;
Creating opportunities for employment;
Reducing crime; and
Targeting vulnerable groups.
In addition to poverty reduction, unemployment is of concern in the Province. In the Northern Cape the total labour
force was estimated to consist of approximately 313 000 or 38 % of the total population with an aggregate of a
third of the total labour force being unemployed in 2001 (Census, 2001). A direct comparison between the 2001
census data relating to unemployment and the 2007 Community Survey was not possible, as unemployment was
not considered in depth for the latter survey.
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Data gleaned from the NCPGDS Strategy helps to render a social and economic perspective on the Northern
Cape Province. These are found below:
The Province is mostly rural in nature,
It has a low population density and relative inadequate infrastructure, especially in the remote rural areas,
The Province has inherited an enormous backlog in basic service delivery and maintenance, and it will
take time to eradicate these,
The population is predominantly poor with high levels of illiteracy and dependency that seriously affect
their productivity and ability to compete for jobs,
The Province is faced with HIV/Aids as a social and economic challenge,
Available resources are unevenly distributed and offer limited potential for improved delivery of services
and growth; and
Job creation and poverty eradication together with the low level of expertise and skills, stand out as the
greatest challenges to be resolved.
6.2.1 The Provincial Economy
The graph below shows the contribution of various sectors to the provincial GDP within the Northern Cape in
2013. The electricity sector is by far the smallest, at 1.4%.
Source: Statistics South Africa 2013
FIGURE 6-1: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE NORTHERN CAPE GDP IN 2013
Mining, 33.6%
Government Services, 12.1%
Finance, 11.1%
Taxes, 10.3%
Wholesale, 9.3%
Personal services, 7.0%
Transport, 6.1%
Manufacturing, 4.4%
Construction, 2.6%
Agriculture, 2.1%
Electricity, 1.4%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0%
Northern Cape Percentage Contribution to GDP By Sector (2013)
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Mining
The exceptional mineral wealth of the Northern Cape Province has ensured the importance, both nationally and
internationally, of the province’s mining industry. The minerals economy of the Northern Cape is a hundred and
fifty (150) years old and continues to remain the mainstay of the provincial economy contributing 33.6 % to GDP
in 2013
FIGURE 6-2 : SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINING’S CONTRIBUTION GVA IN 2009
In 1998, the Northern Cape produced around 37 % of South Africa’s diamond output, 44 % of its zinc, 70 % of its
silver, 84 % of its iron-ore, 93 % of its lead and 99 % if its manganese. Certain sub-sectors of the mining industry
in the Northern Cape are approaching maturity with downscaling already having commenced in the copper and
diamond mining industries. This poses serious socio-economic challenges in the affected areas and there is an
urgent need to identify and promote alternative economic activities to mitigate the negative impact of minerals
downscaling. However, at the same time, there are still significant known reserves of a range of minerals as well
as many unexploited deposits in other areas that will sustain the provincial mining industry for many years to
come (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).
One of the key challenges faced by planners and those responsible for promoting minerals development is how to
ensure that residents of the Northern Cape benefit more extensively from the exploitation of the province’s mineral
wealth in the future. New minerals legislation, enacted in 2004 has raised the prospect of the transformation of the
mining industry through the de-concentration of ownership, increased access to mineral resources on the part of
junior and small-scale mining companies and black economic empowerment. At the same time, the new
legislation is intended to stimulate new growth in the industry and bring about increased levels of minerals
processing and related economic development in the province (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).
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Figure 6.2 shows the contribution of mining to provincial gross value added (GVA) and its spatial distribution in the
province. The concept of GVA has been used as an indicator for making estimates of regional economic activity
(Naudé, Badenhorst, Zietsman, Van Huyssteen, & Maritz, 2007) and is broadly similar to what is more
generally known as Gross Geographic Product (GGP).The Kimberly diamond fields, the Kuruman area and
the West Coast emerge as the key mining areas of the Northern Cape.
Agriculture
While contributing only around 3% to the provincial economy in 2013, agriculture remains an economic mainstay
of the province due to its widespread practice and implementation. Despite the largely semi-arid and arid
environment in the province, the fertile land that lies alongside the Orange and Vaal rivers supports the production
of some of the country’s
finest quality agricultural
products. The province
has become a major
exporter of table grapes
produced along the
Orange River and is
world-renown for the
quality of meat produced
in the province (Northern
Cape Provincial
Government, 2011). The
Northern Cape is also
well known for the
production of wool,
mohair and karakul pelts
as well as dates, citrus
products, wine and
raisins.
Two major factors
currently constrain
growth prospects in the
agricultural sector in the
Northern Cape. The first
is the need to promote
transformation so that
new and emerging
farmers can take their place as equal members of the commercial agricultural fraternity and in so doing satisfy the
need for redistributive justice through increased access by the previously disadvantaged to land and agricultural
resources. The second factor, is the need to achieve greater levels of diversification in irrigated agriculture in
order to spread risk and promote the development of crops that have a high affinity for agro-processing. High
priorities for the Northern Cape Government include promoting the transformation and the development of an
FIGURE 6-3: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009
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enlarged agro-processing sector that contributes to growth in manufacturing and job creation (Northern Cape
Provincial Government, 2011).
Figure 6-3 highlights the critical role played by the Orange River and the areas adjacent to it in terms of
contribution to provincial GVA by means of agriculture and forestry. Hartswater, Kimberly, Calvinia and De Aar are
also key nodes for the generation of these aspects of GVA.
Fishing and Mariculture
The cold but nutrient rich up-welling Benguela current that runs along the Namaqualand coast sustains an
abundance of marine life that gives rise to enormous potential for the development of fishing and mariculture
industries. The area already has a rich fishing and cray-fishing history and research shows that it should be
possible under the recently amended legislative and regulatory framework to significantly rejuvenate the fishing
industry. However, perhaps the greatest opportunity for economic development based on the exploitation of
marine resources today is the development of the pump-ashore mari-culture industry. Mari-culture entails the
cultivation of a range of high value marine species with tremendous potential for exports to lucrative overseas
markets. Arguably, the Northern Cape has the best conditions for mari-culture out of any area along the South
African coast and indications are that mari-culture offers sufficient growth potential to replace diamond mining
over the long-term as coastal Namaqualand’s principal industry. The provincial government is currently working
closely with pioneer private sector business persons involved in mari-culture to develop new mari-culture ventures
in the area (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).
Figure 6-3 also shows that Port Nolloth and Kleinsee are the most important nodes from a fisheries perspective.
Manufacturing
The Northern Cape manufacturing sector’s contribution to provincial Gross Geographic Product (GGP) was
comparatively low at 4.2 % in 2002, but increased to 4.4% in 2013 (Source: Statistics South Africa 2013
Figure 6-1). Manufacturing enterprises make a significant contribution to the local economy in those localities
where there is some concentration of manufacturing activity, mainly in the Kimberley, Upington, Hartswater and
Kleinsee areas (Figure 6-4). Most manufacturing that takes place in the Northern Cape involves value-addition to
the province’s mineral and agricultural raw material output, or, the fabrication of intermediate products used in
those industries. Despite the relative insignificance of the manufacturing sector in aggregate, there is significant
scope for growth in certain economic sub-sectors, particularly if conditions conducive to increased investment in
manufacturing can be created through institutional support and reform (Northern Cape Provincial Government,
2011).
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FIGURE 6-4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009
Tourism
In many respects, tourism in the Northern Cape can be seen as a service industry with tremendous growth
potential. Since the advent of democratic government in 1994, the Northern Cape tourism industry has blossomed
largely as a result of the opening up of South Africa as a long-haul tourist destination for the world’s travellers but
also because the province has gained exposure to growing numbers of domestic tourists too. The province caters
ideally for nature-based eco-tourists looking for a new experience and at the same time offers traditional tourists a
great deal owing to its history in the development of the mining industry in South Africa. A number of major new
conservation and eco-tourism developments are currently underway in the province in conjunction with the
governments of Botswana and Namibia. At varying stages of execution, it is anticipated that these projects will
have a major positive impact on the regional tourist economy, particularly if it is possible to use the conservation
assets in each case to leverage private sector investment in new tourism plant and capacity (Northern Cape
Provincial Government, 2011).
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FIGURE 6-5: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SERVICE SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009
6.3 Social and Economic Characteristics of the !Kheis Local Municipality
6.3.1 Background and Demographics
!Kheis Local Municipality falls within the Siyanda District Municipality in the Northern Cape province. !Kheis is a
Khoi name meaning "a place where you live" or "your home". The !Kheis municipal area was initially inhabited by
the Khoisan people, who were also the first permanent inhabitants of South Africa. The San, who lived a nomadic
life, migrated through the area. !Kheis Municipality was established from the former Groblershoop Municipality,
from settlements that were previously part of the ZF Mgcawu (Siyanda) and Karoo District Municipalities. These
municipalities administrated these settlements and provided them with services up until the demarcation in
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November 2000 (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Roads in the !Kheis municipal area are mainly gravel, although
national roads also traverse the municipality, including the N8 and N10 which link Groblershoop to Griekwastad
and Upington respectively. !Kheis Local Municipality was established from the former Groblershoop Municipality,
including the following settlements: Boegoeberg, Gariep, Grootdrink, Kleinbegin, Opwag, Topline, and Wegdraai
(Statistics South Africa, 2011).
Given that the municipal economy is heavily reliant on livestock and irrigated crop farming, local economic
development (LED), food security and the spatial distribution of settlements within !Kheis Local Municipality are all
driven largely by the Orange River (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Livestock farming consists mainly of sheep
farming for meat production, with local markets located at Groblershoop and Upington, while mutton is also sold
further afield in Johannesburg and Cape Town. Cotton, corn, wheat, tomatoes, peanuts, musk melons and
pumpkins are cultivated under irrigation from the Orange River (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013).
Additionally, mineral deposits of inter alia feldspar, uranium, nickel, copper and zinc are found within the
jurisdiction of the municipality and contribute to the local economy (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). The
utilisation of solar energy to drive both the green economy as well as local economic development has been
identified at the district level as a strategic development opportunity, while the development of a recycling
programme is promoted at the local municipal level as having the potential to alleviate poverty through job
creation (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Tourism is also listed as a potential growth strategy, with a focus on
cultural, agricultural and eco-tourism opportunities within the municipality.
!Kheis is a grant-dependent local authority, and this is reflected in its reliance on capital funding from national and
provincial government for the development of bulk water distribution and treatment infrastructure, as well as for
infrastructure maintenance. It is reasonable to infer that municipal income from rates, levies and taxes is low due
to the fact that 7% of the population is considered indigent (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013).
Sex and Age Ratios
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
Figure 6-6 shows age distribution and sex ratios for the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. The emergent trend in
terms of age structure is that the municipality is dominated by a young population (0-19 years). The fact that
persons aged 60 to 85+ accounted for a mere 7.9% of the total population in 2011 is indicative of a low life
expectancy. Sex ratios within the municipality are uniform for the most part, with the exception of the 30-34 age
group, where 4.2% of the male population occurred as opposed to 3.5% of the female population (Statistics South
Africa, 2011).
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-6: AGE DISTRIBUTION IN !KHEIS LM IN 2011
Languages
Error! Reference source not found. illustrates languages spoken within !Kheis Local Municipality. At 93%,
frikaans is dominant, while English and Setswana constitute approximately 1% each.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-7: DISTRIBUTION OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011
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Tenure Status
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
Figure 6-8 shows tenure2 status within the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. Over half of the landowners within the
municipality had paid off their properties, while roughly 10% owned their properties but had not yet paid them off
in 2011. Approximately 30% of residents with homes either rented their properties (as paying tenants) or occupied
them rent-free.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-8: TENURE STATUS WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011
Agricultural Households
Given the importance of agriculture to the provincial, district and local economy, it is useful to determine what
agricultural activities take place within the !Kheis Local Municipality. Figure 6-9 highlights the importance of
livestock farming which accounted for 66% of agricultural activity in 2011, followed by crop farming (20%) and
mixed farming (13%).
2 Tenure refers to land and/or property occupancy/ ownership status
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-9: TYPE OF AGRICULTURE BY HOUSEHOLD WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011
6.3.2 Social and Economic Indicators in Affected Ward 3
The proposed development area occurs within Ward 3 of the !Kheis Local Municipality. In this Section social and
economic indicators are presented at the levels of Ward 3 and the !Kheis local municipality (Figure 6-10).
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Source : RHDHV (2015)
FIGURE 6-10: LOCATION OF WARD 3 WITHIN !KHEIS LM
Population Group 2011
The majority population group within both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 was Coloured (85%
and 78% respectively), followed by Black African (7% and 12% respectively), and White (5% and 7%
respectively). ‘Other’ and Indian or Asian were minorities in both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011
at approximately 1% each (Figure 6-11).
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-11: POPULATION GROUP IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Ward 3 is home to 51% of the male population. The working age population (between the ages of 18 and 64
years) in Ward 3 amounts to 58% of the entire Ward’s population.
FIGURE 6-12: POPULATION AGE CATEGORY AND SEX IN WARD 3
Gender
Figure 6-13 shows the gender ratio for Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. Ward 3 had a marginally
higher ratio of males to females in 2011. While 38% of the Ward’s population is recorded as being children under
the age of 18 years, 51% of these children, are actually female.
ColouredBlack
AfricanWhite Other
Indian orAsian
!Kheis LM 85.4% 6.9% 5.4% 1.4% 1.0%
Ward 3 78.8% 11.8% 7.0% 1.1% 1.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Population Group
Population Group Distribution 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-13: GENDER PROFILE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Ninety three percent (93%) of Ward 3 inhabitants are South African citizens. There are a recorded 960
households in the Ward, with 66% of those households sporting male ‘heads of households.3’ While it is reported
that 46% of the 960 households own, and have fully paid off their homes, almost 38% are renting, and 10% are
occupying homes, rent free. Five percent (5%). This statitic is evident in Figure 6-14 below.
FIGURE 6-14: HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP STATISTICS IN WARD 3
3 The Head of the household is the chief decision maker, whether a current inhabitant or absent from the home.
Male Female
!Kheis 50.5% 49.5%
Ward 3 51.1% 48.9%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Gender
Gender 2011
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Education Level
In terms of the highest level of education attained by people within Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in
2011, the majority of respondents within Ward 3 finished high school (41%), while within the !Kheis Local
Municipality as a whole, the majority indicated primary school as their highest level of education attained (Figure
6-15). The high percentage of ‘not applicable’ respondents as well as the low levels of tertiary education in both
Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality is also noted.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-15: HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
At present, 81.7% of children of school going age (5-17 year old), are actually attending school (StatsSA 2011).
Employment Sector
Figure 6-16 shows the percentage of employed persons by sector in 2011. In both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local
Municipality the majority of respondents indicated that their employment sector was ‘not applicable’. This may
simply mean that they did not belong to either the formal or informal employment sectors. Of the remainder, the
majority were employed in the formal sector in Ward 3, and in the informal sector in the !Kheis Local Municipality
in 2011 (Figure 6-16).
PrimarySchool
HighSchool
NotApplicabl
eNone Grade 0 Teritiary
!Kheis LM 38.1% 33.8% 13.5% 8.6% 4.9% 1.2%
Ward 3 30.4% 41.5% 15.3% 6.5% 4.9% 1.5%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Level of Education
Highest Level of Education Attained 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-16: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN 2011 FOR !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Employment Status
The percentage of people employed within Ward 3 was higher than that of the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011
(30.8 % compared to 24.3%), as was the percentage of people who responded ‘other not economically active’
(Figure 6-17). This category (Other not economically active), typically points to those people that are able and
willing to work, but cannot find employment of any sort. Percentages of unemployed persons and discouraged
work seekers were higher in the !Kheis Local Municipality than in Ward 3 in 2011. Eighty five percent (85%) of
those employed, are in the formal work sector. See Figure 6-18. The probability is that they lend services to the
agricultural/ farming sector.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-17: EMPLOYMENT BY STATUS IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
In the formalsector
In the informalsector
Privatehousehold
Not applicable
!Kheis 17.6% 6.5% 1.0% 74.7%
Ward 3 26.5% 3.1% 1.3% 68.9%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f Em
plo
yed
Pe
rso
ns
Employment Sector
Employment by Sector 2011
Employed UnemployedDiscouragedwork-seeker
Other noteconomically
active
Notapplicable
!Kheis 24.3% 9.4% 3.3% 23.2% 39.7%
Ward 3 30.8% 8.1% 2.5% 24.3% 34.3%
0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Employment Category
Employment Status 2011
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FIGURE 6-18: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN WARD 3
Children in Employment
According to StatsSA, 11.5% of children between the ages of 15-17 years, are in the labour force. According to
South African law, it is a criminal offence to employ a child under the age of 15, except if you have a permit from
the Department to employ children in the performing arts. Children aged 15 to 18 years may not be employed to
do work inappropriate for their age, or work that places them at risk. Based on Legislation in Section 43, of the
Basic Conditions of Employment Act (No 75 of 1997).
Annual Household Income Levels
Annual household income is a useful indicator of among others, levels of potential poverty within a given spatial
area. Within Ward 3, the majority of households earned between R38 000.00 and R76 000.00 per annum in 2011,
which is higher than the corresponding figure of 28% of households within the !Kheis Local Municipality that
earned between R19 000.00 and R38 000.00 in 2011 (Figure 6-19). Typically, households earning below R9 600
per month would qualify as ‘living below the breadline.’ The data shows that the majority of households in both
Ward 3 and the LM were living below the breadline.
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-19: ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Energy Used for Cooking
In 2011, more than 80% of households within Ward 3 used electricity for cooking, significantly higher than the
corresponding figure of 55% of households in the municipality as a whole.
While only 10% of households use wood for cooking in Ward 3, this figure is higher at the municipal level at
approximately 35%. This is indicative of a greater percentage of electricity provision within Ward 3 than in
the !Kheis Local Municipality as a whole, particularly since other energy types such as gas and paraffin made only
marginal contributions to energy used for cooking in 2011
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-20: ENERGY USED FOR COOKING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
No income
R 1 - R 4800
R 4801 - R 9600
R 9601 - R 19 600
R 19 601 - R 38 200
R 38 201 - R 76 400
R 76 401 - R 153 800
R 153 801 - R 307 600
R 307 601 - R 614 400
R 614 001 - R 1 228 800
R 1 228 801 - R 2 457 600
R 2 457 601 or more
Percentage of Households
An
nu
al In
com
e B
rack
et
Annual Household Income 2011
Ward 3
!Kheis Local Municipality
Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood
!Kheis LM 55.3% 8.3% 0.7% 34.8%
Ward 3 85.0% 3.2% 1.0% 10.0%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy Used for Cooking 2011
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Energy Used for Heating
Similar to the trend observed in energy used for cooking, energy used for heating was dominated by electricity in
both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality at 75% and 50% respectively in 2011. Ward 3 again shows higher
percentages of electrification than the !Kheis Local Municipality.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-21: ENERGY USED FOR HEATING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Energy Used for Lighting
Assessing the percentage of households that utilised electricity for lighting in 2011 confirms the trend identified in
the previous two sections, that relatively more households within Ward 3 are electrified than within the !Kheis
Local Municipality as a whole. The high percentage of households that still utilised candles for lighting in 2011
within the !Kheis Local Municipality is further indicative of this trend.
Electricity Gas Wood Solar None
!Kheis 49.6% 1.7% 42.2% 0.5% 5.8%
Ward 3 74.4% 0.5% 21.3% 0.2% 3.6%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy for Heating 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-22: ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Access to Toilet Facilities 2011
Toilet facilities within households in 2011 for both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality were dominated by
flush toilets (both sewerage mains and septic tanks), but the percentage of households within Ward 3 with flush
toilets was significantly higher than the !Kheis Local Municipality at 55% versus 27%. The fact that a quarter of
the households in the !Kheis Local Municipality had no sanitation in 2011 is of grave concern.
Electricity Paraffin Candles Solar
!Kheis 64.0% 2.0% 30.4% 2.7%
Ward 3 91.3% 0.2% 8.0% 0.4%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy Used for Lighting 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-23: TOILET FACILITIES IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
Water Source
The type of water source that serviced households within Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 is
dominated by formal municipal distribution at 78% and 62% respectively. Contrary to the trend displayed in
previous sections (where Ward 3 is generally better serviced than the !Kheis Local Municipality); the percentage
of households that sourced their water from dams, pools or stagnant water in 2011 was higher in Ward 3 in 2011
at 11% versus 8% for the !Kheis Local Municipality, as shown in Figure 6-24.
.
Flush toilet(sewerage
system)None
Flush toilet(septictank)
Pit toiletwith
ventilation
Pit toiletwithout
ventilation
Other/NotApplicable
Buckettoilet
!Kheis LM 27.0% 24.7% 21.3% 12.1% 8.8% 3.5% 2.0%
Ward 3 55.3% 7.4% 30.2% 4.0% 1.0% 2.2% 0.0%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Type of Facility
Toilet Facilities by Type 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-24: WATER SOURCE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3
6.4 Labour Sources Areas
The Parabolic Trough Plant technology will require a workforce of at least 2000 people at peak period. Ninety
percent (90%) will be sourced from local villages.
Indicators for identified areas within the 25 km project buffer were extracted from Census 2011. A detailed map
showing local areas that fall within a 25km project buffer, is found below in Figure 6-25. The statistical areas
(mainplaces) within which the identified areas are found are shown as coloured polygons (Table 6-1 and Figure
6-26). There are four relevant statistical areas, all of which were representative of smaller, local areas. See Table
6-1 below. This sub section presents all available and relevant Census data for the identified statistical (and thus
local) areas.
Municipal WaterScheme
Other/NotApplicable
BoreholeDam/Pool/Stagn
ant Water
!Kheis LM 61.9% 13.1% 8.8% 8.1%
Ward 3 78.1% 7.8% 2.2% 11.2%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Type of Water Source
Water Source by Type 2011
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TABLE 6-1: STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS
Statistical Area (colour coded)
Identified Local Areas within Statistical Area
Approximate Distance from Development Site
!Kheis NU
Vollgraaffsig Skerpioenpunt Gariep Other areas (non-urban)
16 kms 28 kms 28 kms
Saalskop Saalskop 17 kms
Groblershoop Groblershoop 25 kms
Wegdraai Wegdraai 23 kms
FIGURE 6-25: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS
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FIGURE 6-26: EXTENT AND LOCATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS
The spatial hierarchy for the study area is as follows: Four mainplaces (shown as statistical areas in Table 6-1
and Figure 6-26) and six identified local areas. The size and settlement nature of the statistical areas should be
noted, as the !Kheis non-urban (NU) statistical area dwarfs the other three, but human settlement is sparse in this
area due to its rural nature. Conversely, Saalskop, Groblershoop and Wegdraai statistical areas are small but
their populations are denser as they are more urban in nature.
Gender & Population
The total male population is at 51% in these statistical areas, with females at 49%. Groblershoop supports at
least 40% of the overall population due to its denser settlement pattern (as opposed to !Kheis NU, Saalskop and
Wegdraai.) Saalskop supports a mere 13% of the total population (of 10 196 people).
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-27: LOCAL AREAS GENDER AND POPULATION SIZE
Population Group
Collectively, the largest racial group found in these statistical areas is Coloured (83%) with 9% Black and the
remaining percentage split between the other racial groups. The community in which most Coloured people live is
Wegdraai (96%). See Figure 6-28 below.
Male Female Total
!Kheis NU 1298 1143 2441
Groblershoop 2078 2090 4168
Saalskop 729 669 1398
Wegdraai 1066 1122 2189
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Nu
mb
er
of
Pe
rso
ns
Gender/Population Size
Gender and Population Size 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-28: LOCAL AREAS INDIVIDUAL POPULATION GROUP
Age Structure
The 0-19 year age category is typically reflective of the school going population, and are usually also identified as
dependent populations as they are unable to generate an income due to not officially being part of the working
population. The !Kheis NU shows that almost 37% of its entire population is in such a category, while Wegdraai
shows a high number of ‘children,’ at almost 49%. Practically, a healthier economy is dominated by a larger
number of people in the 20-64 year age category, which is also termed the ‘working age category.’ This is the
case in !Kheis NU, which has almost a 60% working age category4. The 65 -120 year age category is also
indicative of a dependent population. The Census data shows that the dependent population in this category
remains between 4.3% and 5.3% across the four statistical areas. See Figure 6-29, below.
4 The percentage within this category is by no means a reflection of the number of people that are actually employed
Black African ColouredIndian or
AsianWhite Other
!Kheis NU 8.8% 71.7% 0.5% 18.5% 0.6%
Groblershoop 10.0% 83.1% 1.0% 5.0% 0.9%
Saalskop 15.9% 80.8% 1.6% 1.7% 0.0%
Wegdraai 3.0% 96.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Population Group
Individual Population Group 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-29: LOCAL AREAS AGE CATEGORIES
Employment Sector
A mere 16.6% of the employable population are actually employed in the formal sector in the said statistical
areas. 3.5 Percent are working in the informal sector and an overwhelming 79% have responded to the Census
as ‘not applicable.’ This may denote that these individuals do not see themselves as wanting to be part of the
formal or informal employment sectors. See Figure 6-30, below.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-30: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT BY FORMAL/ INFORMAL SECTOR
0 - 19 20 - 64 65 - 120
!Kheis NU 38.6% 56.9% 4.5%
Groblershoop 44.3% 51.4% 4.3%
Saalskop 44.8% 50.6% 4.6%
Wegdraai 48.6% 46.1% 5.3%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Age Category (years)
Age Category 2011
In the formalsector
In the informalsector
Privatehousehold
Not applicable
!Kheis NU 27.3% 8.1% 1.1% 63.2%
Groblershoop 23.1% 2.0% 1.3% 73.5%
Saalskop 10.5% 2.7% 0.6% 85.8%
Wegdraai 5.4% 1.2% 1.0% 92.1%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Employment Sector
Employment by Sector 2011
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Unfortunately, Census 2011 has still not extrapolated the “Employment by Industry Sector” data. For that reason,
this baseline is unable to determine the industry that employs the most or least number of people across
industries such as agriculture, forestry and fishing, or even mining.
Employment Status
Collectively 21% of all employable people, are actually employed. The remaining individuals that fall within the
categories ‘unemployed, discouraged work seekers, and not economically active’ add up to a further 40%. This
generally means that the 40% that could have been ‘providers’ in a home, have now become dependents, thus
lending to the economic vulnerability of the household.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-31: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Migration – Movement since 2001
The year 1994 was the turning point for South Africans, in that the country held its first democratic elections.
People previously constrained to the more ‘rural’ parts of South Africa gained freedom of movement. Migration
post 1994 was on the upswing in South Africa, with many people moving into the urban areas for the purposes of
working, extending familial ties and the utilisation of educational and health services. In addition, bigger business
markets were opened up and increased mobility was required for the purposes of trade.
What is apparent when analysing Figure 6-32, is that almost 70% of the total population in the statistical areas,
had at some point in their lives, migrated into other areas of South Africa5. Saalskop had experienced the
greatest migration of its citizens (over 76%). This may be indicative of a ‘force’ that may have driven people to
5 Census 2011 does not provide reasons for the individual’s migration
Employed UnemployedDiscouragedwork-seeker
Other noteconomically
activeNot applicable
!Kheis NU 36.1% 5.8% 1.6% 21.2% 35.3%
Groblershoop 26.2% 8.9% 2.4% 25.9% 36.6%
Saalskop 13.8% 18.5% 3.6% 25.3% 38.8%
Wegdraai 7.9% 16.4% 4.9% 26.4% 44.4%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Employment Category
Employment Status 2011
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migrate. More often than not, people migrate for the purpose of work, and this show of outward mobility may
indicate poor economic progress in an area like Saalskop.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-32: LOCAL AREAS MIGRATION
Region of Birth and Citizenship
The majority of all individuals that had participated in the Census 2011 are born in the area, and are South African
citizens. It is worthy to note that there are a limited number of foreign (not South African) people in these areas.
This also indicates that almost all people in these statistical areas would have shared similar history, challenges
and opportunities. See Figure 6-33 and Figure 6-34 below.
Yes No
Born afterOctober 2001
but nevermoved
Born afterOctober 2001
and movedNot Applicable
!Kheis NU 63.2% 14.3% 20.6% 1.7% 0.1%
Groblershoop 63.5% 10.7% 19.7% 0.9% 5.3%
Saalskop 75.9% 2.4% 21.3% 0.4% 0.0%
Wegdraai 72.6% 1.7% 25.4% 0.2% 0.0%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
Movement Since 2001 Category
Individual Migration
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-33: LOCAL AREAS BIRTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-34: LOCAL AREAS CITIZENSHIP CHARACTERISTICS
Born inSouthAfrica
SADCRest ofAfrica
Asia
LatinAmerica
andCaribbean
Unspecified
!Kheis NU 96.6% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2%
Groblershoop 92.9% 0.5% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 6.1%
Saalskop 96.9% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9%
Wegdraai 99.6% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%P
erc
en
tage
of
Pe
rso
ns
Geographical Region
Region of Birth 2011
Yes No Not applicable
!Kheis NU 98.2% 1.3% 0.0%
Groblershoop 94.1% 0.5% 5.1%
Saalskop 98.9% 0.6% 0.0%
Wegdraai 99.8% 0.2% 0.0%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f P
ers
on
s
South African Citizenship Category
South African Citizenship 2011
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Energy for Cooking, Lighting and Heating
Figure 6-35, Figure 6-36Figure 6-37 render detailed energy usage data in terms of what households in the
statistical (local areas) utilise for their cooking, lighting and heating purposes.
Households depended on two main sources of energy for cooking, that is, electricity and wood. Groblershoop
usage data shows 75% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity to
a lesser degree (with !Kheis having the lowest usage, at 43%). Instead, !Kheis utilised wood to a greater degree
(48.2%). Overall, 57.6% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while 35.75% used
wood.
Households depended on two main sources of energy for lighting, that is, electricity and candles. Saalskop usage
data shows 80.6% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity to a
lesser degree (with !Kheis having the lowest usage, at 51.2%). Instead, !Kheis utilised candles to a greater
degree (44.8%). Overall, 71% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while 26% used
candles.
Households depended on two main sources of energy for cooking, that is, electricity and wood. Groblershoop
usage data shows 67.2% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity
to a lesser degree (with Saalskop having the lowest usage, at 17.4%). Instead, Saalskop utilised wood to a
greater degree (51.3%). Overall, 46.8% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while
42.4% used wood.
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-35: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR COOKING
Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood
!Kheis NU 43.6% 7.5% 0.7% 48.2%
Groblershoop 75.0% 6.5% 1.0% 17.6%
Saalskop 59.8% 0.7% 0.7% 38.9%
Wegdraai 52.0% 9.2% 0.4% 38.4%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy used for Cooking 2011
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Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-36: : LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING
Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011
FIGURE 6-37: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR HEATING
Electricity Paraffin Candles Solar None
!Kheis NU 51.2% 1.9% 44.8% 0.7% 0.9%
Groblershoop 78.0% 0.7% 20.4% 0.3% 0.6%
Saalskop 80.6% 0.3% 16.8% 1.0% 0.7%
Wegdraai 73.8% 3.8% 22.4% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy used for Lighting 2011
Electricity Gas Wood None
!Kheis NU 38.4% 2.9% 55.7% 2.9%
Groblershoop 67.2% 0.2% 29.2% 3.0%
Saalskop 17.4% 0.3% 51.3% 30.6%
Wegdraai 64.4% 1.1% 33.7% 1.1%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%
100.0%
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f H
ou
seh
old
s
Energy Type
Energy used for Heating 2011
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6.5 Presentation of Qualitative Data
6.5.1 Results of the September to October Engagement Exercise
As mentioned earlier in this report six responses (in total) were received in direct response to this social study.
See section 5.2. This section presents the primary data collected through the survey via email and telephonic
communication mechanisms.
Data will be presented from :
Two responses to the survey checklist (LS van Eck and Maria Markus, received both by the 27 October);
Three emailed responses (Poppie Howell, 20 October), (Johannes Kotzé, 29 October) and the
Groblershoop Farmers Association, 7 December; and
One telephonic discussion (André Kruger, 3 November).
Survey Checklist Responses
TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES TO SURVEY CHECKLIST
ISSUE MAJORITY RESPONSE
Monetary value of homes / business
properties in surrounds
Dust is perceived as the main contributing factor to the negative impact on
homes and businesses.
Aesthetic value of homes / business
properties in surrounds (within a 5 km
distance from the development site)
Apart from the perception that the access road has been destroyed by
contractors (currently working on Bokpoort site), dust is perceived as the main
contributing factor to the negative impact on the aesthetic value of homes and
businesses.
Economy of local area Job creation and local economic benefit is seen as a positive impact.
Employment
While job creation and income generation is viewed as a positive impact, the
negative impact perceived is that not enough jobs are available for local people
and employment of farm labour is compromised due to the dust that affects crop.
Traffic related road hazard/s Contractors and truck drivers are perceived as being the biggest perpetrators of
bad driving on local roads, endangering all who use it.
Health and safety of proximate residents
(within 5 km distance of site) Lung related problems have been associated to the presence of dust.
Health and safety of workers (on site) No change is perceived to health and safety of workers on site.
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FIGURE 6-38: FULL RESPONSES FROM SURVEY CHECKLIST
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Monetary value of homes / businessproperties in surrounds
Aesthetic value of homes / businessproperties in surrounds (within a 5 km…
Income generating activities in surrounds(within a 15 km distance from…
Economy of local area
Trading markets/ local exchange of goods
Employment
In migration of people
Traffic related road hazard/s
Crime levels
Health and safety of proximate residents(within 5 km distance of site)
Health and safety of workers (on site)
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
N0 CHANGE NEGATIVE POSITIVE
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Email/ Telephone Comments
Please note that all comments made in this section are a reflection of the respondent’s thoughts and views. It is
not scientifically based, but should rather be construed as anecdotal evidence.
TABLE 6-3: RESPONSES VIA EMAIL/ TELEPHONE
ITEM COMMENT
Property value
Rental and sale prices of homes have increased considerably in the last few years
rendering it difficult for home buyers and lessees in the area to secure a property.
Safety and security
The presence of strangers and foreigners have 'wash away the security of living in a
knit community'
Safety and security
Muggings and house break-ins have increased. Companies will not be able to enforce a
zero tolerance policy. The police are unable to keep up with the resource requirements
to curb the security problems.
Migrant in flux Further support is necessary for the police in order to deal with the problem.
Corporate social
responsibility
Transparency in social needs assessments and tendering processes. Let the
communities decide what they need and be involved.
Training and
development Invest in training a local labour force (potentially in solar programmes)
Safety and security
Look at the potential that foreign drivers hold a permit and be accountable to the Traffic
Department for any transgressions. Company vehicles should be marked so that
perpetrators could be identified.
Safety and security
The company should be committed to not allowing a tragedy to unfold - in which case
the collapse of a tower may well be. The CSP tower in Upington collapsed. Lessons
must be learnt.
Safety and security
The CSP management should have a physician on site, and perhaps a clinic. It would
be constructive for the company's medical staff to co-ordinate activities with provincially
placed medical staff in nearby local areas so as to alleviate the burden on government
resources.
Safety and Security
Gravel road between the N8 and N14 is becoming a safety hazard. Increased traffic
leads to bad visibility for drivers and pedestrians alike, thus increasing the risk of
accidents and injury.
Livelihood
Products are transported on the very same gravel road by farmers. Due to the poor
condition of the road, their product is damaged (or bruised)
Livelihood Farmer's yield are adversely affected by the high dust content.
Livelihood Will downstream farmers be negatively affected due to the water use of the CSP?
Safety and Security
The roads are in a poor condition. Loose gravel is attributed to high vehicle traffic.
People have lost their lives on these roads. The speed limit is 80kms but it is not
enforced.
Safety and Security
Farmers’ bakkies and those of other road users have added wear and tear (and vehicle
related expenses) due to the heavy wear and tear.
Livelihood
With global warming, and now solar panels - will area become hotter? Will producers
suffer losses as a result?
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Safety and Security
Dust travels up to 4-5 kms depending on the wind. People are being affected by high
dust levels. There are related health concerns.
Corporate social
responsibility
Residents and businessmen want to ensure that the companies in the area remain
responsible and accountable.
Safety and Security
All secondary routes (excluding the N8 and N14) will be used extensively during the
construction phase. There will be a greater impact if construction at both neighbouring
farms is being undertaken at the same time. The volume of traffic and vehicles speeds
on gravel roads is responsible for the generation of dust. The Construction contractor
on the Bokpoort site is not maintaining the roads. How will this issue be curbed?
Safety and Security
Due to the poor conditions of the roads, the serviceable years of the vehicle, has
decreased from five years to one year. The roads need to be tarred such that they can
handle heavy loads without 'crumbling and creating potholes.'
Livelihood
The high dust volumes are adversely affecting grapes grown for commercial purposes.
The dust is caking the grapes, removing the wax layer, causing the grapes to rot.
Export grapes, raisins and wine production is affected. Other corps that are affected
include corn, mielies, lucern and cotton. Affected crop are yielding smaller returns,
which in turn are leading to job losses.
Safety and Security
Due to lowered production yields (due to dust pollution), and the consequential impact
on jobs, crime is increasing. It is perceived that high crime and conviction rates are
costing the taxpayer more money.
Air quality Dust is distributed to at least 10kms, depending on wind direction and speed.
Livelihood
Livestock are negatively impacted by high dust volumes. Natural vegetation and dust
that provide the animals with fodder, coated with dust, making it difficult for animals to
find food. Alternatively the animal meat is of poorer quality as they are not feeding
properly. Only single offspring have been produced by herds in the surrounding dusty
areas. This in turn affects commercial livestock charge rates. A decrease in the profit
margin puts jobs at risk.
Safety and Security
People living in closer proximity to dust-affected areas are experiencing lung
complications due to exposure.
Migrant in flux
The work that is created in the construction phase sees a number of foreign migrant
labour move into the area. But they remain even once the phase has ended. This puts
additional strain on resources such as public healthcare.
Recommendations
Would like to see a study that focusses on changes in climatic conditions due to the
CSP (and higher temperatures).
Recommendations
Would like to see a study that assesses the effects of dust on the human body (and
related illnesses).
Recommendations The developer should purchase all land that is adversely affected by dust.
Recommendations
Contractors should be legally bound to adhere to all environmental and social
management actions.
Recommendations The ECO report should be made available to the public.
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FIGURE 6-39: FULL RESPONSES EMAIL / TELEPHONE COMMENTS
The responses that received the most interest are “Safety and Security” and “Livelihoods.” For this reason, a more
in-depth look at these two responses is undertaken below in Table 6-4 and Table 6-5, as well as Figure 6-40 and
Figure 6-41, respectively.
TABLE 6-4: SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES
ITEM COMMENT
Safety and security
The presence of strangers and foreigners have 'wash away the security of living in a knit
community'
Muggings and house break-ins have increased. Companies will not be able to enforce a
zero tolerance policy. The police are unable to keep up with the resource requirements to
curb the security problems.
Look at the potential that foreign drivers hold a permit and be accountable to the Traffic
Department for any transgressions. Company vehicles should be marked so that
perpetrators could be identified.
The company should be committed to not allowing a tragedy to unfold - in which case the
collapse of a tower may well be. The CSP tower in Upington collapsed. Lessons must be
learnt.
The CSP management should have a physician on site, and perhaps a clinic. It would be
constructive for the company's medical staff to co-ordinate activities with provincially placed
medical staff in nearby local areas so as to alleviate the burden on government resources.
1
13
2
2
1
5
1
Property value Safety and security
Migrant influx Corporate social responsibility
Training and development Livelihood
Air quality
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Gravel road between the N8 and N14 is becoming a safety hazard. Increased traffic leads
to bad visibility for drivers and pedestrians alike, thus increasing the risk of accidents and
injury.
The roads are in a poor condition. Loose gravel is attributed to high vehicle traffic. People
have lost their lives on these roads. The speed limit is 80kms but it is not enforced.
Farmers bakkies and those of other road users have added wear and tear (and vehicle
related expenses) due to the heavy wear and tear.
Dust travels up to 4-5 kms depending on the wind. People are being affected by high dust
levels. There are related health concerns.
All secondary routes (excluding the N8 and N14) will be used extensively during the
construction phase. There will be a greater impact if construction at both neighbouring farms
is being undertaken at the same time. The volume of traffic and vehicles speeds on gravel
roads is responsible for the generation of dust. The Construction contractor on the Bokpoort
site is not maintaining the roads. How will this issue be curbed?
Due to the poor conditions of the roads, the serviceable years of the vehicle, has decreased
from five years to one year. The roads need to be tarred such that they can handle heavy
loads without 'crumbling and creating potholes.'
Due to lowered production yields (due to dust pollution), and the consequential impact on
jobs, crime is increasing. It is perceived that high crime and conviction rates are costing the
taxpayer more money.
People living in closer proximity to dust-affected areas are experiencing lung complications
due to exposure.
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FIGURE 6-40: BREAKDOWN OF SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES
TABLE 6-5: LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES
ITEM COMMENT
Livelihood
Products are transported on the very same gravel road by farmers. Due to the poor condition of the
road, their product is damaged (or bruised)
Livelihood Farmer's yield are adversely affected by the high dust content.
Livelihood Will downstream farmers be negatively affected due to the water use of the CSP?
Livelihood
With global warming, and now solar panels - will area become hotter? Will producers suffer losses as
a result?
Livelihood
The high dust volumes are adversely affecting grapes grown for commercial purposes. The dust is
caking the grapes, removing the wax layer, causing the grapes to rot. Export grapes, raisins and wine
production is affected. Other corps that are affected include corn, mielies, lucern and cotton. Affected
crop are yielding smaller returns, which in turn are leading to job losses.
Livelihood
Livestock are negatively impacted by high dust volumes. Natural vegetation and dust that provide the
animals with fodder, coated with dust, making it difficult for animals to find food. Alternatively the
animal meat is of poorer quality as they are not feeding properly. Only single offspring have been
produced by herds in the surrounding dusty areas. This in turn affects commercial livestock charge
rates. A decrease in the profit margin puts jobs at risk.
1
2
6
1
3
Presence of foreigners Increased crime Road safety
CSP past lessons Medical/ Health presence
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FIGURE 6-41: BREAKDOWN OF LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES
6.5.2 Results of the Heritage Specialist Study
The Heritage Specialist (Mr Cobus Dreyer) concluded in his Specialist Assessment that:
The proposed new solar plant development will have no serious and destructive effect on any graves and
other historical remains at Sanddraai 391;
Scatters of worked stone artefacts were spotted at a number of places in association with calcrete
outcrops. The collections were widespread and no dense concentrations occurred;
No other cultural or historical remains or graves were found on the far;
Mitigation measures will be necessary if graves or other human skeletal or unidentified heritage resources
are found during the construction phase; and
The further planning of the proposed project, may continue.
6.5.3 Results of the Noise Specialist Study
During the construction phase the noise generated by the activities does not extend to the allocated receivers for
this project (column Modelled Scenario Results6), concluding that the area is unlikely to be impacted by the
construction activities.
The results of the modelled operational activities that are expected during the lifetime of the facility show that the
noise generated by the activities does extent to the allocated receivers for this project (column Modelled Scenario
Results). The sound received by the different receivers, range from 0.00 dBA to 23.00 dBA, which is low, due to
the distance from the source. The largest increase in the future expected sound level is +0.95 dBA during the
night.
6 The Noise Specialist Study produced in November 2015 RHDHV had included its own noise modelling designs.
1
3
1
1
Poor roads High dust
Future decreased water availability Future climate change impact
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The largest impact is during the construction phase of the project with the noise extending far beyond the Sand
Draai boundary. The closest receptor (REC_05) indicates that there is no effect on the noise level experienced
during the life cycle of the planned solar technology. Although the modelled scenarios tend to represent the typical
activities at the site, some upset conditions might arise during the life cycle of the planned technology. However,
upset conditions are generally small and can be minimised by appropriate mitigation measures, including the use
of best available abatement technologies.
6.5.4 Results of the Air Quality Specialist Study
Due to the distances travelled and the condition of local unpaved roads, the Gariep road is not considered to be a
suitable alternative, due to the potential for dust generation. The N8 road and the alternative access route to site
will need to be managed to mitigate dust, as mentioned above. An assessment into costs for the paving of the
route should also be investigated as a possible option for future works.
6.5.5 Results of the Economic and Agricultural Specialist Engagement Exercises
From an alternative land-use perspective, it is evident that the solar plant development project is significantly
positive from a sustainable development perspective. The GGP and employment positives are significant in both
the short and long term. The development’s biggest positive lies in its strategic economic value, where it supports
directly immense economic value creation.
The negative impacts are only present in the construction phase of Sanddraai, which is set to last for 30 months
only. In this regard, the biggest negative impact is the value of farm land, both for neighbouring farmers, and
possibly farmers along the unpaved road that leads to the entrance of the Sanddraai development. In the short
term if the entrance road is not sufficiently surfaced, a buyer would want a discount for perceived uncertainty in
income and capital value of any of such affected farms. The most affected farms are the ones closest to the
Sanddraai project, where the dust fall-out is highest, even though this fall out is not materially more than the
national averages.
The impact on agricultural yields based on the agricultural expert’s opinion, is not likely to be material as the study
was unable to detect any permanent damage caused by dust at the surrounding farms. A 5-10 metre area next to
the road with heavy dry dust particles was found, but the dust particles did not deposit any further than that
sphere. Such a limited area of impact by dust, is also corroborated by the scientific air quality study undertaken
by RHDHV. Most of the dust deposits were within the road boundaries – thus it did not materially fall on farm
land. Cognisance is taken that stakeholders mentioned that animals do not feed close to the roads.
Another key finding is that there seems to be outstanding issues between the contractor and farmers in the area.
There is a perceived lack of respect and undisciplined behaviour from the mainly Spanish contractors. Many of
the road accidents and the three reported fatalities, have been attributed to the farmers opinion that the
contractors do not follow road usage protocol (or law in terms of maintaining the speed limit), and consequently
are the main perpetrators of accidents. Additionally, women-based gender abuse (prostitution and rape) of the
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56
local (mainly farm labourer population) are accusatory allegations that have also been levelled at the mainly
Spanish contractors.
Summary of Stakeholder Concerns
Upon reflecting on the interviews and site visits with the abovementioned stakeholders, as well as informal
discussions with business owners, it is the Specialist’s view that the key issues are the following:
Most stakeholders welcome the solar plant developments because it obviously creates wealth in the form
of compensation for local labour, and business income thanks to local procurement of the newly
established solar plants;
The biggest issue for neighbouring stakeholders are the dust, as the increase in dust for them will lead to
a fall in property values, a fall in agricultural yields, and a deterioration in their current quality of life.
The concerns with respect to foreign contractor road usage is noted by the Specialists;
Social pathologies such as increased crime, prostitution, and others are noted, but falls outside the scope
of an economic alternative land-use analysis;
Road accidents that have occurred, are mainly related to the dust due to the current road surface and
road conditions;
Other concerns such as noise, and an increase in temperature are minor concerns.
The Economic and Agricultural Specialists report that the scientific evidence that the dust exceeds
national averages, and thus impact agricultural land yield materially, is not there. The Specialists support
a mitigation strategy to surface the southern part of the Gariep Road to the extent that dust suppression
meets the expectations of neighbouring farmers and road users, because this is without doubt in keeping
with the values of sustainable development.
6.6 Worker Accommodation There is no data provided by the project proponent with regards to the type and extent of worker accommodation
that will be provided. What is known is that labourer accommodation will be sited within the development
property.
6.7 Grievance Mechanism At present there is no corporate policy in existence to support the development and application of a grievance
process. A grievance mechanism that will cover the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the
development must be put in place to support clear, transparent and informative information exchange between
nearby residents and farmers and the Plant management. The IFC’s (September 2009, Issue No. 7), “Good
Practice Note : Addressing Grievances from Project Affected Communities” should be utilised to develop a
grievance mechanism.
As noted in the abovementioned Good practice Note, “A Grievance mechanism to address affected communities’
concerns and complaints is an important pillar of the stakeholder engagement process, since it creates
opportunities for companies and communities to identify problems and discover solutions together.”
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Below, is a guide to developing a grievance mechanism (IFC, Practice Note : Addressing Grievances from Project
Affected Communities, September 2009).
FIGURE 6-42: BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT LEVEL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM
6.7.1 Justification for the Implementation of a Grievance Mechanism
For the purpose of understanding whether a grievance mechanism is indeed a tool that will have a constructive
impact in the implementation of this project, one must be mindful that the grievance mechanism is not just a
management measure that can be instituted in the workplace, for the benefit of workers, but also for surrounding
interested and affected people (I&APs).
It must be noted that the nearest permanent residence is that of Maria Markus (possibly within a 4 km distance
from the nearest disturbed area of the site), and Chris Honiball’s property (Rooilyf Housing, possibly within a 4 km
distance from the nearest disturbed area of the site). The said properties are reflected in Figure 3-1. These
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properties also house a small number of farm labourers that are employed on farms in the general area. As
reflected in the table in Section 7 below, the small communities of Saalskop and Wegdraai (both on the west bank
of the Orange river) fall within the 5 km buffer, along with seven (7) identified schools, two (2) identified hospitals/
clinics, two (2) businesses and four (4) places of worship7.
As reflected in the table in Section 7 below, the area found within a 10 km radius (likely to be areas of secondary
impact) includes the properties that Louis Kotze and LS van Eck own. My van Eck’s property is unused.
The community of Vollgraaffsig (on the west bank of the Orange river) is the only other community in closer
proximity to the proposed development site (less than 10kms). Two schools, one place of worship and a post
office is found within a 10 km radius.
The small communities of Groblershoop, Skerpionpunt, Brandboom, Groortdrink (all on the west bank of the
Orange river) and the community of Gariep (found on the east bank of the Orange river) are all over 10 kms away
(but fall within a 25 km buffer) from the proposed development site.
The results of the engagement with IAPs as documented under Sections 6.5.1and 6.5.2, asserts the importance
and irreplaceable value that a transparent and principled grievance process could have.
7 The type of ‘place of worship’ has not been identified
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7 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT
This social opinion has attempted to provide a scan of the residences (whether farm homestead or labour
residence/s), businesses, farms and communities that are likely to be impacted by the proposed development.
Their identification as potential receptors was made possible with the delineation of the impacted areas into three
designated buffer zones:
- 5 kilometres (possible direct impact)
- 10 kilometres (possible secondary impact)
- 25 kilometres (to a far lesser extent, possible areas of secondary impact)
A visual scan of the directly and potentially affected residences and public facilities is presented in the map below,
as well as an indicative indication of the footprint that these areas occupy.
FIGURE 43: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS INDICATING AFFECTED AREAS
The tabulated presentation hereunder refers to the sensitive areas identified via a desktop screening exercise.
Data has been gleaned from Census 2011, where relevant. This analysis is at a high level and is primarily a
reflection of what can be visually verified through the mapping exercise.
The Economic and Agricultural Study undertake in November 2015 notes the following:
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The western part of the farm next to the Orange River is approximately 150 hectares in size, of which 80
hectares comprises irrigated vineyard with the following cultivars: colombar, steen (chenin blanc), shiraz
and merlot. This part of the farm also houses all the building developments, such as the main house,
sheds, labourers’ houses and other buildings.
It is important to note that the high-yielding agricultural part of the farm is not likely to be impacted by the
development of the solar plant, due to this part of the farm being a significant distance from the
anticipated solar development area.
Discussions with the interested sellers of Sanddraai indicated the following potential terms:
- It is only the north-eastern part of the farm that will be sold to the solar plant developer, and the land
not used for solar plant activities will be leased back by the sellers to continue farming activities. This
means that no job losses will occur on the farm as a result of the solar plant development;
- Although the Specialists (at the time) did not have sight of the Sanddraai solar plant development
plans, it is conceivable that quite a large part of the farm will still be used for its current status quo
farming, because the direct footprint of the solar plant is not likely to use more than 20% of the
Sanddraai land area, thus leaving sufficient land to continue farming; and
- The irrigated section of the farm employs almost 100 people permanently, and this figure increases
to approximately 180 people during harvesting.
TABLE 7-1 SOCIAL SENSITIVITY TABULATION
SOCIAL / ECONOMIC
ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION
Range of proposed
development area –
footprint
The project site will consist of :
A 150 MW CSP (Parabolic) Power plant.
The facilities will also include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power
plants including: water abstraction systems, waste management systems, power
lines, roads, storage facilities, administration and operation buildings,
construction laydown areas and temporary housing facilities.
The development area boundary itself is approximately 18 kilometres in length
and 3kilometers in breadth at their longest points. The two alternatives for water
pipelines are approximately 4 kilometres each in length and stretch past the
development area boundary.
District demarcation !Kheis Local Municipality and the Siyanda District Municipality.
Private land owner/s
(neighbouring)
There is evidence of agricultural farming south west of the site, closer to the
Orange River. This would be representative of private landowners.
Land use
(communal/State)
Leased land. Land currently used for agricultural purposes. Zoned for
agricultural use.
Areas of direct impact
(within the development
footprint)
There are no identified residences or areas of agricultural cultivation within the
development footprint.
Areas of impact (within
the 5 km radius)
The area found within the 5 km buffer (likely to be areas of direct impact)
includes the properties that Maria Markus and Chris Honiball own or/and
currently reside in.
The small communities of Saalskop and Wegdraai (both on the west bank of the
Orange river) fall within the 5 km buffer, along with seven (7) identified schools,
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SOCIAL / ECONOMIC
ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION
two (2) identified hospitals/ clinics, two (2) businesses and four (4) places of
worship8.
Areas of impact (within
the 5-25 km radius)
The area found within the 10 km radius (likely to be areas of secondary impact)
includes the properties that Louis Kotze and LS van Eck own or/ and currently
reside in.
The community of Vollgraaffsig (on the west bank of the Orange river) is the only
other community in closer proximity to the proposed development site (less than
10kms). Two schools, one place of worship and a post office is found within the
10 km radius.
The small communities of Groblershoop, Skerpionpunt, Brandboom, Groortdrink
(all on the west bank of the Orange river) and community of Gariep (found on the
east bank of the Orange river) are all over 10 kms away (but fall within the 25 km
buffer) from the proposed development site.
Approximate
populations
Wegdraai (within 5 km radius) – According to Census 2011 the total population
is 2189.
Saalskop (within 5 km radius) - According to Census 2011 the total population is
1398.
Vollgraaffsig (within 10 km radius) - According to Census 2011 the Vollgraafssig
community is found within the !Kheis non urban area. The total population in
the !Kheis NU area is 2441.
Tourist attractions None known of.
Educational facilities A total of nine (9) schools are recorded in the 10 km radius, with seven (7) of
those being within the 5 km radius.
Health facilities !Kheis Municipality has health facilities available in:
• Groblershoop
• Wegdraai
• Topline (Mobile)
• Grootdrink
• Boegoeberg
• Gariep (Mobile once a week)
• Opwag (Mobile once a week)
Water and sanitation According to the !Kheis Municipality 2013-2014 IDP – the aim is to provide 100%
of households with a metered water connection by 2014, 75% by 2012, 90% by
2013. • To provide 100% of households with basic sanitation by 2014, 75% by
2012, 90% by 2013.
Electricity According to the !Kheis Municipality 2013-2014 IDP – the aim is to provide 60%
of households with basic electricity by 2012, 75% by 2013 and 92% by 2014.
Transport Inhabitants / workers in the 5 km and 10 km buffer area would utilise two major
routes, that is a dirt/ farm road from the north (N14) or the N10 from the south
(west bank of the Orange river). In the case of the use of the N10, direct access
to farm properties would be via the N8 from the N10. A dirt/farm road stretches
from the north west (N14) to the south east (N8), along the southern end of the
8 The type of ‘place of worship’ has not been identified
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SOCIAL / ECONOMIC
ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION
project development area, along the east bank of the Orange river.
A functional rail line traverses the land adjacent to the development site, in
Bokpoort farm. The rail line is constructed in a north east to south westerly
direction. The current use of the rail line has not been established.
Business (formal) The agricultural practice found within the 5 km buffer is likely to signify
commercial agricultural business operations. According to Census 2011, the
formal sector employs 16.5% of people in the !Kheis NU, Saalskop,
Groblershoop and Wegdraai communities. Most employment is in the crop
production sector.
Business (informal) The informal sector employs 3.5% of people in the !Kheis NU, Saalskop,
Groblershoop and Wegdraai communities.
Livestock farming The agricultural land value of livestock farms in the area is relatively low, at on
average R3 000 per hectare, while irrigated land with cash crops next to the
Orange River is typically up to R100 000 per hectare. These prices per hectare
range from farm to farm. (Economic and Agricultural Specialist Study,
November 2015).
Crop production Agricultural land is found closer to the Orange river. It is under 2 kms from the
development area.
Cultural / ancestral
heritage
There is one identified ruin 10 kms from the development area.
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8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
8.1 Impact Method
The RHDHV impact rating method that will be utilised, is found in the table below. The impact assessment will
account for impacts that are likely to be experienced during the three phases of a project, that, is the pre-
construction, construction and operation phases.
TABLE 8-1 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE RATING TABLE
Descriptive criteria
Nature Category
Extent (E) Categories 1 – 5
1 Footprint / site
2 Local
3 Regional
4 National
5 International (trans-boundary)
Duration (D) Categories 1 – 5
1 Short (few days to a few months, less than a phase)
2 Short (few months, or less than a phase in total)
3 Medium (a few years, significant part of a phase)
4 Long (lifespan of development (i.e. all of operation))
5 Permanent
Frequency (F)
Categories 1 – 5
1 Very rare to remote (once or twice a decade)
2 Unusual to occasional (once or twice every 5 years)
3 Frequent (a few times a month)
4 Very frequent (a few times a week, to daily)
5 Continuous (daily to a significant percentage of every day)
Intensity (I) Categories 1 – 5
1 Very low – natural processes not affected
2 Low – natural processes slightly affected
3 Medium – natural processes continue but in a modified manner
4 Medium-high – natural processes are modified significantly
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5 High – natural processes disturbed significantly so that they cease to occur (temporarily / permanently)
Probability (P)
Categories 1 – 5
1 Improbable (less than 24% chance of occurring)
2 Probable (25 – 49%)
3 Likely (50 – 69%)
4 Very likely (70 – 89%)
5 Definite (90 – 100%)
Significance Significance = E + D + F + I + P
Minimum value of 5, maximum of 25
Status determines if positive / negative
Any positive value
No impact. High to low consequence, probability not an issue as positive, no mitigation required.
– 5 Low. Low consequence, probable, minimal mitigation may be required.
– 6 to 10 Medium. Medium consequence, probable, mitigation is advised / preferred.
– 11 to 15 Medium to high. Medium to high consequence, probable to very probable, mitigation is necessary.
– 16 to 20 High. High consequence, probable / definite, mitigation is essential.
– 21 to 25 Extremely High. Very high consequence, definite, Fatal flaw.
8.2 Sandraai’s Resources
The following has been determined:
The Sandraai farm (site of the proposed development) does not support cattle grazing, cultivated lands,
game farming or communal crop or cattle farming activities;
There is no current labour force residing or working on the farm;
There are no residential or farm structures on the farm;
There are no areas of natural resources use (water bodies or woodlands); and
The roads that are in use by farmers are also being used by existing (and future) contractors to the CSP
development site.
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TABLE 8-2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Pre Construction and Construction Phase
Issue/ Impact Potential loss of cultivated areas due to pipeline and road routing
Frequency 2 1
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 2
Intensity 3 2
Probability 1 1
Impact significance
11 8
Mitigation Measures
Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. The routing must allow for the possibility of adjustment should it be found to traverse cultivated land. The establishment of a formal grievance management system would assist in identifying challenges that require a resolution.
Issue/ Impact Restricted access (residents and workers) to currently utilised roads
Frequency 1 1
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 2
Intensity 3 2
Probability 2 1
Impact significance
11 8
Mitigation Measures
Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. Access by residents and workers that are currently utilising a given (legal) route should not be hindered. The establishment of a formal grievance management system would assist in identifying challenges that require a resolution.
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Issue/ Impact Sourcing of equipment and machinery locally
Frequency 2 2
Extent 3 3
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 3
Probability 2 2
Impact significance
13 13
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. The sourcing of equipment from local regional sources is probable, specifically in the area of Upington. There should be a concerted effort made by engineers to draw up a procurement plan that will give first preference to local suppliers. This may be called a Goods and Service Procurement Policy. There would be no anticipated change in the impact significance after mitigation as it is expected that Procurement strategies would initially be aimed at local procurement. It must be noted that a large percentage of procurement for specialized technology may be sourced nationally and internationally.
Issue/ Impact Local Gross Geographic Product (GDP) Increase
Frequency 5 5
Extent 3 3
Duration 3 3
Intensity 5 5
Probability 5 5
Impact significance
21 21
Mitigation Measures
Extremely High positive impact significance after mitigation. The introduction of salaried workers in the local area will increase local purchase power. This in turn will be a positive spin off for retailers (businesses, including local accommodation houses) in the nearby areas, particularly the most developed one, being Groblershoop. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Issue/ Impact Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development of new access roads through the development site.
Frequency 4 4
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 2
Impact significance
16 13
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. The specific impact relating to dust on crop has been highlighted by affected farmers. This is the impact due to increased vehicles (and heavy vehicles) using farm roads which are the only roads being currently utilised by residents and farmers in the area. Noise will be an issue during the construction phase according to the Noise study (RHDHV, November 2015). It is expected that during construction, there will be an increased number of construction vehicles on the road. It is recommended that alternative routes be found at scheduled times of the day - perhaps that would help keep the roads free when school children are returning home, allowing children mobility without being hampered by large trucks utilising the same road. The air quality report (RHDHV, Jan 2015) specifically notes that a high negative impact will be evident on the N8 road during construction. As mitigation it proposes: • There should be strict speed limits on site roads to prevent the liberation of dust into the atmosphere. • Dust must be suppressed during vehicle movement A policy on Contractor Health and Safety for the duration of their work on site, must apply, and be monitored. In addition, a Contractor's Code of Conduct (especially in terms of respecting local by-laws and specific practical community concerns on which agreement may be reached), should be applied for the duration of the construction. (Such should also be a pre-requisite in the EMPR). The project proponent should look at the feasibility (and social responsibility) related to the resurfacing of roads of high utilisation so that livelihoods and lifestyles will not be adversely impacted on a long term basis. Regular information sharing discussions with the Contractors must be pursued, giving farm labour residents an opportunity to voice concerns and grievances throughout the duration of project construction. The establishment of a Resident's forum to provide institutional support to such an activity, is recommended. In addition, it is vitally important that a formal grievance management system be put in place (and should remain throughout the life of the solar plant/s).
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Issue/ Impact Local job creation opportunities
Frequency 4 4
Extent 3 3
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 3
Probability 4 4
Impact significance
17 17
Mitigation Measures
High positive impact significance after mitigation. Job creation expectations will have to be well managed via management systems and communication mechanisms that regularly informs the local community (on site and at local community centres) of the progress and job / skills needs at the development sites. A formal job application process must be communicated (should this be a requirement). The potential is that a large number of jobs will be created for the short duration of construction.
Issue/ Impact Influx of Migrant Labour
Frequency 4 2
Extent 3 3
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 2
Impact significance
17 12
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Mitigation Measures
Mitigation Measures Medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation. The issue with regards to the residence of ‘illegal’ migrants is a Government issue to tackle. Site management can render the correct communication to migrants with regards to their legal status period while in South Africa, and can also forward all migrant details to the Department of Labour (as a lawful action). However, Site management cannot enforce the law. Should the influx of labour become a very real, uncontrolled challenge, then it is suggested that a Migrant Labour Influx Control Plan be developed together with the local municipality. While Site management will never be in a position to enforce laws, they can however enforce the plan.
Issue/ Impact Perceived preferential access to a finite number of jobs
Frequency 4 2
Extent 3 3
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 2
Impact significance
17 12
Mitigation Measures
Medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation. There will be a predominant perception that others (Upington and surrounds, as opposed to Groblershoop, Grootdrink, Gariep, etc) may be afforded preferential access to work, particularly during the construction period. This is a perception that can only be thwarted by a transparent and fair recruitment process throughout the phase. Establish and maintain management systems to ensure that thorough and regular communication occurs, particularly with hopeful locals in Groblershoop, etc. A Human Resources Development Policy may be developed during the Construction phase and this can be expanded into a Human Resources Development Plan during the Operations phase.
Issue/ Impact Increased social ills in Groblershoop and surrounding small villages
Frequency 3 2
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 3
Impact 15 12
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
significance
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. The establishment of a labour camp that will probably house the majority of the non-regional labour will be accompanied by its own challenges. The most critical is related to alcohol consumption, abuse, prostitution, unintentional pregnancies within the local population and potentially, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDs. The local populations are at risk of exposure. The management measure to be taken must ensure on-going work-shopping of appropriate behaviour from the labour population. This can be structured through a Construction Phase Code of Practice for Contractors. On site health and safety workshops is critical. The on -site clinic must be at the forefront of such issues. Communication with local community leaders/ spokespeople is also an important tool that will assist in monitoring such a situation. The establishment of a Resident's Forum may be a vehicle that could help achieve collaboration. It may be practical to look at the Groblershoop Interest Group, as such a vehicle as it is already in existence.
Issue/ Impact Potential increase in criminal activity in the development footprint and nearby surrounding villages
Frequency 3 2
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 3
Impact significance
15 12
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. With the increased movement of people to and from and also within the development site, there is potential for increased criminal activity on site and in the nearby village of Groblershoop (and smaller areas of Wegdraai, Vollgraaffsig and Saalskop) which includes petty crime and potential abuse and prostitution activities. It is recommended that the police increase patrols and crime knowledge-sharing in communities. While it is envisaged that the development site will be under 24 hour protection from a private security firm, petty crimes may still persist. Management measures dealing with transferring and sharing information about criminal activities with the local community is recommended. The establishment of a Resident's Forum (or communication via the Groblershoop Interest Group) may be a vehicle that could help achieve collaboration.
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Issue/ Impact Additional pressure on basic services provision (education, housing and healthcare)
Frequency 4 3
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 3
Probability 4 3
Impact significance
16 14
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. If construction workers move into the area, services such as housing provision and availability, education and healthcare services will experience increased pressure. In order to provide for mitigation, it is strongly advised that the Project Proponent and the applicable municipal government departments (perhaps even National government) liaise effectively on how to combat avoidable service delivery constraints - particularly since the highest number of workers will be on site during the construction period. It is expected that the Project Proponent will carefully screen the service delivery situation prior to recruiting construction staff. The Proponent will also have to consider what service delivery options it will put in place for its own staff - the availability of an on-site 24 hour clinic is one option. ** Note - due to the remoteness of the area and the anticipated slow turn-around of service delivery projects, the impact will remain a 'medium to high' negative impact throughout the construction phase.
Issue/ Impact Increase in HIV/AIDS cases and associated vulnerabilities
Frequency 3 2
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 2
Probability 4 3
Impact significance
15 12
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. A large construction workforce (particularly if the majority are single men, are likely to substantially contribute to the HIV/AIDs situation in the area, albeit unintentionally. There are various mitigation and management measures that should be pursued. Some of these are: - The establishment of a formal grievance management system - The establishment of a Resident's forum (or use current Groblershoop Interest Group) where HIV/AID's intervention strategies could be discussed - The establishment of a 24 hour clinic for construction staff (where monitoring and voluntary testing could occur) - Invitation to Government health representatives and local awareness building experts to render knowledge workshops to construction staff (and local communities) - The development and implementation of a policy on Contractor Health and Safety - The development and implementation of a Contractor's Code of Conduct
Issue/ Impact Chance Find of Heritage Items/ Sites
Frequency 1 1
Extent 1 1
Duration 1 1
Intensity 1 1
Probability 1 1
Impact significance
5 5
Mitigation Measures
Low negative impact significance after mitigation. The Heritage Specialist has not uncovered any areas of high heritage and cultural significance within the development footprint. For this reason the impact will remain a low negative. Should a 'chance-find' occur, it is important that the South African Heritage Resources Association be contacted to follow a formal lodge and follow up procedure.
Issue/ Impact Impact on agricultural yields along Gariep Road
Frequency 2 2
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 1 1
Probability 1 1
Impact 9 9
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
significance
Mitigation Measures
A medium negative impact is likely to be experienced by farmers along Gariep road. While it has been established that the air quality report does not unequivocally provide scientific evidence to show that dust generated by the traffic on Gariep road has a reach of over 5-10 kms, this rating presents the worst case scenario. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)
Issue/ Impact Impact on farm values of neighbouring farms
Frequency 5 5
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 3
Probability 4 4
Impact significance
17 17
Mitigation Measures
A high negative impact is expected during the construction phase. This is particularly due to buyer-perception. This will improve following construction. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)
Issue/ Impact Impact on farm values of Gariep Road Farms
Frequency 5 3
Extent 3 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 1 1
Probability 3 3
Impact significance
15 12
Mitigation Measures
A medium to high negative impact is expected during the construction phase. This is particularly due to buyer-perception. This will improve following construction, and the potential resurfacing of the road. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Issue/ Impact Grievance Channel Development
Frequency 2 3
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 2 3
Probability 3 4
Impact significance
12 15
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. The ethical and principled implementation of the grievance system will only serve to enhance the company's relationship with I&APs. The grievance system embodies a channel which should be 'served by all, but owned by none.' In other words, it should lead to mutual respect and benefit, without being utilised as a corporate or political display for ulterior motives. The company will in its (grievance system) implementation, seek to be identified as a good corporate citizen, genuinely interested in the welfare of those it indirectly or directly affects.
Operation Phase
Issue/ Impact Difference in water flow in the Orange River potentially affecting downstream farmers and potentially causing economic displacement
Frequency 3 1
Extent 2 2
Duration 4 1
Intensity 2 1
Probability 2 1
Impact significance
13 6
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Mitigation Measures
Medium negative impact after mitigation. A medium negative impact is expected if it should happen. The loss of water availability to downstream farmers will constitute indirect economic displacement as this is an impact on livelihoods. ** The effect of climate change on water levels will need to be thoroughly assessed, as the impact, is severe, could change to a 'high' negative. In addition, the cumulative impact related to having all four solar plants operational at the same time in the future, must be acknowledged (That includes two in Bokpoort and the proposed development of two in Sandraai). A water flow study would be pertinent.
Issue/ Impact Potential loss of farm labourer jobs on neighbouring farms affected by differential water flow
Frequency 3 1
Extent 2 2
Duration 4 1
Intensity 2 1
Probability 2 1
Impact significance
13 6
Mitigation Measures
Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. As there is a medium negative impact foreseeable for downstream farmers that rely on water supply from the Orange river, the production on these farms will be affected to a certain degree, and consequently there is a potential loss of farm labourer jobs on downstream farms. The water flow needs of downstream farmers needs to be factored into the solar plant's (all technologies) intake/ abstraction needs so as to create a balance for all water users. The loss of water availability to downstream farmers will constitute indirect economic displacement on workers on these farms. ** Should climate change play a role in the change in water levels, this would compound the impact, possibly resulting in a "severe" negative impact. This must be assessed further. In addition, the cumulative impact related to having all three solar plants in the vicinity (two in Bokpoort and two proposed in Sandraai) operational at the same time in the future, must be acknowledged. A water flow study would be pertinent.
Issue/ Impact Potential tourist appeal
Frequency 4 4
Extent 1 1
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
Duration 3 3
Intensity 3 3
Probability 4 4
Impact significance
15 15
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation Contrary to the negative impact, it is also possible that people will enjoy the visual display of such a feat of construction. Schools may organise day tours and tourists may pass just to see the spectacle. The proponent could promote the CSP by offering day guided tours, perhaps even combining it with a nature hike. This in itself has the potential to increase job opportunities at the plant site.
Issue/ Impact Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours
Frequency 5 3
Extent 3 2
Duration 4 4
Intensity 5 3
Probability 4 3
Impact significance
21 15
Mitigation Measures
A medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation This is also reported on in the air quality report (RHDHV, Jan 2016). Recommended mitigation includes strict speed limits on site roads to prevent the liberation of dust into the atmosphere; and dust must be suppressed during vehicle movement. Another mitigation includes the resurfacing of the southern portion of the Gariep road.
Issue/ Impact Increase in South Africa's power producing independence
Frequency 5 5
Extent 4 4
Duration 5 5
Intensity 4 4
Probability 5 5
Impact 23 23
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Impact and Mitigation Table
Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating
significance
Mitigation Measures
Extreme positive impact significance after mitigation. With the completion of the solar power plant and its operation at maximum, South Africa will contribute to its national electricity grid supply, thus decreasing its reliance on fossil fuels.
Issue/ Impact Grievance Channel Continuation
Frequency 2 3
Extent 2 2
Duration 3 3
Intensity 2 3
Probability 3 4
Impact significance
12 15
Mitigation Measures
Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. As with the pre-construction and construction phases, the grievance channel will serve to highlight the company's continued, sincere and firm commitment to finding practical resolutions to its local challenges.
SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant
78
9 CONCLUSIONS
9.1 Powerline Options This is rendered in Section 3.1.2 of this report.
The preferred routing in that presented by Alternative 1. This routing is likely to cover less distance and range.
While the area in general is uninhabited and unused for agricultural or social activities, the shorter the route
distance, the least likely there will be disruptions to human activities.
9.2 Pipeline Options This is rendered in Section 3.1.3 of this report.
The preferred routing in that presented by Alternative 1. This routing is likely to cover less distance and range.
The routing to and from the water abstraction point avoids agricultural land (currently used). The shorter the
route distance, the least likely there will be disruptions to human activities.
9.3 Road Options The expectation is that the N10 and N8 roads would be more widely used (particularly during the construction
period) as opposed to any of the farm roads (located on the east bank of the Orange river). The road currently
utilised stretches between the site and the N14. While it may be a somewhat shorter route, the impact on current
farming activities along the east bank of the Orange river is that which may affect the current human activities on
neighbouring farms. For this reason, the preferred routing remains on the opposite side of the Orange river (west
bank).
9.4 Conclusion Should the preferred alternatives for the powerline, pipeline and road be selected, the impacts will be limited
during the construction phase. They will be very limited during the operations phase, as only maintenance issues
will apply and impacts are not likely to occur to human activities or livelihood generation.
There are a few negative impacts that seem acute during the construction phase, but after mitigation all impacts
initially regarded as ‘high’ downgrade into a medium-high. Ideally, these impacts should progress into a ‘low-
medium.’ This includes impacts related to one of the main “Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents
through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development of new access roads through the
development site; Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours,” and “impact on farm values.”
Positive impacts that remain high (during the operation phase) include, the potential increase in local gross
geographic figures; The increase in local job creation activities; and an increase in South Africa’s power producing
independence.
Engagement exercises with local stakeholders show their apprehension about the fact that mitigation for the
project’s negative impacts will indeed be achieved. This perception has resulted from the recent CSP
development taking place on the neighbouring Bokpoort farm. Many of the negative impacts experienced due to
SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant
79
the current CSP plant in the area, has raised stakeholder’s awareness to the potential increase in disruptions and
inconveniences to the once-quiete farm life. While many negative impacts can be mitigated, it will require a
commitment from the Project Proponent and Site Management to properly and consistently meet with EMPR
compliance requirements. Much of the mitigation found within this report will be amalgamated with the EMPR for
implementation during the project’s construction phase.
9.5 Key Actions Moving Forward
Resurfacing of the Gariep road (at least the Southern portion).
Development and implementation of a grievance mechanism.
Contractor behaviour and safety protocols on and off site will need to be monitored via the grievance
mechanism
A Hydrology (water flow) study would be best placed to determine water impacts to downstream farmers
and users.
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80
10 LITERATURE CITED
1) Millennium Development Goals Country Report: Republic of South Africa, 2010. United Nations
Development Program.
2) Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy. 2004 – 2014. South Africa. Government
Printer.
3) Human Sciences Research Council. (2004). Fact Sheet: Poverty in South Africa. South Africa.
Government Printer. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality)
4) Statistics South Africa. South African National Census Database. 2011. South Africa. Government
Printer.
5) Integrated Development Plan for the !Kheis Local Municipality 2013/14.
6) Naudé, A., Badenhorst, W., Zietsman, L., Van Huyssteen, E., & Maritz, J. (2007). Geospatial Analysis
Platform – Version 2: Technical overview of the mesoframe methodology and South African
Geospatial Analysis Platform. Pretoria: CSIR.
7) South African Legislation. Basic Conditions of Employment Act (No 75 of 1997).
Annexure A
Social Specialist Curriculum Vitae
Page 1 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
CURRICULUM VITAE
Proposed Position: Social Specialist
Name of Firm: Royal Haskoning DHV Pty Ltd
Name of Staff: Kementhree Lingiah Moonsamy Preferred name : Kim
Profession: Social Scientist
Date of Birth: 24/10/1974
Years with Firm/Entity: 4.5 Years Nationality: South African
Membership in Professional Societies: N/A
Key Qualifications and Overview of Competencies:
Kementhree (Kim) Moonsamy is a Social Specialist within RHDHV’s Transport and Planning Department,
based in Durban, South Africa. She has a postgraduate degree in Anthropology, and has been a consultant
in the social assessment field for over 18 years. Kim has wide-ranging experience in a variety of qualitative
and quantitative research methods in the fields of social anthropology, human resources, business and
social impact assessments in both South Africa and internationally.
Kim has international exposure in the mining field, having undertaken social impact assessment and social
auditing projects in countries such as Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Kenya,
Botswana, Mozambique, Brazil and Australia. In the past eight years she has partaken in projects requiring
that World Bank, and specifically International Finance Corporation (IFC) compliance measures, be fulfilled.
In this context she has also acted as the Social specialist for the socio-economic impact studies and the
development of subsequent management plans in the form of a Sustainable Development plans, Community
Development plans and Human Resources Development plans.
In the South African context, Kim has undertaken many Social and Labour Plans (SLPs) for mines. SLPs is
a Government regulated compliance requirement. SLP projects were conducted for mines involved in
diamond, chrome, manganese, copper, platinum and coal mining.
In addition to social specialist skills lent toward International compliance work, Kim has also undertaken a
variety of Environmental and Social due diligence projects in the agricultural, mining and textile industries
(particularly in Mozambique, Kenya, Namibia, DRC, Zambia, Brazil and Nigeria). All due diligence exercises
included the strict conformance review of a company’s environmental and social practices in accordance to
Page 2 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
international guidelines and best practice. Kim, in her capacity as social specialist managed the auditing of
labour and community social aspects including:
Social and environmental assessment and Management system;
Labour and working conditions;
Community health, safety and security;
Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement;
Indigenous people; and
Cultural heritage
In summary, key competencies in the social assessment domain include:
Social Impact Assessments;
Social Baseline Assessments
Socio-Economic Impact Assessments (renewable energy, power, housing, mining, oil and gas
sectors);
Social Risk Assessments (water, infrastructure, mining, oil and gas sectors);
Social Auditing and Due Diligence Assessments (water, agri-industry, mining and textile);
Stakeholder Needs Analysis;
Social and Labour Plans;
Resettlement Planning (including the establishment of grievance management structures,
consultation forums, inventories and full Resettlement Action Plans);
International Finance Corporation (IFC) related Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plans
(ESIA) such as :
- Public consultation and Disclosure Plans
- Land Acquisition and Compensation Plans
- Community Development Plans
- Community Health and Safety Plans
- Labour and Human Resource Plans; and
Public and Customer Perception Surveys
Education:
2012 IRCA Accredited Social Auditor Training – SA8000, SGS, Johannesburg
2002 Diploma, MDP (Management Development Programme), UNISA
2000 Diploma, BAM (Business Administration and Management), Damelin
1999 BA (Hons), Anthropology, UNISA
1996 BA, Anthropology and Psychology, University of Durban Westville
Page 3 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
Employment History:
Apr 2011 – To date
Royal Haskoning DHV, Durban, South Africa
Social Specialist: Associate
Jan 2009 - Mar 2011 Environmental Resources Management , Durban, South Africa
Impact Assessment and Planning : Principal Consultant
Aug 1997 – Dec 2008 SRK Engineers and Scientists, Johannesburg, South Africa
Environmental Department : Social Scientist
Selected ESIA/Risk/Due Diligence Project Experience:
Transnet Lephalale to Ermelo Social and Environmental Risk Assessment, Limpopo and Mpumalanga
Provinces, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Transnet
Description of project and responsibilities: Undertook a full social risk assessment to international (IFC)
compliance.
Transnet Lephalale to Ermelo Rail Link Social and Environmental Risk Assessment, Limpopo and
Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Transnet
Description of project and responsibilities: Developed the principals to stakeholder engagement for the
project, taking account of the engagement risks – as aligned to IFC compliance.
Manzini Hydropower ESIA, Swaziland
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Swaziland Electricity Company
Description of project and responsibilities (Current): Undertook a full Social Impact Assessment for a
proposed hydropower plant in the Manzini District of Swaziland. The method included both a qualitative and
quantitative data gathering and assessment process. Referenced IFC compliant criteria for all social aspects
of the project.
Azura Power Social Compliance Variation, Nigeria
Position : Social Specialist
Client : International Finance Corporation/ FMO
Page 4 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
Description of project and responsibilities: Further to the social audit, requested to review company
documentation for international compliance, and to review the compensation pay-out exercise undertaken by
Azura Power (a company seeking to supply gas power).
Social Best Practice Framework, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Eskom
Description of project and responsibilities: (Current project) Tasked to perform a high level due diligence on
emerging miners in the Waterberg region of the Limpopo Province, using the IFC’s performance standards
as the benchmark. Together with on-site qualitative data collection, develop a social (and environmental)
best practice standard for such emerging miners in the Waterberg region that would ultimately be supplying
Eskom with coal.
Social Risk Assessment, Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Richards Bay Minerals
Conducted a high level risk assessment for RBM (Richards Bay). The development included the proposal
for new and upgraded roads in and around the Zulthi mine. Proposed recommended mitigation actions and
terms for a further social assessment.
Social Screening/ Risk Assessment, Monantsa, Lesotho
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Gibb Consulting
Description of project and responsibilities
Conducted a risk assessment exercise for the proposed Monantsa Dam in Lesotho. Outlined all red flags
relating to the potential social and economic impacts that could affect communities.
Social Audit, Confidential, Nigeria
Position : Social Specialist
Client : International Finance Corporation / FMO
Current project : Environmental and Social audit of a gas turbine power plant in Nigeria utilising the
International Finance Corporations (IFC’s) Performance Standards (January 2012) as the benchmark.
Conducted on-going, post-due diligence reviews on documentation, as well as a review of the compensation
pay-out process.
Social Audit, Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Eskom
Description of project and responsibilities
The Ingula Pumped Water Storage Scheme in KZN has encountered specific social issues (resettlement
included). A social audit, utilising the IFC Performance Standard 5 as the benchmark, was undertaken to
satisfy lender requirements.
Page 5 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
MCA Resettlement Audit , various districts, Lesotho
Position : Social Auditor (Resettlement)
Client : NHA Consultants / Millennium Challenge Account – Lesotho
Description of project and responsibilities
Undertook a resettlement audit of 16 communities which had been the beneficiaries of MCA-L projects in
either the land regularisation, health or water supply sectors. Worldbank OP 4.12 is the standard to which
compliance was measured and reported.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Sofala Province, Mozambique
Position : Social Reviewer
Client : Infraco / Envalor Lda
Description of project and responsibilities
This project (current) involves the undertaking of a full ESIA for a potential biofuels operation located in
Mozambique. Administering management and review of all social consultant activities required towards the
fulfilment of the ESIA. Will satisfy the IFC requirements for two particular framework plans, that is,
stakeholder engagement plan and resettlement action plan.
Resettlement Action Plan, Nigeria
Position : Social Specialist
Client : African Housing Projects
Description of project and responsibilities
African Housing Projects, Nigeria have been pursuing the securing of land for housing development near
Abuja, Nigeria. There are specific resettlement and compensation issues with transhumant farmers,
livestock herders and land owners. Tasked with co-ordinating the social impact assessment and
resettlement inventory to respond to the need for an entitlement method for the resettlement and
compensation.
Resettlement Action Plan review and Amendment, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Anglo Platinum
Description of project and responsibilities
Formed part of a task team that reviewed the existing RAP to meet international lender requirements for
social compliance. A community of approximately 3000 households were part of the planned move.
Negotiation toward the finalisation of the RAP and its implementation, spanned over 10 years.
Sustainable Development Plan, Democratic Republic of Congo
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Kamoto Copper Consolidated
With the subsequent completion of the Social and Economic Impact Assessment (undertaken for IFC
approval) for KCC in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the team was tasked with developing a Sustainable
Development Plan, as well as a Human Resources and Community Health and Safety Plan for the KCC
mine. The Sustainable Development Plan needed to include KCC’s Corporate Social Responsibility and
Page 6 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
investment principles that would need to be put into action for the roll-out of sustainable social and economic
projects for the affected communities.
Social and Economic Impact Assessment and the Development of Plan, Democratic Republic of Congo
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Metorex
The task involved undertaking a Social and Economic Impact Assessment for Metorex’s Ruashi mine site in
the Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to comply with internationally accepted financing standards put
forth by the International Financing Corporation (IFC) and the Equator principles, Meterox required a full
social baseline study and the compilation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and a Land Acquisition and
Compensation Plan, along with other required plans such as the Community Development Plan, a
Community Health and Safety Plan, and a Labour and Human resources Plan.
Social and Economic Impact Assessment and the Development of Plans, Zambia
Position : Social Scientist
Client : TEAL mining
The task involved undertaking the Social and Economic Impact Assessment for TEAL’s proposed Konkola
North mine site in Zambia. In order to comply with internationally accepted financing standards put forth by
the International Financing Corporation (IFC) and the Equator principles, TEAL required a full social baseline
study and the compilation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and a Land Acquisition and Compensation
Plan, along with other required plans such as the Community Development Plan, a Community Health and
Safety Plan, and a Labour and Human resources Plan.
Social and Economic Impact Assessment, Johannesburg, South Africa
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Blue IQ
Description of project and responsibilities
Conducted full impact assessment, drew up mitigation and management measures for an Inland Port
development. Utilised IFC standards as the best practice approach.
Environmental and Social Impact assessment, Mozambique
Position : Project manager
Client : Ncondezi Coal Company
Description of project and responsibilities
Project managed a full IFC compliant ESIA for a coal mine in Mozambique. Also provided oversight to all
public information for dissemination and the social impact assessment.
Woodside Environmental and Social Assessment, Woodside, Western Australia
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Woodside
Description of project and responsibilities:
Woodside (Oil and Gas Company) commissioned the undertaking of an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment to IFC standards. As part of the early phase of the ESIA, a complete risk assessment of the
Page 7 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
upstream and downstream impacts of the new LNG project in Western Australia, was undertaken. Assisted
in the development and completion of the risk assessment which included both environmental and social
aspects.
Serorome Social Impact Assessment
Position : Social Scientist
Client : CIC Energy, Botswana
Description of project and responsibilities
CIC Energy Corp (CIC) commissioned a detailed feasibility study and EIA for the Mmamabula Energy Project
(MEP), a combined coal mine and power plant in Botswana. A Social Impact Assessment was undertaken in
line with Botswana legislation to assess the social impacts of the proposed Serorome Mine.
Kalumines Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Democratic Republic of Congo
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Nikanor
Nikanor had requested that a two-phased project be undertaken to support it’s required adherence to World
Bank’s IFC performance standards. With regards to the social specialist study, the first phase had included
a social impact assessment to be carried out via the use of the random household sampling survey
technique. The second phase included the implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and the
production of all supporting management plans to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
(ESIA).
Social Impact Assessment, Cameroon
Position : Social Specialist
Client : Kosmos
Description of project and responsibilities
A potential oil and gas project in Cameroon requires the completion of an IFC-guided ESHIA. One of the
products was a Social Impact Assessment and Social Management Plan.
Social Screening Study, Durban, South Africa
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Transnet
Description of project and responsibilities
Conducted a thorough social screening study and risk assessment to IFC standard for a proposed harbour
port development in Durban.
Ezulwini/ Waterstone Housing Development Social Impact Assessment, Empangeni, South Africa
Position : Social Scientist
Client : Thanda Group
This project was part of an Environmental application for the approval of a varied-income housing estate
development in Empangeni, north of Durban. Undertook a social impact assessment which included a
lengthy consultative programme with government and representative community groupings.
Page 8 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
Social and Economic Impact Assessment, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Position : Social Consultant
Client : Xstrata Eastern Limb
Xstrata Eastern limb (Mototolo, Helena, Der Brochen) and Lydenburg Works smelter Mototolo situated in the
Mpumalanga province requested that a past S&EIA be updated with the intention of the new S&EIA
providing necessary information for the development sustainable development plans for surrounding
communities. Assisted in the undertaking of numerous interviews with local and district municipalities as well
as with various community stakeholders.
Social Audit, Kenya
Position : Social Auditor
Client : Steelcase
Description of project and responsibilities
Audited a textile company (working through an Non Governmental Organisation partnership) in Kenya.
Applied SA8000 conformance measures with the addition of other IFC oriented principles (such as the
application of a grievance mechanism for staff).
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Position : Social Impact Specialist
Client : Kangra Coal
Description of project and responsibilities
The Kangra (Kusipongo) coal mine in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa required an ESIA. Phase
one included the social screening study, Phase two to include the development of a full social impact
assessment to respond to IFC / Equator principles best practice approach. Tasked with developing
applicable social management plans to accompany the ESIA report.
Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Namibia
Position : Social Auditor
Client : Langer Heinrich Uranium Mine
Description of project and responsibilities
Undertook social reporting for a due diligence exercise for Langer Heinrich Uranium, Namibia. The due
diligence included a review of the Project in line with IFC Performance Standards.
Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Lusaka West, Zambia
Position : Social Auditor
Client : Altima Partners
Description of project and responsibilities
Undertook an independent environmental and social due diligence of a farm in Zambia. The due diligence
included a review of the Project with respect to the requirements of the Equator Principles, IFC Performance
Standards, and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Responsible for the social auditing aspects.
Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Brazil
Position : Social Auditor
Page 9 of 9 Kim Moonsamy
Client : Shell
Description of project and responsibilities
Formed part of the audit team commissioned to audit 23 sugar cane mills in Brazil that were being assessed
for possible bio-fuels capabilities. The audit was undertaken using, amongst others, the Better Sugar
Initiative (BSI) compliance and ratings schedule for social and environmental compliance.
Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Mount Isabelle, Zambia
Position : Social Auditor
Client : Altima Partners
Description of project and responsibilities
Undertook an independent environmental and social due diligence of a farm in Zambia. The due diligence
included a review of the Project with respect to the requirements of the Equator Principles, IFC Performance
Standards, and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Responsible for the social auditing aspects.
Annexure B
Social Specialist Declaration
Annexure C
Legislation and Local Area Context
1 LEGISLATION AND LOCAL AREA CONTEXT
This SIA baseline report forms part of the Specialist input towards an overall current Environmental
Impact Assessment. It is important to contextualise the national policy backdrop against which social
and economic development is proposed, and this we try to ascertain through a review of various
national and local level strategic plans and policies.
1.1 South African Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) consist of eight development priorities. The eight
Millennium Development Goals range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS
and providing universal primary education and form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries
and all of the leading developmental institutions in the world. As a member state of the United
Nations, South Africa is a signatory to this agreement. The eight MDGs, in numerical order, are:
1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1);
2) To achieve universal primary education (MDG2);
3) To promote gender equality and empower women (MDG3);
4) To reduce child mortality (MDG4);
5) To improve maternal health (MDG5);
6) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (MDG6);
7) To ensure environmental sustainability (MDG7); and
8) To develop a global partnership for development (MDG8).
(Country Report 2010, UNDP)
The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was launched in 2002 and was designed to
address the current challenges facing the African continent. Issues such as the escalating poverty
levels, underdevelopment and the continued marginalisation of Africa are seen to need radical
intervention. The NEPAD states that it is spearheaded by African leaders to develop a new vision that
would guarantee Africa’s renewal.
The primary objectives of NEPAD are:
1) To eradicate poverty;
2) To place African countries, both individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth
and development;
3) To halt the marginalisation of Africa in the globalisation process and enhance its full and
beneficial integration into the global economy; and
4) To accelerate the empowerment of women.
The national agenda implemented through the Reconstruction and Development Plan (RDP) and
Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy (GEAR) in the first fifteen years of democracy and
through the National Development Plan (NDP) and New Growth Path (NGP) going forward constitutes
a ‘continuity of change.’ (MDG, South Africa, October 2013). Since 1994, there have been a great
number of development initiatives. These are outlined in the table below.
TABLE 1-1 DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES SINCE 1994
Programme/ Strategy/ Plan Objectives
Reconstruction and
Development Plan (RDP)
i. Meeting basic needs;
ii. Developing human resources;
iii. Building the economy; and
iv. Democratising the state and society.
Growth, Employment and
Redistribution Strategy (GEAR)
i. Restructure the economy;
ii. Create plentiful jobs;
iii. Create environment for attracting foreign investment; and
iv. Create and implement policies to counter high inflation.
Integrated Sustainable Rural
Development Programme
(ISRDP)
i. Accelerate rural development;
ii. Create economic opportunities in rural areas;
iii. Decrease levels of poverty and unemployment; and
iv. Implement access to free basic services (water, sanitation and
electricity)
Urban Renewal Programme
(URP)
i. Accelerate urban renewal;
ii. Create economic opportunities in 21 nodal areas of poverty;
iii. Decrease levels of poverty and unemployment;
iv. Implement access to free basic services (water, sanitation and
electricity); and
v. Access to housing.
Accelerated and Shared Growth
Initiative - South Africa
(ASGISA)
i. Halve unemployment and poverty;
ii. Improve the capacity of the state; and
iii. Reduce the regulatory burden on small and medium enterprises
(SMEs); etc.
Joint Initiative on Priority Skills
Initiative (JIPSA)
i. Improve skills base required by the economy for accelerated growth;
and
ii. Focus on scarce and critical skills; etc.
New Growth Path (NGP) Employment creation
National Development Plan
(NDP)
i. Eliminate poverty and reduce unemployment;
ii. Improve the quality of school education;
iii. Deconstruct the spatial patterns of the apartheid system;
iv. Reduce unemployment from 27% to 14% by 2020 and to 6% by 2030;
v. Decrease the level of inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient,
from 0.7 in 2007 to 0.6 in 2030; and
vi. Become a less resource intensive economy, adopt sustainable
development practices, etc.
1.1.1 South Africa’s Medium Term Strategic Framework
The Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) (MTSF 2009-2014) is a statement of government
intent. It identifies the development challenges facing South Africa and outlines the medium term
strategy for improving living conditions of South Africans. The MTSF base document is meant to
guide planning and resource allocation across all spheres of government. National and provincial
departments in particular need to develop five-year strategic plans and budget requirements, taking
into account the medium-term imperatives. Similarly, informed by the MTSF and their 2006 mandates,
municipalities are expected to synergise their integrated development plans in line with the national
medium-term priorities (UNDP Country Report 2010).
The MTSF’s strategic priorities are captured in the table below.
TABLE 1-2 LINKAGES BETWEEN MEDIUM TERM STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK AND MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Source: UNDP Country Report 2010
1.2 South Africa’s Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative (ASGISA)
ASGISA which is one of South Africa’s government programmes which promotes economic
development is structured around the following framework of key interventions:
Bulk infrastructure investments through all three spheres of Government, State Owned
Enterprises and Public-Private Partnerships;
Immediate, top and medium priority investments in specially selected sectors of the economy;
The building of Human Capital from very basic primary school infrastructure to tertiary
education level;
Provision for a Joint Initiative on Priority Skills Acquisition (JIPSA);
Special focused Second Economy Interventions that incorporate youth, women and people
with disabilities in sector investment strategies, mass roll out of the Expanded Public Works
Programme, Small Micro and Medium Enterprises promotion and Micro credit facilities; and
Strengthening Governance and Institutional arrangements for service delivery.
1.3 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996)
The Constitution defines the role of the public in the activities of all three spheres of government,
namely national, provincial and local government (Sections 59, 72, 118, 152 and 154). Section 59
refers to the National Assembly, Section 72 refers to the National Council of Provinces and Section
118 refers to the Provincial Legislature. These Sections state that public involvement in the legislative
and other processes of the Assembly/ Council/ Legislature must be facilitated, where its business is in
an open and public manner. Section 152 of the Constitution states that one of the objects of local
government is to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in its
matters, whilst Section 154 states the requirement that draft provincial and national legislation be
published for public comment and feedback. Chapter 10 of the Constitution (Section 195) states that
the basic values and principles governing public administration include encouraging public
participation in policy-making and responding to public need.
Chapter 3 (Section 40) requires all spheres of government to adhere to the principles (Section 41) of
cooperative governance by informing one another of, and consulting one another, on matters of
common interest and providing effective, transparent, accountable and coherent governance for the
Republic as a whole.
Annexure D
Social Survey Checklist (English and Afrikaans)
1
GENERAL QUESTIONS AND COLLECTIVE RESPONSES- FOR THE PROVISION OF DATA TOWARDS THE GENERATION OF THE SIA
NAME OF COMPANY/ ASSOCIATION / INDIVIDUAL
BASED ON THE INFORMATION RECEIVED AND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE AREA AND ITS PEOPLE, HOW DO YOU THINK THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL AFFECT THE
FOLLOWING? (TICK APPROPRIATE BOX, THEN EXPLAIN)
NR ITEM
NATURE OF IMPACT
(PLEASE TICK )
EXPLANATION (NO EXPLANATION NECESSARY IF ‘NO CHANGE’)
PO
SITI
VE
NEG
ATI
VE
N0
C
HA
NG
E
1 Monetary value of homes / business properties in surrounds
2 Aesthetic value of homes / business properties in surrounds (within a 5 km distance from the development site)
3 Income generating activities in surrounds (within a 15 km distance from development site)
2
4 Economy of local area
5 Trading markets/ local exchange of goods
6 Employment
7 In migration of people
8 Traffic related road hazard/s
9 Crime levels
10 Health and safety of proximate
residents (within 5 km distance
of site)
11 Health and safety of workers (on
site)
THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME AND MAKING THE EFFORT TO RESPOND.
1
ALGEMENE VRAE EN VERSAMELDE ANTWOORDE – VIR DIE VOORSIENING VAN DATA TOT OM ‘N SIA THE GENEREEER
NAAM VAN BESIGHEID/ VERENEGING/ INDIVIDU
GEBASSEER OP DIE INFORMASIE WAT U ONTVANG HET EN U KENNIS VAN DIE AREA EN SY MENSE, HOE SAL DIE VOORGESTELDE PROJEK DIE VOLGENDE
AFFEKTEER? (TIK DIE BOKSIE VAN U KEUSE EN VERDUIDELIK)
NR ITEM
NATUUR VAN IMPAK
(TIK )
VERDUIDELIKING (GEEN VERDUIDELIKING NODIG MET ‘GEEN VERDUIDELIKING’)
PO
SITI
EF
NEG
ATI
EF
GEE
N
VER
AN
DER
ING
1 Monetêre waarde van huise / besigheid eiendomme in omring
2 Estetiese waarde van huise / besigheid eiendomme in omring (binne 'n 5 km afstand van die ontwikkeling werf)
3 Inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite in omring (binne 'n 15 km afstand van voorgestelde ontwikkeling)
2
4 Ekonomie van plaaslike gebied
5 Handels markte / plaaslike ruil van goedere
6 Indiensneming
7 In migrasie van mense
8 Verkeer verwante pad gevaar /
gevare
9 Misdaad vlakke
10 Gesondheid en veiligheid van
inwoners (binne 5 km afstand
van die werf)
11 Gesondheid en veiligheid
vanwerkers (op konstruksie area)
DANKIE VIR U TYD EN MOEITE WAT U OPGEOFFER HET OM HIERDIE VRAE TE BEANTWOORD.